Recognizing Sales
Opportunities in
Protective Relaying
Delta vs.. Wye?
N
A
B
C
59N
CTNGR
59N
50GPT
N
A
B
C
50G
CT
C
A
B
59N
PTA PTB PTC
What is a Protective Relay?
• Protect equipment from damage
• Isolate Equipment with minimum Disruption
How Does it Work?
• Measures voltages, current, and/or frequency
• Compare to settings
• Ignore normal and non-fault events
• Alarm for abnormal conditions
• Trip for faults with minimum time
Why are they so complicated?
• Convert input signals to:
– Magnetism
– Low voltage signals
• Figure out normal from abnormal
• 100+ years of history
• Zones of protection
When Should Relays Be Used?
• Equipment Protection
• Grid Stability
• Process stability
• Personal Safety(NFPA 70E)
FU1
TX1
R1
PCB1
PCB2 PCB3
PCB4 PCB5
R2 R3
R4 R5
PCB6 PCB7
R6 R7
TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL SINGLE LINE
OPEN PCB
CLOSED PCB
FAULT
What do Relays Do?
• Protective Functions are called Elements
• Multiple Elements protect an application
– Feeder
– Generator
– Motor
– Transmission Line
Overcurrent Elements
• Overcurrent
– 50 - Instantaneous Overcurrent
– 51 - Time Overcurrent
– 67 - Directional Overcurrent
• Protect for high current faults and overloads
• Protect for incorrect current flow
Voltage Elements
• Typically for Systems Instead of Equipment
– 59 - Overvoltage
– 27 - Undervoltage
– 81 - Frequency
Voltage Elements
• Typically for Systems Instead of Equipment
– 59 - Overvoltage
– 27 - Undervoltage
– 81 - Frequency
Differential Elements
• Protect High Dollar or Vital System Equipment
Differential Elements
Differential Elements
Differential Elements
First EM Relays
EM Relays
EM - What to test?
• Check Pre-test Operation
• Clean
• Pickup
• Timing
• Target
• Trip Tests
EM - When to test?
• Average 3 year
• Maximum 7 years
• Minimum 1 year
EM - Outputs
Solid State Relays
Solid State - What to test?
• Is it functional?
• Pickup
• Timing
• Target
• Trip Tests
Solid State - When to test?
• Average 3 year
• Maximum 7 years
• Minimum 1 year
Solid State - Outputs
Microprocessor Relays
Microprocessor - What to test?
Microprocessor - What to test?
• Analog to Digital Converters
• Output Contacts
• Inputs with end-devices
• Pickup?
• Timing?
• Output Logic
Microprocessor - What to test?
EM - Outputs
Microprocessor – When to test?
• Average 3 year
• Maximum 14 years
• Minimum 1 year
• Depends what you are going to test
Microprocessor vs. EM?
What Tests can I Perform?
• Type Testing
– Evaluate relay for application
– Many complex tests
• Acceptance Testing
– Is relay damaged or malfunctioning?
– Simple tests of analog and digital I/O
– Self Check OK?
What Tests can I Perform?
• Commissioning
– Perform acceptance tests
– Will relay work in this application as programmed?
• Maintenance Testing
– Is the relay still working?
• Troubleshooting
– Why did that happen?
What do Tests Look Like?
• Steady State Pickup Test
– Simple ramps
– Simple Jogs
What do Tests Look Like?
• Dynamic On/Off Timing Test
What do Tests Look Like?
• Timing Test
What do Tests Look Like?
• Simple Dynamic State Timing Test
What do Tests Look Like?
• Complex Dynamic State Timing Test
What do Tests Look Like?
• Test Pickup/Timing/Logic in One Test
What do Tests Look Like?
• Testing with In-Service Settings
Microprocessor Problems?
Percentage of Comments
7.79
3.57
5.84
4.62
78.18
Design/Wiring
Documentation
Installation
Relay
Settings
What do you Need to Perform Test?
• Test Set
• Test Leads
• Communication Cables
• Relatively Smart Tech
What do you Need to Perform Test?
• Doble
– The North American Standard
– Pickup and Timing
– Macro Testing
What do you Need to Perform Test?
• Megger
– Pickup and Timing
– Rudimentary “Front Panel”
What do you Need to Perform Test?
• Omicron
– Standard Outside North America
• European influence
• An Engineer’s Test set
What do you Need to Perform Test?
• Manta • Front panel controls
• System testing philosophy
What do you Need to Perform Test?
• Enoserv RTS • “Universal” Software
• “Automatic” testing
Symmetrical Amps Asymmetrical
Amps Node 3-Phase SLG 3-Phase
SLG Source
15 kV 123,319 7 202,237 12
Node 1
15 kV 123,097 7 201,917 12
Node 2
4.16 kV 157,359 1006 235,777
1,006 Buss1
4.16 kV 145,561 1004 208,564
1,004
Fault Studies
Coordination Studies
Sales Opportunities – Upgrade from EM
• Customer Benefits
– Less Testing
– Regulatory Compliance (OSHA, NERC, FERC, WECC, etc.)
– Ease of use
– Targeting
– Oscillography
Sales Opportunities – Upgrade from EM
• Customer Benefits
– Sequence of Events
– Troubleshooting
– Tech Support
Sales Opportunities – Upgrade from EM
• Service Company Benefits
– Small relay markup (Relay priced from $2,000 to 20,000)
– Small engineering markup ($1,000 per relay)
– De-commission labor (1/2 – 2 day/relay)
– Installation labor (1/2 – 2 day / relay)
– Testing labor (1/2 – 1 day per relay)
Sales Opp – Upgrade to Arc Flash
• Customer Benefits
– All of Microprocessor benefits
– Lower NFPA 70E
– Safer Switching
– Less NFPA Clothing Required
– Less Equipment damage = less down time
Sales Opp – Upgrade to Arc Flash
• Service Company Benefits
– All of Microprocessor benefits
– All customer benefits when performing maintenance in the future
– Possible switching contracts
– Fault and Coordination study required
– Main breaker upgrades
Microprocessor Sales Opportunities
• Upgrade Firmware
Sales Opp – Upgrade Firmware
• Customer Benefits
– Bug Fixes
• Service Company Benefits
– Install Time
– Re-testing
– Look like the expert