Reconstruction of the South
The End Results
258,000 Confederates died in the war
Most were adult males
South’s economy & society needed rebuilding
Reconstruction
Everybody had a plan …
Lincoln’s 10% plan
10% of states’ voters vowed loyalty to Union Form a new government & constitution No slavery
Lincoln Was Soft on the South
Punishment served no useful purposeOffered amnesty/swear loyalty
Not to Confederate leaders
Right to vote to African AmericansForce equal rights in Southern states
(states rights vs. federal government)
Some jumped in quick
Louisiana, Arkansas & Tennessee agreed in 1864
Lincoln’s congress refused to let it occur
Plan 2- The Radical Republicans
Thought Lincoln was too mild
Congress should decide the South’s fate
The Wade-Davis Bill
July 186451% swear loyalty to UnionOnly males who never took arms
against the North could vote on new state congress & constitution
Former Confederates – no public officeNo slaveryLincoln refused to sign this into law
Freedmen’s Bureau-What was life like for African Americans
Helped African Americans freed from slavery
Established- March 1865 Food, clothes, medical servicesEstablished schoolsEstablished universities
Howard, Atlanta, FiskHelped them acquire land
TragedyPresident Lincoln Assassinated
5 days after Civil War ended
Ford’s TheaterJohn Wilkes Booth“Sic Semper Tyrannus!”
Ford’s Theater
Lincoln Memorial
O Captain My Captain by Walt Whitman
O Captain my Captain! our fearful trip is done,The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won,The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;But O heart! heart! heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.
O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;Rise up--for you the flag is flung for you the bugle trills,For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths for you the shores a-crowding,For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;Here Captain! dear father!This arm beneath your head!It is some dream that on the deck,You've fallen cold and dead.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;Exult O shores, and ring O bells!But I, with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.
A New President
Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes President
Not quite as “gentle” as LincolnWanted to punish SouthNo desire to help African Americans
Johnson’s Plan
Restoration
Amnesty – for those who swore an oath to the Union
High ranking officials had to do it personallyAppointed governorsOnly pardoned, whites could voteNo equal rights for African Americans, no
votingLeft it up to individual states to “manage their
freed people”
No slaveryDenounce secessionRatify the 13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
End of 1865 most of the South was “restored”
South “Restored” but not settledStruggle in Washington D.C.Congress did not want to readmit
southern states on Johnson’s terms felt it robbed the Union of it’s victory treatment of African Americans was not
improvingKu Klux Klan emerged
terrorized African Americans in the South– burning houses, churches, schools, rioting and murder
Black Codespassed by
southern statesto control freed
men, women children
helped plantation owners exploit them as workers
Similar to “slave codes”
Examples of the Code
could be arrested for not having a jobforced to work for plantation owner to
pay off the finesome laws refused to let freed slaves
own or rent farmsorphaned babies were taken as unpaid
apprenticesFreed slaves could neither vote nor own
guns
Radical Republicans vs. Black Codes
Republicans in Congress very angry about Black Codes.
They blamed Johnson’s Restoration Plan for encouraging southern states to pass these codes
In response to Black Codes, Republicans pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866
Civil Rights Act of 1866-passed by Congressfull citizenship to African
AmericansFederal government
could intervene in state affairs
overturned black codesDred Scott decision African Americans were
no longer seen as “property,” they were now citizens
President Johnson says no!Vetoes both the
Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and Civil Rights Amendment
Congress had enough votes to override
Rift between Congress and President grew
14th Amendment of 1866
Congress passed Amendment to ensure Civil Rights Act was not overturned by Supreme Court
Full citizenship to anyone born in the USANo state could take away ones life, liberty or
property without due processall had equal protection of the laws
The 14th Amendment Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election … is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
-Johnson to Congress, “It’s on NOW!”
Johnson encourages southern states to reject 14th Amendment
Johnson campaigns against his own (Republican) party and their reconstruction plan in 1866
Election of 1866
Johnson rallied for rejection of Amendment from North and South
campaigned against the RepublicansRepublicans gained control of congresscreated their own reconstruction plan
Radical ReconstructionCongress was in controlcould override any veto that
Johnson issued10 remaining states that did
not accept 14th amendment divided into 5 MILITARY districts
African American males allowed to vote
former Confederate leaders could not hold office
How to get back into the Union…ratify the 14th
amendmentsubmit new
constitutions for approval
Johnson and Congress Fight
Congress passed Tenure of Office Act; didn’t allow the President to remove government officials without Senate approval
Johnson suspends the Secretary of War without approval Appointed commanders to southern districts that congress opposed
Impeach, Impeach, ImpeachHouse of Representatives vote to impeachtrial lasted 3 monthsboth sides saying it was just politically motivated35-19 to convict. 1 vote short of 2/3rds majority
Identify & evaluate the Reconstruction Plans
Plan 10% Plan
Wade-Davis Restoration Rad Reconstruction
Proposed by
conditions
New Election, New President
1868 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant– Republican
Horatio Seymour– Democrat
Grant won; also received 500,000 African American votes in the South
15th Amendment– 1869
prohibited state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any MALE citizen because of race, color or previous condition of servitude
The Reconstruction Amendments13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
The South During Reconstruction
3 groups in the SouthAfrican Americans- supported
Republicanswhite Southerners– supported
Democratswhite settlers from the North-
supported Republicans
Group 1– African Americans
important in politics helped with Republican victories held some positions in political office at state level national level:
• Hiram Revels– senator• Blanche K Bruce
–former runaway slave–established a school for African Americans–became superintendent of schools in MS–US senator
ScalawagsSome
southerners didn’t want to secede
agreed with Republicans in the Northnon-slave
holding farmersbusinessmen
Called Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who moved South to make a new life doctors,
lawyers, teachers, former Union soldiers
Resistance to ReconstructionSome white
Southerners could not let go of old ways wouldn’t let ex-
slaves leave refused to rent
land to ex-slaves stores refused to
grant credit employers would
not hire them used fear to keep
them in line
Ku Klux Klan
formed in 1866“midnight rides”kept African
Americans from voting or standing up for their rights
The White League
Terrorist organization
Kept African Americans from voting or asserting their rights
They operated openly – no masks – their identities weren’t secret
Some ImprovementsEducation
Freedmen’s bureau helped create schools
teachers from North came South
by 1870 50% white kids and 40% African Americans in public school; segregated
Life for the freed slavesSharecroppingRented: land,
crude shacks, seeds, tools, mule
% of crop back to landowner
not much better than slavery
Always owed the landlord
End of Reconstruction
Both sides tired of it; ready to move onAmnesty act– 1872 pardoned most
ConfederatesThey could vote, hold office, & get
their land backDemocrats regained political power in
the South
Democrats take controlDemocrats easily
took over in former Confederate states
Ku Klux Klan & White league helped democrats gain control in heavily African American populated states by terrorizing black voters
Republican ScandalsGrant chose old war buddies
instead of qualified people to be in his cabinetMany of those friends were
very corruptThey got caught in large
scandalsGrant pardoned them or did
nothing
1876 electionGrant does not run for
a third term (scandals)
Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden (D)
Close election1 electoral vote (20
disputed votes)
Compromise of 1877deal made to settle election dispute Republicans
get Presidency if…• more aid ($)
to the South• withdraw
troops from Southern states
Hayes: no friend to the African American
states would deal with the “African American” issue alone.
Reconstruction was overRepublicans traded Presidency for an
end to Reconstruction (party abandons African Americans)
Changes in the SouthDemocrats in
controlRedeemers:
“save” the south from republican rule
The South’s Economylags behind the nationindustrialization slowRise of “New South”
Henry Grady rise of textile mills;
Northern companies moved south
James Duke; tobacco
The “New South”
industry grew (not as fast as North)workers worked hard, long hourscheap wageschild laborRR boom
A divided society15th
Amendment allowed African Americans to vote
Southern states looked for loop holes
Loopholespoll tax– had to pay before you could voteliteracy test– read & explain constitutiongrandfather clause– if father or grandfather
voted before Reconstruction; didn’t have to pass literacy test
Very few African Americans voted
Jim Crow Laws1890’s–
segregation was prominent
Laws required separation in most public places
Who was Jim Crow?
‘Jim Crow’ was a character in an old song who was revived by a white comedian called ‘Daddy’ Rice. Rice used the character to make fun of African Americans and the way that they spoke. The term ‘Jim Crow’ came to be used as an insult against African Americans.
Segregation becomes Legal
Plessy vs. Ferguson separate section on train access to public facilities = to whites kept segregation in south for 50 years““Separate but equal”Separate but equal” Facilities for African Americans were not equalFacilities for African Americans were not equal
Legal Segregation
African Americans lost jobs in government, which they gained after the Civil War.
Whites owned the land, the police, the government, the courtrooms, the law, the armed forces, and the press. The political system denied blacks the right to vote.
Terror
Murders were conducted in secret and in public by white men. The blacks were harassed and abused, physically and verbally. These violent acts became a part of their life.
“The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun then moved back again toward slavery.” W.E.B. DuBois
Writing a DBQ
There is no right or wrong answer. Your answer is YOUR interpretation of what’s in of the documents. As long as your answer makes sense and is supported by the content of the document you are correct.
1. Read carefully the question and the historical background. Underline the tasks.
2. Read the documents carefully.
a) Make sure that you understand the content of
the document.
b) What is the author's Point of View?
3. Don’t just list the documents, organize them into categories and use them appropriately
4. Re-read the question just to make sure
Steps 1-4
Read Question, Read Documents, organize documents, re-read question
Thesis
Topic + What you’re trying to prove
Example: Social Studies (Topic) is the most important subject in school (what you’re trying to prove)
Use the Documents to support your thesisYou have already organized the docs
and you understand what each is trying to say
Plug them in and cite them in some way“..as shown in document 2”“…according to document 5”“…the population of immigrants
steadily rose (doc. 7).”
Using Documents
Use at least ½ the number of documents + 1, for example; if there are 8 documents use at least 5 in your essay.
Outside Information
In order to get the highest DBQ score possible, you must use outside information.
Conclusion
Restate (don’t recopy) thesis Summarize your points