Hindawi Publishing CorporationEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2013 Article ID 869176 11 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013869176
Research ArticleEthnomedicinal Practices for Treating Liver Disorders ofLocal Communities in the Southern Regions of Korea
Hyun Kim and Mi-Jang Song
School of AlternativeMedicine andHealth Science Jeonju University 303 Cheonjam-roWansan-gu Jeonju 560-759 Republic of Korea
Correspondence should be addressed to Hyun Kim hyunkjjackr
Received 6 July 2013 Accepted 30 July 2013
Academic Editor Qing He
Copyright copy 2013 H Kim and M-J Song This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited
This study aims to analyze and record ethnomedicinal practices for treating liver disorders of residents living in local communitiesin the southern regions of Korea Data was collected using participant observations and in-depth interviews as the informants alsobecome investigators themselves through attending informal meetings open and group discussions and overt observations withsemistructured questionnaires In this study ethnomedicinal practices for liver ailments were recorded by 1543 informants (362men 1181 women) at 160 sites The kinds of liver disorders treated by ethnomedicinal practices were liver cancer liver cirrhosisjaundice hepatitis fatigue recovery hangovers and liver-related ailments The category with the highest degree of consensus fromthe informants was jaundice (095) and the lowest degree of consensus was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) Accordingto fidelity levels 28 species resulted in fidelity levels of 100 The internetwork analysis was first applied for the interpretation ofethnomedicinal knowledge of a community although it has been strictly used until now for social science in the analysis of socialtrends and phenomena through the interrelationship of specific components
1 Introduction
After the agreement of the Nagoya Protocol a strongerinterest for sharing the ethnomedicinal knowledge of geneticresources and their benefits to the world has occurred [1]Theethnomedicinal practices hold significant value among thetraditional knowledge of the local communities [2] Also eth-nomedicinal practices hold an important position in caringfor health issues in developing countries [3 4] Particularlythe ethnomedicinal practices of regions known for traditionalmedicine include China Tibet and India nations which haveactively utilized these treatments for health concerns
The ethnomedicinal practices of Korea have been contin-uously successful for over 3000 years Korean ethnomedic-inal practices contain not only medicinal practice whichinclude single-medicine proscription herb fomentation herbfumigation and herb ablution but also nonmedicinal prac-tices like acupuncture moxibustion Korean traditional ther-apeutic touch Korean traditional saunas and Korean tradi-tional divination practice These days Korean ethnomedic-inal practices have been restricted to oral transmission
because government policy after theKoreanWar centered onconventional medicine and the Japanese imperialism whichKorea endured from 1919 to 1945 attempted to annihilate itsculture [5]
A scientific investigation of liver disease the first of itskind was conducted on indigenous communities in Uttarak-hand (India) and was related to jaundice research [6] InKorea studies on disease within local communities have beenconducted on three separate occasions by the authors respi-ratory diseases [7] diseases related to digestion [8] and painrelief [9] however this research is the first one to focus strictlyon liver disorders
Our research on liver disorders contains an importantmeaning to first record and analyze the ethnomedicinal pra-ctices of local communities in East Asia including KoreaAdditionally our research newly included the quantitativeanalysis method known as internetwork analysis (INA)which has allowed more information to be attained in regardto ethnomedicinal knowledge
Generally quantitative analysis for ethnomedicinalknowledge of local communities has solely relied on the
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
KoreaJapan
China
Jeju Island
North Jeolla Province
Jirisan National Park
Gayasan National Park
125∘58
998400E 128∘18
998400E
36∘09
998400E
33∘06
998400E
E
N
W
S
Figure 1 Investigation sites
consensus of the informants and the recorded fidelity levelstherefore a need exists to utilize the internetwork anal-ysis method to consider the traditional ethnographical prop-erties
Particularly a deeper analysis of ethnomedicinal prac-tices in treating specific diseases within the local communi-ties is necessary for obtaining more specific details regardingthe internetwork of the components within ethnomedicinalknowledge
Our research suggests that the applications gained fromutilizing the internetwork analysis (INA) for ethnomedicinalpractices on liver disorders within communities in Korea willresult in further research incorporating INA
2 The Research Area and Method
21 Natural and Social Environment of Research Area Thestudy area consists of the southern region of the Koreanpeninsula and its many islands which lie between 33∘061015840Nto 36∘091015840N latitude and 125∘581015840E to 128∘181015840E (Figure 1) Thetotal population in 2012 of the study area was 5914270The area measures approximately 485 km2 and includes three
provinces 15 cities and 27 counties in its administrative dis-trict [10]The annual precipitation is around 1000sim1850mminwhich the coastal area generally receivesmore rainfall thanthe inland regions The annual average temperature of theinland regions is 138∘C while Jeju Island records 162∘C [11]
22 Research Methods Field investigations were conductedfrom March 2009 to November 2012 Proper data wascollected using participant observations and in-depth inter-views as the informants also become investigators them-selves through attending informal meetings open and groupdiscussions and overt observations with semistructuredquestionnaires [12 13]
The content of the semi-structured questionnaires wascomposed of diverse information regardingmedicinal speciesused to treat liver disorders including local names usedparts ailments methods of preparation manufacturing andadministration dosage and the usable duration regardingeach curable formula [13ndash15]
All specimens were collected during their flowering orfruiting seasons and were organized utilizing the normalspecimen manufacturing method [15 16] The voucher
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
specimens were deposited for preservation in the herbariumof Jeonju University The precise identification of speciesmentioned by the informants was performed in accordancewith Lee [17] Lee [18] Ahn [19] Lee [20] and Park [21]Scientific names were confirmed by the National Knowledgeand Information System for Biological Species [22] of Korea
23 Quantitative Analysis
231 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The ICFwas used toanalyze the agreement degree of the informantsrsquo knowledgeabout each category of ailments [23 24] The ICF wascalculated using the following formula
ICF =(119899ur minus 119899119905)
(119899ur minus 1) (1)
where 119899ur is the number of use reports of informants for aparticular liver disorder and 119899
119905is the number of species used
by all informants for a particular liver disorder
232 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL was employed to determinethe most important species used for treating certain liverdisorders by the local practitioners and the elderly peopleliving in the study area [13 16 25] The FL was calculatedusing the following formula
FL () = 119873119901times
100
119873
(2)
where 119873119901is the number of informants that mentioned the
specific species used to treat certain disorders and 119873 is thetotal number of the informants who utilized the species asmedicine for treating any given disorder
233 Internetwork Analysis (INA) Internetwork analysisdoes not focus on the independent characteristics of an indi-vidual within the community but it considers the results ofthe interrelationship among each individual of a communityInternetwork analysis has been applied within communitiesto various ethnographical problems including ethnogenesis[26] and obesity [27ndash29] however prior to this research theinternetwork analysis had yet to be applied to ethnomedicinalknowledge includedwith its ethnographical properties in theresults
Our research newly applied this method in order to attainmore internetwork information from the treatment of eth-nomedicinal practices on liver disorders within communitiesin KoreaThe results of the internetwork analysis of disordersand medicinal species were analyzed using UCINET (Ver6460) and NetDraw (Ver 2125) software [30 31]
3 Results and Discussion
31 Demographic Characteristics of the Region All 2069informants were randomly selected at the community hallsthe senior welfare centers and the traditional markets at305 sites Among them ethnomedicinal practices for liverdisorders were recorded by 1543 informants (362 men
Table 1 Demographic characteristics
GenderMale 362 (235)Female 1181 (765)
Age30ndash39 9 (06)40ndash49 4 (03)50ndash59 73 (47)60ndash69 250 (162)70ndash79 707 (458)80ndash89 460 (298)90ndash99 40 (26)
Educational attainmentNever attended school 1127 (730)Attended school for less than 6 years 125 (81)Attended school for 6 years 133 (86)Finished middle school 101 (65)Finished high school 57 (37)
1181 women) at 160 sites (Figure 1) The average age of theinformants was 75 years old with a range in age from 36to 94 with residents living more than 40 years in the studyarea The ethnographical characteristics of the communitiesare summarized in Table 1
Linguistically the inland communities represented vary-ing properties between the eastern andwestern communitiesthe Jirisan axis (1915m) The pronunciation of the two localcommunities depicts dissimilar intonations while the lan-guages of the communities on Jeju Island possess numerousdialects different from the inland communities
In regard to foods the local communities in the east-ern region widely used the seed powder of Zanthoxylumpiperitum (L) DC and the leaves of the Isodon japonicus(Burm) Hara while local communities in the western regiondid not consume these foods Also the food traditions incommunities on Jeju Island are quite diverse from foods of theinland communities in regard to the recipe and ingredients
The local communities in the east are politically conser-vative while local inland communities in the west are moreprogressive However the communities on Jeju Island displayextreme exclusiveness because of their historical experiences
In homes within the inland communities men usuallysupport their families financially while women traditionallysupport their families on Jeju Island
32 Analysis of Ethnomedicinal Practices The kinds of liverdisorders treated by ethnomedicinal practices were livercancer liver cirrhosis jaundice hepatitis fatigue recoveryhangovers and liver-related ailments (Table 2) Also thisstudy area is three times larger than previous research whilethe seven types of liver disorders recorded in this studywere less than previous research which classified 14 typesof respiratory system diseases 29 types of digestive systemdiseases and 23 types of pain relief treatment [7ndash9] Webelieve that the communities of this study area possess
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Inform
ationabou
tethno
medicinalpractic
esrecorded
from
resid
entsin
ther
esearcharea
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Fatig
uerecovery
Plecoglossu
saltivelis
Temminck
etSchlegel
Euneo
1Animal
Who
lepart
Sashim
iOral
1000
Vespamandarin
ia(C
ameron
)Jang
sumalbeol
12Animal
Hiveim
ago
larva
Diss
olution
Oral
1000
Vespulaflaviceps
lewisii(Ca
meron
)Ttangbeol
18Animal
Hiveim
ago
larva
Diss
olution
Oral
1000
Hangover
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
4Plant
Fruitleaf
Decoctio
nOral
32
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Maceration
Oral
103
Hepatitis
Gan
odermalucid
um(LeyssFr)Ka
rst
Yeon
gjibeoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
10Animal
Larva
Decoctio
nOral
217
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
18Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
225
SophoraflavescensS
olandere
xAito
nGosam
7Plant
Root
Pill
Oral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Jaun
dice
Actin
idiaarguta
(Siebo
ldampZu
cc)
PlanchexMiq
Darae
3Plant
Sap
Raw
Oral
1000
Akebiaquinata(H
outt)D
ecne
Eureum
deon
ggul
4Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
344
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stemw
holepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
ebrew
ing
decoction
driedgrainsyrup
infusio
njuicepillsim
mer
Oral
756
Artemisiagm
eliniiW
eber
exStechm
Deowijigi
1Plant
Who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
ebrew
ing
infusio
nOral
1000
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
10Plant
Leaf
Rubbing
Topical
833
AsterscaberTh
unb
Cham
chwi
8Plant
Leaf
Parboiled
Oral
1000
Bombyxmori(Linn
e)Nuenabang
1Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Caragana
sinica
(Bucrsquohoz)R
ehder
Goldamcho
8Plant
Root
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
CatalpaovataGD
onGaeod
ong
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cucumismelo
varmakuw
aMakino
Cham
oe19
Plant
Fruitpedu
ncle
Drie
dpo
wder
Topical
1000
Equu
scaballusL
inn
Mal
8Animal
Hidemeat
Infusio
nraw
Oral
1000
Fallopiajaponica
(Hou
tt)R
onseDecr
Hojanggeun
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Gloydius
blom
hoffiibrevicaud
usStejneger
Salm
osa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Jaun
dice
Gloydius
saxatilisEm
eliano
vKkachisa
lmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Gloydius
ussurie
nsisEm
eliano
vSo
esalmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
31Plant
Maltseed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
etea
Oral
660
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i3
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
ddissolution
maceration
roast
Oral
750
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
16Plant
Aeria
lpart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
einfusio
njuice
pilltea
Oral
800
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
8Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stem
Season
edcooked
vegetables
juice
Oral
205
Oryza
sativaL
Byeo
10Plant
Seed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
Pelodiscus
sinensis
Wiegm
ann
Jara
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
3Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
Oral
65
Sasa
borealis(H
ack)M
akino
Joritdae
3Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Liverc
ancer
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i3
Animal
Larva
Drie
dinfusio
npillpo
wder
steam
Oral
200
Breeasegeta
(Willd)K
itamfsegeta
Jobaengi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Bupleurum
falca
tum
var
scorzoneraefo
lium
(Willd)L
edeb
Cham
siho
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
pillpo
wdersim
mer
Oral
385
Cirsium
japonicum
varmaackii
(Maxim
)Matsum
Eong
geon
gkwi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
200
Form
icayesse
nsisWheeler
Bulgaemi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
1000
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
111
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erDrie
dmixed
inliq
uor
Oral
500
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
109
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
385
Rhododendron
mucronu
latum
Turcz
varmucronu
latum
Jindallae
2Plant
Flow
erFerm
entatio
nOral
1000
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilanL
Koch
Jine
2Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
333
Liverc
irrho
sis
Bupleurum
falca
tum
LSiho
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Cryptotympana
dubia(H
aupt)
Malmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
200
Graptopsaltrianigrofuscata
(Motschu
lsky)
Yujim
aemi
3Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Leptosem
iatakanonis(Matsumura)
Soyosanm
aemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Meim
unaopalifera
(Walker)
Aemaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
2Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juice
Oral
51
Oncotym
pana
fuscata(D
istant)
Cham
maemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Platypleu
rakaem
pferi(Fabricius)
Teolmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
87
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
333
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Acertegm
entosum
Maxim
Sang
yeoreumnamu
3Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
Adenocau
lonhimalaicum
Edgew
Myeolgachi
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i12
Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Diss
olution
driedextractio
ninfusio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
roastsim
mer
Oral
800
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
111Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
grain
syrupinfusio
njuicepill
simmer
Oral
244
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
167
Canislupus
familiarisLinn
Gae
1Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
1000
Capsellabursapastoris
(L)
LWM
edicus
Naeng
i24
Plant
Who
lepart
Juiceseason
edcooked
vegetablessou
pOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Citru
sjun
osSieboldex
Tanaka
Yujanamu
6Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Citru
snatsudaidaiHayata
Hagyul
6Plant
Fruit
Maceration
Oral
1000
Citru
stenuissimaTanaka
Dangyujanam
u10
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Corbicu
la(Corbicula)japonica
Prim
eIlb
onjaecheop
8Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Cudraniatricuspidata(C
arr)
Bureau
exLavallee
Kku
jippo
ngnamu
43Plant
Barkstem
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
infusio
nOral
1000
Dendranthem
aindicum
(L)DesMou
lGam
guk
3Plant
Flow
erDecoctio
nOral
1000
Dendropanax
morbifer
usHL
ev
Hwangchillamu
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Duchesnea
indica
(And
r)Fo
cke
Baem
ttalgi
2Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Eleutherococcussessiliflorus
(Rup
ramp
Maxim
)SYHu
Ogalpinam
u19
Plant
Fruitste
mEx
tractio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Equisetum
hyem
aleL
Soksae
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
EucommiaulmoidesO
liv
Duchu
ng2
Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Felis
catusL
inn
Goyangi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
600
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
8Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
889
Glycinem
ax(L)Merr
Kong
2Plant
Seed
Steepedin
vinegar
Oral
1000
Hederarhom
bea(M
iq)Be
anSong
ak2
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
16Plant
Malt
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
epill
Oral
340
Houttu
yniacordataTh
unb
Yang
mom
il5
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
121
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ninfusio
ntea
Oral
968
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i1
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
250
Ixeridium
dentatum
(Thun
bex
Mori)
Tzvelev
Sseumbagw
i5
Plant
Who
lepart
youn
gleaf
Juice
Oral
1000
Kalopana
xseptem
lobu
s(Th
unb)
Koidz
Eumnamu
9Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Infusio
npill
Oral
200
Lyciu
mchinenseMill
Gug
ijanamu
8Plant
Fruit
Infusio
nOral
1000
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
500
Nyctereutesp
rocyonoidesK
oreensis
Mori
Neogu
ri2
Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
25Plant
Aeria
lpart
stemw
holepart
Juice
Oral
641
Orosta
chys
japonica
(Maxim
)ABerger
Bawiso
l2
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
njuice
Oral
1000
PaeonialactifloraPall
Jagyak
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nroast
Oral
1000
Phasianu
scolchicu
sLinn
Kkw
ong
1Animal
Who
lepart
Soup
Oral
1000
Phellinus
linteus
(BerketCu
rt)Teng
Mokjiljin
heuk
beoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Pinu
sdensifl
oraSieboldampZu
cc
Sonamu
4Plant
Leaf
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
24Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Decoctio
ndissolution
dried
extractio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
522
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Prun
uspadu
sLforpadus
Gwiru
ngnamu
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Puerarialobata
(Willd)O
hwi
Chik
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sanguisorbaoffi
cinalisL
Oipul
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Schisand
rachinensis
(Turcz)Ba
ill
Omija
6Plant
Fruitrootstem
Brew
ing
Oral
1000
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
333
Scutellariabaica
lensis
Georgi
Hwanggeum
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
62Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juicemaceration
powderraw
season
edcooked
vegetables
wateryplainkimchi
Oral
775
Semisu
lcospira
coreana(M
artens)
Cham
daseulgi
11Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
fortico
sta(M
artens)
Jureum
daseulgi
23Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
libertin
a(G
ould)
Daseulgi
30Animal
Bodyw
hole
part
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
soup
sim
mer
Oral
1000
Sorbus
commixta
Hedl
Magam
ok10
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
SusscrofaLinn
Metdw
aeji
6Animal
Gallbladd
erDiss
olution
juice
Oral
1000
Taraxacum
platycarpum
Dahlst
Mindeulle
192
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
driedextractio
ninfusio
njuicekimchiraw
season
edcooked
vegetablessim
mertea
Oral
1000
Trachelospermum
asiaticum
(Siebo
ldamp
Zucc)Nakaivarasiaticum
Masakjul
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ulm
usdavidian
avarjaponica
(Rehder)Nakai
Neureum
namu
8Plant
Bark
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ursusthibetanu
sussu
ricus
Heude
Band
algaseum
gom
1Animal
Flesh
Infusio
nOral
1000
Zingibermioga
(Thun
b)R
oscoe
Yang
ha2
Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
KoreaJapan
China
Jeju Island
North Jeolla Province
Jirisan National Park
Gayasan National Park
125∘58
998400E 128∘18
998400E
36∘09
998400E
33∘06
998400E
E
N
W
S
Figure 1 Investigation sites
consensus of the informants and the recorded fidelity levelstherefore a need exists to utilize the internetwork anal-ysis method to consider the traditional ethnographical prop-erties
Particularly a deeper analysis of ethnomedicinal prac-tices in treating specific diseases within the local communi-ties is necessary for obtaining more specific details regardingthe internetwork of the components within ethnomedicinalknowledge
Our research suggests that the applications gained fromutilizing the internetwork analysis (INA) for ethnomedicinalpractices on liver disorders within communities in Korea willresult in further research incorporating INA
2 The Research Area and Method
21 Natural and Social Environment of Research Area Thestudy area consists of the southern region of the Koreanpeninsula and its many islands which lie between 33∘061015840Nto 36∘091015840N latitude and 125∘581015840E to 128∘181015840E (Figure 1) Thetotal population in 2012 of the study area was 5914270The area measures approximately 485 km2 and includes three
provinces 15 cities and 27 counties in its administrative dis-trict [10]The annual precipitation is around 1000sim1850mminwhich the coastal area generally receivesmore rainfall thanthe inland regions The annual average temperature of theinland regions is 138∘C while Jeju Island records 162∘C [11]
22 Research Methods Field investigations were conductedfrom March 2009 to November 2012 Proper data wascollected using participant observations and in-depth inter-views as the informants also become investigators them-selves through attending informal meetings open and groupdiscussions and overt observations with semistructuredquestionnaires [12 13]
The content of the semi-structured questionnaires wascomposed of diverse information regardingmedicinal speciesused to treat liver disorders including local names usedparts ailments methods of preparation manufacturing andadministration dosage and the usable duration regardingeach curable formula [13ndash15]
All specimens were collected during their flowering orfruiting seasons and were organized utilizing the normalspecimen manufacturing method [15 16] The voucher
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
specimens were deposited for preservation in the herbariumof Jeonju University The precise identification of speciesmentioned by the informants was performed in accordancewith Lee [17] Lee [18] Ahn [19] Lee [20] and Park [21]Scientific names were confirmed by the National Knowledgeand Information System for Biological Species [22] of Korea
23 Quantitative Analysis
231 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The ICFwas used toanalyze the agreement degree of the informantsrsquo knowledgeabout each category of ailments [23 24] The ICF wascalculated using the following formula
ICF =(119899ur minus 119899119905)
(119899ur minus 1) (1)
where 119899ur is the number of use reports of informants for aparticular liver disorder and 119899
119905is the number of species used
by all informants for a particular liver disorder
232 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL was employed to determinethe most important species used for treating certain liverdisorders by the local practitioners and the elderly peopleliving in the study area [13 16 25] The FL was calculatedusing the following formula
FL () = 119873119901times
100
119873
(2)
where 119873119901is the number of informants that mentioned the
specific species used to treat certain disorders and 119873 is thetotal number of the informants who utilized the species asmedicine for treating any given disorder
233 Internetwork Analysis (INA) Internetwork analysisdoes not focus on the independent characteristics of an indi-vidual within the community but it considers the results ofthe interrelationship among each individual of a communityInternetwork analysis has been applied within communitiesto various ethnographical problems including ethnogenesis[26] and obesity [27ndash29] however prior to this research theinternetwork analysis had yet to be applied to ethnomedicinalknowledge includedwith its ethnographical properties in theresults
Our research newly applied this method in order to attainmore internetwork information from the treatment of eth-nomedicinal practices on liver disorders within communitiesin KoreaThe results of the internetwork analysis of disordersand medicinal species were analyzed using UCINET (Ver6460) and NetDraw (Ver 2125) software [30 31]
3 Results and Discussion
31 Demographic Characteristics of the Region All 2069informants were randomly selected at the community hallsthe senior welfare centers and the traditional markets at305 sites Among them ethnomedicinal practices for liverdisorders were recorded by 1543 informants (362 men
Table 1 Demographic characteristics
GenderMale 362 (235)Female 1181 (765)
Age30ndash39 9 (06)40ndash49 4 (03)50ndash59 73 (47)60ndash69 250 (162)70ndash79 707 (458)80ndash89 460 (298)90ndash99 40 (26)
Educational attainmentNever attended school 1127 (730)Attended school for less than 6 years 125 (81)Attended school for 6 years 133 (86)Finished middle school 101 (65)Finished high school 57 (37)
1181 women) at 160 sites (Figure 1) The average age of theinformants was 75 years old with a range in age from 36to 94 with residents living more than 40 years in the studyarea The ethnographical characteristics of the communitiesare summarized in Table 1
Linguistically the inland communities represented vary-ing properties between the eastern andwestern communitiesthe Jirisan axis (1915m) The pronunciation of the two localcommunities depicts dissimilar intonations while the lan-guages of the communities on Jeju Island possess numerousdialects different from the inland communities
In regard to foods the local communities in the east-ern region widely used the seed powder of Zanthoxylumpiperitum (L) DC and the leaves of the Isodon japonicus(Burm) Hara while local communities in the western regiondid not consume these foods Also the food traditions incommunities on Jeju Island are quite diverse from foods of theinland communities in regard to the recipe and ingredients
The local communities in the east are politically conser-vative while local inland communities in the west are moreprogressive However the communities on Jeju Island displayextreme exclusiveness because of their historical experiences
In homes within the inland communities men usuallysupport their families financially while women traditionallysupport their families on Jeju Island
32 Analysis of Ethnomedicinal Practices The kinds of liverdisorders treated by ethnomedicinal practices were livercancer liver cirrhosis jaundice hepatitis fatigue recoveryhangovers and liver-related ailments (Table 2) Also thisstudy area is three times larger than previous research whilethe seven types of liver disorders recorded in this studywere less than previous research which classified 14 typesof respiratory system diseases 29 types of digestive systemdiseases and 23 types of pain relief treatment [7ndash9] Webelieve that the communities of this study area possess
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Inform
ationabou
tethno
medicinalpractic
esrecorded
from
resid
entsin
ther
esearcharea
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Fatig
uerecovery
Plecoglossu
saltivelis
Temminck
etSchlegel
Euneo
1Animal
Who
lepart
Sashim
iOral
1000
Vespamandarin
ia(C
ameron
)Jang
sumalbeol
12Animal
Hiveim
ago
larva
Diss
olution
Oral
1000
Vespulaflaviceps
lewisii(Ca
meron
)Ttangbeol
18Animal
Hiveim
ago
larva
Diss
olution
Oral
1000
Hangover
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
4Plant
Fruitleaf
Decoctio
nOral
32
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Maceration
Oral
103
Hepatitis
Gan
odermalucid
um(LeyssFr)Ka
rst
Yeon
gjibeoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
10Animal
Larva
Decoctio
nOral
217
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
18Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
225
SophoraflavescensS
olandere
xAito
nGosam
7Plant
Root
Pill
Oral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Jaun
dice
Actin
idiaarguta
(Siebo
ldampZu
cc)
PlanchexMiq
Darae
3Plant
Sap
Raw
Oral
1000
Akebiaquinata(H
outt)D
ecne
Eureum
deon
ggul
4Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
344
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stemw
holepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
ebrew
ing
decoction
driedgrainsyrup
infusio
njuicepillsim
mer
Oral
756
Artemisiagm
eliniiW
eber
exStechm
Deowijigi
1Plant
Who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
ebrew
ing
infusio
nOral
1000
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
10Plant
Leaf
Rubbing
Topical
833
AsterscaberTh
unb
Cham
chwi
8Plant
Leaf
Parboiled
Oral
1000
Bombyxmori(Linn
e)Nuenabang
1Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Caragana
sinica
(Bucrsquohoz)R
ehder
Goldamcho
8Plant
Root
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
CatalpaovataGD
onGaeod
ong
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cucumismelo
varmakuw
aMakino
Cham
oe19
Plant
Fruitpedu
ncle
Drie
dpo
wder
Topical
1000
Equu
scaballusL
inn
Mal
8Animal
Hidemeat
Infusio
nraw
Oral
1000
Fallopiajaponica
(Hou
tt)R
onseDecr
Hojanggeun
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Gloydius
blom
hoffiibrevicaud
usStejneger
Salm
osa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Jaun
dice
Gloydius
saxatilisEm
eliano
vKkachisa
lmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Gloydius
ussurie
nsisEm
eliano
vSo
esalmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
31Plant
Maltseed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
etea
Oral
660
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i3
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
ddissolution
maceration
roast
Oral
750
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
16Plant
Aeria
lpart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
einfusio
njuice
pilltea
Oral
800
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
8Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stem
Season
edcooked
vegetables
juice
Oral
205
Oryza
sativaL
Byeo
10Plant
Seed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
Pelodiscus
sinensis
Wiegm
ann
Jara
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
3Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
Oral
65
Sasa
borealis(H
ack)M
akino
Joritdae
3Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Liverc
ancer
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i3
Animal
Larva
Drie
dinfusio
npillpo
wder
steam
Oral
200
Breeasegeta
(Willd)K
itamfsegeta
Jobaengi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Bupleurum
falca
tum
var
scorzoneraefo
lium
(Willd)L
edeb
Cham
siho
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
pillpo
wdersim
mer
Oral
385
Cirsium
japonicum
varmaackii
(Maxim
)Matsum
Eong
geon
gkwi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
200
Form
icayesse
nsisWheeler
Bulgaemi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
1000
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
111
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erDrie
dmixed
inliq
uor
Oral
500
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
109
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
385
Rhododendron
mucronu
latum
Turcz
varmucronu
latum
Jindallae
2Plant
Flow
erFerm
entatio
nOral
1000
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilanL
Koch
Jine
2Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
333
Liverc
irrho
sis
Bupleurum
falca
tum
LSiho
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Cryptotympana
dubia(H
aupt)
Malmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
200
Graptopsaltrianigrofuscata
(Motschu
lsky)
Yujim
aemi
3Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Leptosem
iatakanonis(Matsumura)
Soyosanm
aemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Meim
unaopalifera
(Walker)
Aemaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
2Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juice
Oral
51
Oncotym
pana
fuscata(D
istant)
Cham
maemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Platypleu
rakaem
pferi(Fabricius)
Teolmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
87
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
333
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Acertegm
entosum
Maxim
Sang
yeoreumnamu
3Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
Adenocau
lonhimalaicum
Edgew
Myeolgachi
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i12
Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Diss
olution
driedextractio
ninfusio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
roastsim
mer
Oral
800
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
111Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
grain
syrupinfusio
njuicepill
simmer
Oral
244
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
167
Canislupus
familiarisLinn
Gae
1Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
1000
Capsellabursapastoris
(L)
LWM
edicus
Naeng
i24
Plant
Who
lepart
Juiceseason
edcooked
vegetablessou
pOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Citru
sjun
osSieboldex
Tanaka
Yujanamu
6Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Citru
snatsudaidaiHayata
Hagyul
6Plant
Fruit
Maceration
Oral
1000
Citru
stenuissimaTanaka
Dangyujanam
u10
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Corbicu
la(Corbicula)japonica
Prim
eIlb
onjaecheop
8Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Cudraniatricuspidata(C
arr)
Bureau
exLavallee
Kku
jippo
ngnamu
43Plant
Barkstem
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
infusio
nOral
1000
Dendranthem
aindicum
(L)DesMou
lGam
guk
3Plant
Flow
erDecoctio
nOral
1000
Dendropanax
morbifer
usHL
ev
Hwangchillamu
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Duchesnea
indica
(And
r)Fo
cke
Baem
ttalgi
2Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Eleutherococcussessiliflorus
(Rup
ramp
Maxim
)SYHu
Ogalpinam
u19
Plant
Fruitste
mEx
tractio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Equisetum
hyem
aleL
Soksae
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
EucommiaulmoidesO
liv
Duchu
ng2
Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Felis
catusL
inn
Goyangi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
600
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
8Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
889
Glycinem
ax(L)Merr
Kong
2Plant
Seed
Steepedin
vinegar
Oral
1000
Hederarhom
bea(M
iq)Be
anSong
ak2
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
16Plant
Malt
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
epill
Oral
340
Houttu
yniacordataTh
unb
Yang
mom
il5
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
121
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ninfusio
ntea
Oral
968
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i1
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
250
Ixeridium
dentatum
(Thun
bex
Mori)
Tzvelev
Sseumbagw
i5
Plant
Who
lepart
youn
gleaf
Juice
Oral
1000
Kalopana
xseptem
lobu
s(Th
unb)
Koidz
Eumnamu
9Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Infusio
npill
Oral
200
Lyciu
mchinenseMill
Gug
ijanamu
8Plant
Fruit
Infusio
nOral
1000
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
500
Nyctereutesp
rocyonoidesK
oreensis
Mori
Neogu
ri2
Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
25Plant
Aeria
lpart
stemw
holepart
Juice
Oral
641
Orosta
chys
japonica
(Maxim
)ABerger
Bawiso
l2
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
njuice
Oral
1000
PaeonialactifloraPall
Jagyak
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nroast
Oral
1000
Phasianu
scolchicu
sLinn
Kkw
ong
1Animal
Who
lepart
Soup
Oral
1000
Phellinus
linteus
(BerketCu
rt)Teng
Mokjiljin
heuk
beoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Pinu
sdensifl
oraSieboldampZu
cc
Sonamu
4Plant
Leaf
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
24Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Decoctio
ndissolution
dried
extractio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
522
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Prun
uspadu
sLforpadus
Gwiru
ngnamu
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Puerarialobata
(Willd)O
hwi
Chik
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sanguisorbaoffi
cinalisL
Oipul
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Schisand
rachinensis
(Turcz)Ba
ill
Omija
6Plant
Fruitrootstem
Brew
ing
Oral
1000
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
333
Scutellariabaica
lensis
Georgi
Hwanggeum
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
62Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juicemaceration
powderraw
season
edcooked
vegetables
wateryplainkimchi
Oral
775
Semisu
lcospira
coreana(M
artens)
Cham
daseulgi
11Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
fortico
sta(M
artens)
Jureum
daseulgi
23Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
libertin
a(G
ould)
Daseulgi
30Animal
Bodyw
hole
part
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
soup
sim
mer
Oral
1000
Sorbus
commixta
Hedl
Magam
ok10
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
SusscrofaLinn
Metdw
aeji
6Animal
Gallbladd
erDiss
olution
juice
Oral
1000
Taraxacum
platycarpum
Dahlst
Mindeulle
192
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
driedextractio
ninfusio
njuicekimchiraw
season
edcooked
vegetablessim
mertea
Oral
1000
Trachelospermum
asiaticum
(Siebo
ldamp
Zucc)Nakaivarasiaticum
Masakjul
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ulm
usdavidian
avarjaponica
(Rehder)Nakai
Neureum
namu
8Plant
Bark
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ursusthibetanu
sussu
ricus
Heude
Band
algaseum
gom
1Animal
Flesh
Infusio
nOral
1000
Zingibermioga
(Thun
b)R
oscoe
Yang
ha2
Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
specimens were deposited for preservation in the herbariumof Jeonju University The precise identification of speciesmentioned by the informants was performed in accordancewith Lee [17] Lee [18] Ahn [19] Lee [20] and Park [21]Scientific names were confirmed by the National Knowledgeand Information System for Biological Species [22] of Korea
23 Quantitative Analysis
231 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The ICFwas used toanalyze the agreement degree of the informantsrsquo knowledgeabout each category of ailments [23 24] The ICF wascalculated using the following formula
ICF =(119899ur minus 119899119905)
(119899ur minus 1) (1)
where 119899ur is the number of use reports of informants for aparticular liver disorder and 119899
119905is the number of species used
by all informants for a particular liver disorder
232 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL was employed to determinethe most important species used for treating certain liverdisorders by the local practitioners and the elderly peopleliving in the study area [13 16 25] The FL was calculatedusing the following formula
FL () = 119873119901times
100
119873
(2)
where 119873119901is the number of informants that mentioned the
specific species used to treat certain disorders and 119873 is thetotal number of the informants who utilized the species asmedicine for treating any given disorder
233 Internetwork Analysis (INA) Internetwork analysisdoes not focus on the independent characteristics of an indi-vidual within the community but it considers the results ofthe interrelationship among each individual of a communityInternetwork analysis has been applied within communitiesto various ethnographical problems including ethnogenesis[26] and obesity [27ndash29] however prior to this research theinternetwork analysis had yet to be applied to ethnomedicinalknowledge includedwith its ethnographical properties in theresults
Our research newly applied this method in order to attainmore internetwork information from the treatment of eth-nomedicinal practices on liver disorders within communitiesin KoreaThe results of the internetwork analysis of disordersand medicinal species were analyzed using UCINET (Ver6460) and NetDraw (Ver 2125) software [30 31]
3 Results and Discussion
31 Demographic Characteristics of the Region All 2069informants were randomly selected at the community hallsthe senior welfare centers and the traditional markets at305 sites Among them ethnomedicinal practices for liverdisorders were recorded by 1543 informants (362 men
Table 1 Demographic characteristics
GenderMale 362 (235)Female 1181 (765)
Age30ndash39 9 (06)40ndash49 4 (03)50ndash59 73 (47)60ndash69 250 (162)70ndash79 707 (458)80ndash89 460 (298)90ndash99 40 (26)
Educational attainmentNever attended school 1127 (730)Attended school for less than 6 years 125 (81)Attended school for 6 years 133 (86)Finished middle school 101 (65)Finished high school 57 (37)
1181 women) at 160 sites (Figure 1) The average age of theinformants was 75 years old with a range in age from 36to 94 with residents living more than 40 years in the studyarea The ethnographical characteristics of the communitiesare summarized in Table 1
Linguistically the inland communities represented vary-ing properties between the eastern andwestern communitiesthe Jirisan axis (1915m) The pronunciation of the two localcommunities depicts dissimilar intonations while the lan-guages of the communities on Jeju Island possess numerousdialects different from the inland communities
In regard to foods the local communities in the east-ern region widely used the seed powder of Zanthoxylumpiperitum (L) DC and the leaves of the Isodon japonicus(Burm) Hara while local communities in the western regiondid not consume these foods Also the food traditions incommunities on Jeju Island are quite diverse from foods of theinland communities in regard to the recipe and ingredients
The local communities in the east are politically conser-vative while local inland communities in the west are moreprogressive However the communities on Jeju Island displayextreme exclusiveness because of their historical experiences
In homes within the inland communities men usuallysupport their families financially while women traditionallysupport their families on Jeju Island
32 Analysis of Ethnomedicinal Practices The kinds of liverdisorders treated by ethnomedicinal practices were livercancer liver cirrhosis jaundice hepatitis fatigue recoveryhangovers and liver-related ailments (Table 2) Also thisstudy area is three times larger than previous research whilethe seven types of liver disorders recorded in this studywere less than previous research which classified 14 typesof respiratory system diseases 29 types of digestive systemdiseases and 23 types of pain relief treatment [7ndash9] Webelieve that the communities of this study area possess
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Inform
ationabou
tethno
medicinalpractic
esrecorded
from
resid
entsin
ther
esearcharea
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Fatig
uerecovery
Plecoglossu
saltivelis
Temminck
etSchlegel
Euneo
1Animal
Who
lepart
Sashim
iOral
1000
Vespamandarin
ia(C
ameron
)Jang
sumalbeol
12Animal
Hiveim
ago
larva
Diss
olution
Oral
1000
Vespulaflaviceps
lewisii(Ca
meron
)Ttangbeol
18Animal
Hiveim
ago
larva
Diss
olution
Oral
1000
Hangover
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
4Plant
Fruitleaf
Decoctio
nOral
32
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Maceration
Oral
103
Hepatitis
Gan
odermalucid
um(LeyssFr)Ka
rst
Yeon
gjibeoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
10Animal
Larva
Decoctio
nOral
217
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
18Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
225
SophoraflavescensS
olandere
xAito
nGosam
7Plant
Root
Pill
Oral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Jaun
dice
Actin
idiaarguta
(Siebo
ldampZu
cc)
PlanchexMiq
Darae
3Plant
Sap
Raw
Oral
1000
Akebiaquinata(H
outt)D
ecne
Eureum
deon
ggul
4Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
344
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stemw
holepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
ebrew
ing
decoction
driedgrainsyrup
infusio
njuicepillsim
mer
Oral
756
Artemisiagm
eliniiW
eber
exStechm
Deowijigi
1Plant
Who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
ebrew
ing
infusio
nOral
1000
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
10Plant
Leaf
Rubbing
Topical
833
AsterscaberTh
unb
Cham
chwi
8Plant
Leaf
Parboiled
Oral
1000
Bombyxmori(Linn
e)Nuenabang
1Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Caragana
sinica
(Bucrsquohoz)R
ehder
Goldamcho
8Plant
Root
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
CatalpaovataGD
onGaeod
ong
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cucumismelo
varmakuw
aMakino
Cham
oe19
Plant
Fruitpedu
ncle
Drie
dpo
wder
Topical
1000
Equu
scaballusL
inn
Mal
8Animal
Hidemeat
Infusio
nraw
Oral
1000
Fallopiajaponica
(Hou
tt)R
onseDecr
Hojanggeun
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Gloydius
blom
hoffiibrevicaud
usStejneger
Salm
osa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Jaun
dice
Gloydius
saxatilisEm
eliano
vKkachisa
lmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Gloydius
ussurie
nsisEm
eliano
vSo
esalmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
31Plant
Maltseed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
etea
Oral
660
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i3
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
ddissolution
maceration
roast
Oral
750
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
16Plant
Aeria
lpart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
einfusio
njuice
pilltea
Oral
800
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
8Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stem
Season
edcooked
vegetables
juice
Oral
205
Oryza
sativaL
Byeo
10Plant
Seed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
Pelodiscus
sinensis
Wiegm
ann
Jara
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
3Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
Oral
65
Sasa
borealis(H
ack)M
akino
Joritdae
3Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Liverc
ancer
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i3
Animal
Larva
Drie
dinfusio
npillpo
wder
steam
Oral
200
Breeasegeta
(Willd)K
itamfsegeta
Jobaengi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Bupleurum
falca
tum
var
scorzoneraefo
lium
(Willd)L
edeb
Cham
siho
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
pillpo
wdersim
mer
Oral
385
Cirsium
japonicum
varmaackii
(Maxim
)Matsum
Eong
geon
gkwi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
200
Form
icayesse
nsisWheeler
Bulgaemi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
1000
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
111
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erDrie
dmixed
inliq
uor
Oral
500
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
109
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
385
Rhododendron
mucronu
latum
Turcz
varmucronu
latum
Jindallae
2Plant
Flow
erFerm
entatio
nOral
1000
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilanL
Koch
Jine
2Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
333
Liverc
irrho
sis
Bupleurum
falca
tum
LSiho
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Cryptotympana
dubia(H
aupt)
Malmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
200
Graptopsaltrianigrofuscata
(Motschu
lsky)
Yujim
aemi
3Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Leptosem
iatakanonis(Matsumura)
Soyosanm
aemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Meim
unaopalifera
(Walker)
Aemaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
2Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juice
Oral
51
Oncotym
pana
fuscata(D
istant)
Cham
maemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Platypleu
rakaem
pferi(Fabricius)
Teolmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
87
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
333
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Acertegm
entosum
Maxim
Sang
yeoreumnamu
3Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
Adenocau
lonhimalaicum
Edgew
Myeolgachi
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i12
Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Diss
olution
driedextractio
ninfusio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
roastsim
mer
Oral
800
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
111Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
grain
syrupinfusio
njuicepill
simmer
Oral
244
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
167
Canislupus
familiarisLinn
Gae
1Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
1000
Capsellabursapastoris
(L)
LWM
edicus
Naeng
i24
Plant
Who
lepart
Juiceseason
edcooked
vegetablessou
pOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Citru
sjun
osSieboldex
Tanaka
Yujanamu
6Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Citru
snatsudaidaiHayata
Hagyul
6Plant
Fruit
Maceration
Oral
1000
Citru
stenuissimaTanaka
Dangyujanam
u10
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Corbicu
la(Corbicula)japonica
Prim
eIlb
onjaecheop
8Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Cudraniatricuspidata(C
arr)
Bureau
exLavallee
Kku
jippo
ngnamu
43Plant
Barkstem
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
infusio
nOral
1000
Dendranthem
aindicum
(L)DesMou
lGam
guk
3Plant
Flow
erDecoctio
nOral
1000
Dendropanax
morbifer
usHL
ev
Hwangchillamu
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Duchesnea
indica
(And
r)Fo
cke
Baem
ttalgi
2Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Eleutherococcussessiliflorus
(Rup
ramp
Maxim
)SYHu
Ogalpinam
u19
Plant
Fruitste
mEx
tractio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Equisetum
hyem
aleL
Soksae
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
EucommiaulmoidesO
liv
Duchu
ng2
Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Felis
catusL
inn
Goyangi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
600
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
8Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
889
Glycinem
ax(L)Merr
Kong
2Plant
Seed
Steepedin
vinegar
Oral
1000
Hederarhom
bea(M
iq)Be
anSong
ak2
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
16Plant
Malt
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
epill
Oral
340
Houttu
yniacordataTh
unb
Yang
mom
il5
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
121
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ninfusio
ntea
Oral
968
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i1
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
250
Ixeridium
dentatum
(Thun
bex
Mori)
Tzvelev
Sseumbagw
i5
Plant
Who
lepart
youn
gleaf
Juice
Oral
1000
Kalopana
xseptem
lobu
s(Th
unb)
Koidz
Eumnamu
9Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Infusio
npill
Oral
200
Lyciu
mchinenseMill
Gug
ijanamu
8Plant
Fruit
Infusio
nOral
1000
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
500
Nyctereutesp
rocyonoidesK
oreensis
Mori
Neogu
ri2
Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
25Plant
Aeria
lpart
stemw
holepart
Juice
Oral
641
Orosta
chys
japonica
(Maxim
)ABerger
Bawiso
l2
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
njuice
Oral
1000
PaeonialactifloraPall
Jagyak
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nroast
Oral
1000
Phasianu
scolchicu
sLinn
Kkw
ong
1Animal
Who
lepart
Soup
Oral
1000
Phellinus
linteus
(BerketCu
rt)Teng
Mokjiljin
heuk
beoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Pinu
sdensifl
oraSieboldampZu
cc
Sonamu
4Plant
Leaf
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
24Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Decoctio
ndissolution
dried
extractio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
522
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Prun
uspadu
sLforpadus
Gwiru
ngnamu
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Puerarialobata
(Willd)O
hwi
Chik
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sanguisorbaoffi
cinalisL
Oipul
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Schisand
rachinensis
(Turcz)Ba
ill
Omija
6Plant
Fruitrootstem
Brew
ing
Oral
1000
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
333
Scutellariabaica
lensis
Georgi
Hwanggeum
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
62Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juicemaceration
powderraw
season
edcooked
vegetables
wateryplainkimchi
Oral
775
Semisu
lcospira
coreana(M
artens)
Cham
daseulgi
11Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
fortico
sta(M
artens)
Jureum
daseulgi
23Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
libertin
a(G
ould)
Daseulgi
30Animal
Bodyw
hole
part
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
soup
sim
mer
Oral
1000
Sorbus
commixta
Hedl
Magam
ok10
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
SusscrofaLinn
Metdw
aeji
6Animal
Gallbladd
erDiss
olution
juice
Oral
1000
Taraxacum
platycarpum
Dahlst
Mindeulle
192
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
driedextractio
ninfusio
njuicekimchiraw
season
edcooked
vegetablessim
mertea
Oral
1000
Trachelospermum
asiaticum
(Siebo
ldamp
Zucc)Nakaivarasiaticum
Masakjul
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ulm
usdavidian
avarjaponica
(Rehder)Nakai
Neureum
namu
8Plant
Bark
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ursusthibetanu
sussu
ricus
Heude
Band
algaseum
gom
1Animal
Flesh
Infusio
nOral
1000
Zingibermioga
(Thun
b)R
oscoe
Yang
ha2
Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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OncologyJournal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Inform
ationabou
tethno
medicinalpractic
esrecorded
from
resid
entsin
ther
esearcharea
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Fatig
uerecovery
Plecoglossu
saltivelis
Temminck
etSchlegel
Euneo
1Animal
Who
lepart
Sashim
iOral
1000
Vespamandarin
ia(C
ameron
)Jang
sumalbeol
12Animal
Hiveim
ago
larva
Diss
olution
Oral
1000
Vespulaflaviceps
lewisii(Ca
meron
)Ttangbeol
18Animal
Hiveim
ago
larva
Diss
olution
Oral
1000
Hangover
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
4Plant
Fruitleaf
Decoctio
nOral
32
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Maceration
Oral
103
Hepatitis
Gan
odermalucid
um(LeyssFr)Ka
rst
Yeon
gjibeoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
10Animal
Larva
Decoctio
nOral
217
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
18Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
225
SophoraflavescensS
olandere
xAito
nGosam
7Plant
Root
Pill
Oral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Jaun
dice
Actin
idiaarguta
(Siebo
ldampZu
cc)
PlanchexMiq
Darae
3Plant
Sap
Raw
Oral
1000
Akebiaquinata(H
outt)D
ecne
Eureum
deon
ggul
4Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
344
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stemw
holepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
ebrew
ing
decoction
driedgrainsyrup
infusio
njuicepillsim
mer
Oral
756
Artemisiagm
eliniiW
eber
exStechm
Deowijigi
1Plant
Who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
ebrew
ing
infusio
nOral
1000
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
10Plant
Leaf
Rubbing
Topical
833
AsterscaberTh
unb
Cham
chwi
8Plant
Leaf
Parboiled
Oral
1000
Bombyxmori(Linn
e)Nuenabang
1Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Caragana
sinica
(Bucrsquohoz)R
ehder
Goldamcho
8Plant
Root
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
CatalpaovataGD
onGaeod
ong
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cucumismelo
varmakuw
aMakino
Cham
oe19
Plant
Fruitpedu
ncle
Drie
dpo
wder
Topical
1000
Equu
scaballusL
inn
Mal
8Animal
Hidemeat
Infusio
nraw
Oral
1000
Fallopiajaponica
(Hou
tt)R
onseDecr
Hojanggeun
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Gloydius
blom
hoffiibrevicaud
usStejneger
Salm
osa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Jaun
dice
Gloydius
saxatilisEm
eliano
vKkachisa
lmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Gloydius
ussurie
nsisEm
eliano
vSo
esalmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
31Plant
Maltseed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
etea
Oral
660
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i3
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
ddissolution
maceration
roast
Oral
750
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
16Plant
Aeria
lpart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
einfusio
njuice
pilltea
Oral
800
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
8Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stem
Season
edcooked
vegetables
juice
Oral
205
Oryza
sativaL
Byeo
10Plant
Seed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
Pelodiscus
sinensis
Wiegm
ann
Jara
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
3Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
Oral
65
Sasa
borealis(H
ack)M
akino
Joritdae
3Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Liverc
ancer
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i3
Animal
Larva
Drie
dinfusio
npillpo
wder
steam
Oral
200
Breeasegeta
(Willd)K
itamfsegeta
Jobaengi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Bupleurum
falca
tum
var
scorzoneraefo
lium
(Willd)L
edeb
Cham
siho
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
pillpo
wdersim
mer
Oral
385
Cirsium
japonicum
varmaackii
(Maxim
)Matsum
Eong
geon
gkwi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
200
Form
icayesse
nsisWheeler
Bulgaemi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
1000
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
111
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erDrie
dmixed
inliq
uor
Oral
500
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
109
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
385
Rhododendron
mucronu
latum
Turcz
varmucronu
latum
Jindallae
2Plant
Flow
erFerm
entatio
nOral
1000
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilanL
Koch
Jine
2Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
333
Liverc
irrho
sis
Bupleurum
falca
tum
LSiho
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Cryptotympana
dubia(H
aupt)
Malmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
200
Graptopsaltrianigrofuscata
(Motschu
lsky)
Yujim
aemi
3Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Leptosem
iatakanonis(Matsumura)
Soyosanm
aemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Meim
unaopalifera
(Walker)
Aemaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
2Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juice
Oral
51
Oncotym
pana
fuscata(D
istant)
Cham
maemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Platypleu
rakaem
pferi(Fabricius)
Teolmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
87
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
333
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Acertegm
entosum
Maxim
Sang
yeoreumnamu
3Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
Adenocau
lonhimalaicum
Edgew
Myeolgachi
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i12
Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Diss
olution
driedextractio
ninfusio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
roastsim
mer
Oral
800
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
111Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
grain
syrupinfusio
njuicepill
simmer
Oral
244
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
167
Canislupus
familiarisLinn
Gae
1Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
1000
Capsellabursapastoris
(L)
LWM
edicus
Naeng
i24
Plant
Who
lepart
Juiceseason
edcooked
vegetablessou
pOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Citru
sjun
osSieboldex
Tanaka
Yujanamu
6Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Citru
snatsudaidaiHayata
Hagyul
6Plant
Fruit
Maceration
Oral
1000
Citru
stenuissimaTanaka
Dangyujanam
u10
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Corbicu
la(Corbicula)japonica
Prim
eIlb
onjaecheop
8Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Cudraniatricuspidata(C
arr)
Bureau
exLavallee
Kku
jippo
ngnamu
43Plant
Barkstem
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
infusio
nOral
1000
Dendranthem
aindicum
(L)DesMou
lGam
guk
3Plant
Flow
erDecoctio
nOral
1000
Dendropanax
morbifer
usHL
ev
Hwangchillamu
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Duchesnea
indica
(And
r)Fo
cke
Baem
ttalgi
2Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Eleutherococcussessiliflorus
(Rup
ramp
Maxim
)SYHu
Ogalpinam
u19
Plant
Fruitste
mEx
tractio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Equisetum
hyem
aleL
Soksae
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
EucommiaulmoidesO
liv
Duchu
ng2
Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Felis
catusL
inn
Goyangi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
600
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
8Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
889
Glycinem
ax(L)Merr
Kong
2Plant
Seed
Steepedin
vinegar
Oral
1000
Hederarhom
bea(M
iq)Be
anSong
ak2
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
16Plant
Malt
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
epill
Oral
340
Houttu
yniacordataTh
unb
Yang
mom
il5
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
121
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ninfusio
ntea
Oral
968
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i1
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
250
Ixeridium
dentatum
(Thun
bex
Mori)
Tzvelev
Sseumbagw
i5
Plant
Who
lepart
youn
gleaf
Juice
Oral
1000
Kalopana
xseptem
lobu
s(Th
unb)
Koidz
Eumnamu
9Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Infusio
npill
Oral
200
Lyciu
mchinenseMill
Gug
ijanamu
8Plant
Fruit
Infusio
nOral
1000
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
500
Nyctereutesp
rocyonoidesK
oreensis
Mori
Neogu
ri2
Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
25Plant
Aeria
lpart
stemw
holepart
Juice
Oral
641
Orosta
chys
japonica
(Maxim
)ABerger
Bawiso
l2
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
njuice
Oral
1000
PaeonialactifloraPall
Jagyak
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nroast
Oral
1000
Phasianu
scolchicu
sLinn
Kkw
ong
1Animal
Who
lepart
Soup
Oral
1000
Phellinus
linteus
(BerketCu
rt)Teng
Mokjiljin
heuk
beoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Pinu
sdensifl
oraSieboldampZu
cc
Sonamu
4Plant
Leaf
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
24Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Decoctio
ndissolution
dried
extractio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
522
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Prun
uspadu
sLforpadus
Gwiru
ngnamu
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Puerarialobata
(Willd)O
hwi
Chik
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sanguisorbaoffi
cinalisL
Oipul
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Schisand
rachinensis
(Turcz)Ba
ill
Omija
6Plant
Fruitrootstem
Brew
ing
Oral
1000
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
333
Scutellariabaica
lensis
Georgi
Hwanggeum
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
62Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juicemaceration
powderraw
season
edcooked
vegetables
wateryplainkimchi
Oral
775
Semisu
lcospira
coreana(M
artens)
Cham
daseulgi
11Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
fortico
sta(M
artens)
Jureum
daseulgi
23Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
libertin
a(G
ould)
Daseulgi
30Animal
Bodyw
hole
part
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
soup
sim
mer
Oral
1000
Sorbus
commixta
Hedl
Magam
ok10
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
SusscrofaLinn
Metdw
aeji
6Animal
Gallbladd
erDiss
olution
juice
Oral
1000
Taraxacum
platycarpum
Dahlst
Mindeulle
192
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
driedextractio
ninfusio
njuicekimchiraw
season
edcooked
vegetablessim
mertea
Oral
1000
Trachelospermum
asiaticum
(Siebo
ldamp
Zucc)Nakaivarasiaticum
Masakjul
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ulm
usdavidian
avarjaponica
(Rehder)Nakai
Neureum
namu
8Plant
Bark
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ursusthibetanu
sussu
ricus
Heude
Band
algaseum
gom
1Animal
Flesh
Infusio
nOral
1000
Zingibermioga
(Thun
b)R
oscoe
Yang
ha2
Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Jaun
dice
Gloydius
saxatilisEm
eliano
vKkachisa
lmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Gloydius
ussurie
nsisEm
eliano
vSo
esalmosa
1Animal
Who
lepart
Raw
Oral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
31Plant
Maltseed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
etea
Oral
660
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i3
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
ddissolution
maceration
roast
Oral
750
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
16Plant
Aeria
lpart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
einfusio
njuice
pilltea
Oral
800
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
8Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
stem
Season
edcooked
vegetables
juice
Oral
205
Oryza
sativaL
Byeo
10Plant
Seed
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
eOral
1000
Pelodiscus
sinensis
Wiegm
ann
Jara
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Plantago
asiaticaL
Jilgyeong
i2
Plant
Leaf
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
3Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
Oral
65
Sasa
borealis(H
ack)M
akino
Joritdae
3Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Violamandshu
ricaWB
ecker
Jebikkot
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
500
Liverc
ancer
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i3
Animal
Larva
Drie
dinfusio
npillpo
wder
steam
Oral
200
Breeasegeta
(Willd)K
itamfsegeta
Jobaengi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Bupleurum
falca
tum
var
scorzoneraefo
lium
(Willd)L
edeb
Cham
siho
2Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
pillpo
wdersim
mer
Oral
385
Cirsium
japonicum
varmaackii
(Maxim
)Matsum
Eong
geon
gkwi
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
200
Form
icayesse
nsisWheeler
Bulgaemi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
1000
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
1Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
111
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erDrie
dmixed
inliq
uor
Oral
500
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
109
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
5Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dinfusio
npanb
roiled
powderpillsim
mer
Oral
385
Rhododendron
mucronu
latum
Turcz
varmucronu
latum
Jindallae
2Plant
Flow
erFerm
entatio
nOral
1000
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilanL
Koch
Jine
2Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
333
Liverc
irrho
sis
Bupleurum
falca
tum
LSiho
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Cryptotympana
dubia(H
aupt)
Malmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
200
Graptopsaltrianigrofuscata
(Motschu
lsky)
Yujim
aemi
3Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Leptosem
iatakanonis(Matsumura)
Soyosanm
aemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Meim
unaopalifera
(Walker)
Aemaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
2Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juice
Oral
51
Oncotym
pana
fuscata(D
istant)
Cham
maemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Platypleu
rakaem
pferi(Fabricius)
Teolmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
87
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
333
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Acertegm
entosum
Maxim
Sang
yeoreumnamu
3Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
Adenocau
lonhimalaicum
Edgew
Myeolgachi
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i12
Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Diss
olution
driedextractio
ninfusio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
roastsim
mer
Oral
800
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
111Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
grain
syrupinfusio
njuicepill
simmer
Oral
244
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
167
Canislupus
familiarisLinn
Gae
1Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
1000
Capsellabursapastoris
(L)
LWM
edicus
Naeng
i24
Plant
Who
lepart
Juiceseason
edcooked
vegetablessou
pOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Citru
sjun
osSieboldex
Tanaka
Yujanamu
6Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Citru
snatsudaidaiHayata
Hagyul
6Plant
Fruit
Maceration
Oral
1000
Citru
stenuissimaTanaka
Dangyujanam
u10
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Corbicu
la(Corbicula)japonica
Prim
eIlb
onjaecheop
8Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Cudraniatricuspidata(C
arr)
Bureau
exLavallee
Kku
jippo
ngnamu
43Plant
Barkstem
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
infusio
nOral
1000
Dendranthem
aindicum
(L)DesMou
lGam
guk
3Plant
Flow
erDecoctio
nOral
1000
Dendropanax
morbifer
usHL
ev
Hwangchillamu
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Duchesnea
indica
(And
r)Fo
cke
Baem
ttalgi
2Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Eleutherococcussessiliflorus
(Rup
ramp
Maxim
)SYHu
Ogalpinam
u19
Plant
Fruitste
mEx
tractio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Equisetum
hyem
aleL
Soksae
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
EucommiaulmoidesO
liv
Duchu
ng2
Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Felis
catusL
inn
Goyangi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
600
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
8Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
889
Glycinem
ax(L)Merr
Kong
2Plant
Seed
Steepedin
vinegar
Oral
1000
Hederarhom
bea(M
iq)Be
anSong
ak2
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
16Plant
Malt
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
epill
Oral
340
Houttu
yniacordataTh
unb
Yang
mom
il5
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
121
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ninfusio
ntea
Oral
968
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i1
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
250
Ixeridium
dentatum
(Thun
bex
Mori)
Tzvelev
Sseumbagw
i5
Plant
Who
lepart
youn
gleaf
Juice
Oral
1000
Kalopana
xseptem
lobu
s(Th
unb)
Koidz
Eumnamu
9Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Infusio
npill
Oral
200
Lyciu
mchinenseMill
Gug
ijanamu
8Plant
Fruit
Infusio
nOral
1000
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
500
Nyctereutesp
rocyonoidesK
oreensis
Mori
Neogu
ri2
Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
25Plant
Aeria
lpart
stemw
holepart
Juice
Oral
641
Orosta
chys
japonica
(Maxim
)ABerger
Bawiso
l2
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
njuice
Oral
1000
PaeonialactifloraPall
Jagyak
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nroast
Oral
1000
Phasianu
scolchicu
sLinn
Kkw
ong
1Animal
Who
lepart
Soup
Oral
1000
Phellinus
linteus
(BerketCu
rt)Teng
Mokjiljin
heuk
beoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Pinu
sdensifl
oraSieboldampZu
cc
Sonamu
4Plant
Leaf
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
24Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Decoctio
ndissolution
dried
extractio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
522
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Prun
uspadu
sLforpadus
Gwiru
ngnamu
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Puerarialobata
(Willd)O
hwi
Chik
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sanguisorbaoffi
cinalisL
Oipul
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Schisand
rachinensis
(Turcz)Ba
ill
Omija
6Plant
Fruitrootstem
Brew
ing
Oral
1000
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
333
Scutellariabaica
lensis
Georgi
Hwanggeum
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
62Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juicemaceration
powderraw
season
edcooked
vegetables
wateryplainkimchi
Oral
775
Semisu
lcospira
coreana(M
artens)
Cham
daseulgi
11Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
fortico
sta(M
artens)
Jureum
daseulgi
23Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
libertin
a(G
ould)
Daseulgi
30Animal
Bodyw
hole
part
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
soup
sim
mer
Oral
1000
Sorbus
commixta
Hedl
Magam
ok10
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
SusscrofaLinn
Metdw
aeji
6Animal
Gallbladd
erDiss
olution
juice
Oral
1000
Taraxacum
platycarpum
Dahlst
Mindeulle
192
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
driedextractio
ninfusio
njuicekimchiraw
season
edcooked
vegetablessim
mertea
Oral
1000
Trachelospermum
asiaticum
(Siebo
ldamp
Zucc)Nakaivarasiaticum
Masakjul
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ulm
usdavidian
avarjaponica
(Rehder)Nakai
Neureum
namu
8Plant
Bark
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ursusthibetanu
sussu
ricus
Heude
Band
algaseum
gom
1Animal
Flesh
Infusio
nOral
1000
Zingibermioga
(Thun
b)R
oscoe
Yang
ha2
Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilanL
Koch
Jine
2Animal
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nsim
mer
Oral
333
Liverc
irrho
sis
Bupleurum
falca
tum
LSiho
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Cryptotympana
dubia(H
aupt)
Malmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
1Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
200
Graptopsaltrianigrofuscata
(Motschu
lsky)
Yujim
aemi
3Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Leptosem
iatakanonis(Matsumura)
Soyosanm
aemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Meim
unaopalifera
(Walker)
Aemaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
2Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juice
Oral
51
Oncotym
pana
fuscata(D
istant)
Cham
maemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Platypleu
rakaem
pferi(Fabricius)
Teolmaemi
2Animal
Larva
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
87
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Drie
dpo
wderpill
Oral
333
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Acertegm
entosum
Maxim
Sang
yeoreumnamu
3Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
Adenocau
lonhimalaicum
Edgew
Myeolgachi
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Allomyrinadichotom
a(Linne)
Jang
supu
ngdeng
i12
Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Diss
olution
driedextractio
ninfusio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
roastsim
mer
Oral
800
Artemisiacapillaris
Thun
bSacheolssuk
111Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
grain
syrupinfusio
njuicepill
simmer
Oral
244
Artemisiaprinceps
Pamp
Ssuk
2Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
167
Canislupus
familiarisLinn
Gae
1Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
1000
Capsellabursapastoris
(L)
LWM
edicus
Naeng
i24
Plant
Who
lepart
Juiceseason
edcooked
vegetablessou
pOral
1000
Cetoniapilifera(M
otschu
lsky)
Kkonm
uji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Citru
sjun
osSieboldex
Tanaka
Yujanamu
6Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Citru
snatsudaidaiHayata
Hagyul
6Plant
Fruit
Maceration
Oral
1000
Citru
stenuissimaTanaka
Dangyujanam
u10
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Corbicu
la(Corbicula)japonica
Prim
eIlb
onjaecheop
8Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Cudraniatricuspidata(C
arr)
Bureau
exLavallee
Kku
jippo
ngnamu
43Plant
Barkstem
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
infusio
nOral
1000
Dendranthem
aindicum
(L)DesMou
lGam
guk
3Plant
Flow
erDecoctio
nOral
1000
Dendropanax
morbifer
usHL
ev
Hwangchillamu
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Duchesnea
indica
(And
r)Fo
cke
Baem
ttalgi
2Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Eleutherococcussessiliflorus
(Rup
ramp
Maxim
)SYHu
Ogalpinam
u19
Plant
Fruitste
mEx
tractio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Equisetum
hyem
aleL
Soksae
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
EucommiaulmoidesO
liv
Duchu
ng2
Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Felis
catusL
inn
Goyangi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
600
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
8Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
889
Glycinem
ax(L)Merr
Kong
2Plant
Seed
Steepedin
vinegar
Oral
1000
Hederarhom
bea(M
iq)Be
anSong
ak2
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
16Plant
Malt
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
epill
Oral
340
Houttu
yniacordataTh
unb
Yang
mom
il5
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
121
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ninfusio
ntea
Oral
968
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i1
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
250
Ixeridium
dentatum
(Thun
bex
Mori)
Tzvelev
Sseumbagw
i5
Plant
Who
lepart
youn
gleaf
Juice
Oral
1000
Kalopana
xseptem
lobu
s(Th
unb)
Koidz
Eumnamu
9Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Infusio
npill
Oral
200
Lyciu
mchinenseMill
Gug
ijanamu
8Plant
Fruit
Infusio
nOral
1000
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
500
Nyctereutesp
rocyonoidesK
oreensis
Mori
Neogu
ri2
Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
25Plant
Aeria
lpart
stemw
holepart
Juice
Oral
641
Orosta
chys
japonica
(Maxim
)ABerger
Bawiso
l2
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
njuice
Oral
1000
PaeonialactifloraPall
Jagyak
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nroast
Oral
1000
Phasianu
scolchicu
sLinn
Kkw
ong
1Animal
Who
lepart
Soup
Oral
1000
Phellinus
linteus
(BerketCu
rt)Teng
Mokjiljin
heuk
beoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Pinu
sdensifl
oraSieboldampZu
cc
Sonamu
4Plant
Leaf
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
24Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Decoctio
ndissolution
dried
extractio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
522
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Prun
uspadu
sLforpadus
Gwiru
ngnamu
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Puerarialobata
(Willd)O
hwi
Chik
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sanguisorbaoffi
cinalisL
Oipul
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Schisand
rachinensis
(Turcz)Ba
ill
Omija
6Plant
Fruitrootstem
Brew
ing
Oral
1000
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
333
Scutellariabaica
lensis
Georgi
Hwanggeum
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
62Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juicemaceration
powderraw
season
edcooked
vegetables
wateryplainkimchi
Oral
775
Semisu
lcospira
coreana(M
artens)
Cham
daseulgi
11Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
fortico
sta(M
artens)
Jureum
daseulgi
23Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
libertin
a(G
ould)
Daseulgi
30Animal
Bodyw
hole
part
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
soup
sim
mer
Oral
1000
Sorbus
commixta
Hedl
Magam
ok10
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
SusscrofaLinn
Metdw
aeji
6Animal
Gallbladd
erDiss
olution
juice
Oral
1000
Taraxacum
platycarpum
Dahlst
Mindeulle
192
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
driedextractio
ninfusio
njuicekimchiraw
season
edcooked
vegetablessim
mertea
Oral
1000
Trachelospermum
asiaticum
(Siebo
ldamp
Zucc)Nakaivarasiaticum
Masakjul
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ulm
usdavidian
avarjaponica
(Rehder)Nakai
Neureum
namu
8Plant
Bark
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ursusthibetanu
sussu
ricus
Heude
Band
algaseum
gom
1Animal
Flesh
Infusio
nOral
1000
Zingibermioga
(Thun
b)R
oscoe
Yang
ha2
Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Corbicu
la(Corbicula)japonica
Prim
eIlb
onjaecheop
8Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Cudraniatricuspidata(C
arr)
Bureau
exLavallee
Kku
jippo
ngnamu
43Plant
Barkstem
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
infusio
nOral
1000
Dendranthem
aindicum
(L)DesMou
lGam
guk
3Plant
Flow
erDecoctio
nOral
1000
Dendropanax
morbifer
usHL
ev
Hwangchillamu
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Duchesnea
indica
(And
r)Fo
cke
Baem
ttalgi
2Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Eleutherococcussessiliflorus
(Rup
ramp
Maxim
)SYHu
Ogalpinam
u19
Plant
Fruitste
mEx
tractio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Equisetum
hyem
aleL
Soksae
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
EucommiaulmoidesO
liv
Duchu
ng2
Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Felis
catusL
inn
Goyangi
1Animal
Who
lepart
Simmer
Oral
1000
Fomesfomentariu
s(LFr)
Fr
Malgupb
eoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
600
Gallusgallusd
omesticus
Linn
Dak
8Animal
Who
lepart
Infusio
nOral
889
Glycinem
ax(L)Merr
Kong
2Plant
Seed
Steepedin
vinegar
Oral
1000
Hederarhom
bea(M
iq)Be
anSong
ak2
Plant
Fruit
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Hordeum
vulga
revarhexastichon
(L)
Asch
Bori
16Plant
Malt
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
epill
Oral
340
Houttu
yniacordataTh
unb
Yang
mom
il5
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Hoveniadu
lcisTh
unb
Heotgaenamu
121
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ninfusio
ntea
Oral
968
Incilariabilin
eata
(Benson)
Mindalpaeng
i1
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
250
Ixeridium
dentatum
(Thun
bex
Mori)
Tzvelev
Sseumbagw
i5
Plant
Who
lepart
youn
gleaf
Juice
Oral
1000
Kalopana
xseptem
lobu
s(Th
unb)
Koidz
Eumnamu
9Plant
Stem
Decoctio
ninfusio
nOral
1000
Leonurus
japonicusH
outt
Ingm
ocho
4Plant
Aeria
lpart
Infusio
npill
Oral
200
Lyciu
mchinenseMill
Gug
ijanamu
8Plant
Fruit
Infusio
nOral
1000
Mele
smele
smela
nogenysA
llenamp
And
rew
Osori
1Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
500
Nyctereutesp
rocyonoidesK
oreensis
Mori
Neogu
ri2
Animal
Gallbladd
erBrew
ing
Oral
1000
Oenanthejavanica
(Blume)DC
Minari
25Plant
Aeria
lpart
stemw
holepart
Juice
Oral
641
Orosta
chys
japonica
(Maxim
)ABerger
Bawiso
l2
Plant
Who
lepart
Decoctio
njuice
Oral
1000
PaeonialactifloraPall
Jagyak
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nroast
Oral
1000
Phasianu
scolchicu
sLinn
Kkw
ong
1Animal
Who
lepart
Soup
Oral
1000
Phellinus
linteus
(BerketCu
rt)Teng
Mokjiljin
heuk
beoseot
3Fu
ngi
Who
lepart
Decoctio
nOral
1000
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Pinu
sdensifl
oraSieboldampZu
cc
Sonamu
4Plant
Leaf
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
24Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Decoctio
ndissolution
dried
extractio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
522
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Prun
uspadu
sLforpadus
Gwiru
ngnamu
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Puerarialobata
(Willd)O
hwi
Chik
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sanguisorbaoffi
cinalisL
Oipul
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Schisand
rachinensis
(Turcz)Ba
ill
Omija
6Plant
Fruitrootstem
Brew
ing
Oral
1000
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
333
Scutellariabaica
lensis
Georgi
Hwanggeum
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
62Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juicemaceration
powderraw
season
edcooked
vegetables
wateryplainkimchi
Oral
775
Semisu
lcospira
coreana(M
artens)
Cham
daseulgi
11Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
fortico
sta(M
artens)
Jureum
daseulgi
23Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
libertin
a(G
ould)
Daseulgi
30Animal
Bodyw
hole
part
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
soup
sim
mer
Oral
1000
Sorbus
commixta
Hedl
Magam
ok10
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
SusscrofaLinn
Metdw
aeji
6Animal
Gallbladd
erDiss
olution
juice
Oral
1000
Taraxacum
platycarpum
Dahlst
Mindeulle
192
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
driedextractio
ninfusio
njuicekimchiraw
season
edcooked
vegetablessim
mertea
Oral
1000
Trachelospermum
asiaticum
(Siebo
ldamp
Zucc)Nakaivarasiaticum
Masakjul
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ulm
usdavidian
avarjaponica
(Rehder)Nakai
Neureum
namu
8Plant
Bark
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ursusthibetanu
sussu
ricus
Heude
Band
algaseum
gom
1Animal
Flesh
Infusio
nOral
1000
Zingibermioga
(Thun
b)R
oscoe
Yang
ha2
Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Liverd
isorders
Scientificn
ame
Korean
name
Num
bero
fmentio
nsKind
Usedpart
Preparation
Application
FL
Liver-related
ailm
ents
Pinu
sdensifl
oraSieboldampZu
cc
Sonamu
4Plant
Leaf
Drie
dpo
wderste
amOral
1000
Protaetia
brevita
rsisseulensis
(Kolbe)
Huinjeombagikkon
muji
24Animal
Larvawho
lepart
Decoctio
ndissolution
dried
extractio
npanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
522
Protaetia
mandschurien
sis(Schurho
ff)Manjujeom
bagikkon
muji
4Animal
Larva
Drie
dpanb
roiledpo
wder
simmer
Oral
308
Prun
uspadu
sLforpadus
Gwiru
ngnamu
2Plant
Stem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Puerarialobata
(Willd)O
hwi
Chik
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sanguisorbaoffi
cinalisL
Oipul
2Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Schisand
rachinensis
(Turcz)Ba
ill
Omija
6Plant
Fruitrootstem
Brew
ing
Oral
1000
Scolopendrasubspinipesm
utilans
LKo
chJin
e2
Animal
Who
lepart
Diss
olution
driedpo
wder
Oral
333
Scutellariabaica
lensis
Georgi
Hwanggeum
1Plant
Root
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Sedu
msarm
entosum
Bunge
Dollamul
62Plant
Aeria
lpart
Juicemaceration
powderraw
season
edcooked
vegetables
wateryplainkimchi
Oral
775
Semisu
lcospira
coreana(M
artens)
Cham
daseulgi
11Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
fortico
sta(M
artens)
Jureum
daseulgi
23Animal
Who
lepart
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
simmer
Oral
1000
Semisu
lcospira
libertin
a(G
ould)
Daseulgi
30Animal
Bodyw
hole
part
Clearsou
pwith
flour
dumplingsinfusion
juice
soup
sim
mer
Oral
1000
Sorbus
commixta
Hedl
Magam
ok10
Plant
Fruitleafstem
Decoctio
ntea
Oral
1000
SusscrofaLinn
Metdw
aeji
6Animal
Gallbladd
erDiss
olution
juice
Oral
1000
Taraxacum
platycarpum
Dahlst
Mindeulle
192
Plant
Aeria
lpartleaf
who
lepart
Asw
eetd
rinkmadefrom
ferm
entedric
edecoction
driedextractio
ninfusio
njuicekimchiraw
season
edcooked
vegetablessim
mertea
Oral
1000
Trachelospermum
asiaticum
(Siebo
ldamp
Zucc)Nakaivarasiaticum
Masakjul
4Plant
Leafstem
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ulm
usdavidian
avarjaponica
(Rehder)Nakai
Neureum
namu
8Plant
Bark
Decoctio
nOral
1000
Ursusthibetanu
sussu
ricus
Heude
Band
algaseum
gom
1Animal
Flesh
Infusio
nOral
1000
Zingibermioga
(Thun
b)R
oscoe
Yang
ha2
Plant
Who
lepart
Juice
Oral
1000
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
relative health issues related to liver conditions compared toother health concerns
The 254 ethnomedicinal practices recorded from thecommunities were classified into 55 families 85 genera and94 species that included plants animals and fungi (Table 2)Among these species plants totaled 150 ethnomedicinalpractices based on 31 families 52 genera and 57 specieswhile animals included 99 ethnomedicinal practices basedon 21 families 30 genera and 34 species Fungi recordedfive ethnomedicinal practices based on three families threegenera and three speciesThese usage patterns were differentfrom Korean traditional medicine in which plants are usedrelatively much more than animals Research confirms thatthe communities have focused on direct nutritional supple-ments from the traditional medicine rather than seek after anactual cure for their liver disorders
This supposition was confirmed by the fact that liver-related ailments and jaundice require a greater necessity fornutritional supplements than other diseases which are con-tained within many medicinal species and various ethnome-dicinal practices
Namely the number of medicinal species and ethnome-dicinal practices for liver-related ailments consisted of 59species (627 of the total species) and 143 ethnomedicinalpractices (563 of the total practices) Jaundice used 25species (266 of the total species) and 50 ethnomedicinalpractices (197 of the total practices)
Also the number of informants who mentioned liver-related ailments and cases of jaundice occupied 58 whichtotaled 32 of the whole respectively (Table 2) As a resultthe communities tended to use ethnomedicinal practices tocare for their overall health instead of as a cure for a long-term condition
For plants 13 used parts were used in practice while 9used parts of animals and one used part of fungi were used intreatment Preparations of the plants consisted of 24 kindswith 19 preparations for animals and two preparations forfungi (Table 2) The usage recorded is similar to previousresearch for other diseases [7ndash9]
Among the medicinal species the most often mentionedplants were Artemisia capillaris Thunb Taraxacum platy-carpum Dahlst and Hovenia dulcis Thunb (5099 men-tioned) while the common animals were Protaetia brevi-tarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) andSemisulcospira forticosta (Martens) (690 mentioned) Thenumber of mentioned plants focused more on minor speciesthan animal species Through continued research thesespecies can certainly be developed into functional foods forparticular liver disorders
33 Quantitative Analysis
331 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) The informant con-sensus factor ranges from 0 to 1 where the increasing valuesindicate a higher rate of informant consensus among theillness category The category with the highest degree ofconsensus from the informants was jaundice (095) followedby liver-related ailments and fatigue recovery (093) hepatitis(087) and a hangover (086)The lowest degree of consensus
was for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (061) These resultsinform that ethnomedicinal practices have been appliedmoreoften to minor health issues related to the liver
More often people suffering from serious liver disordershave been treated in the hospital using conventionalmedicineor Korean traditional medicine However ethnomedicinalpractices have been used to cure jaundice liver-relatedailments and fatigue recovery
332 Fidelity Level (FL) The FL is useful for identifying theinformantsrsquo most preferred species in use for treating certainliver disorders
This information reveals that the informants had a ten-dency to rely on one specific species for treating one specificailment rather than for several different ailments The FLvalues in this study varied from 10 to 100
Generally a FL of 100 for a specific species indicates thatall of the usereports mentioned the same species for a specifictreatment [32] This study determined 28 species of plantswith a FL of 100 even without considering species that werementioned above five times (Table 2) Diseases containinga higher number of species assessed to a FL of 100 wereliver-related ailments (43 species) and cases of jaundice (16species)
Special attention was given to important species (119873119873
119901) with a FL above 100 regarding the viewpoint of the
number of times mentioned and the consensus level forthe specific ailment like Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst(192 192) Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr) Bureau ex Lavallee(43 43) Semisulcospira libertina (Gould) (30 30) Capsellabursapastoris (L) L W Medicus (24 24) and Semisulcospiraforticosta (Martens) (10 10) (Table 2) Through further clin-ical study these species possess a much higher potentialin being used in the development of new drugs for liverdisorders
333 Internetwork between Liver Disorders and MedicinalSpecies INA has originally analyzed social phenomenonand trends through the internetwork of components [33]We attempted to analyze the interrelationship between liverdisorders and the medicinal species recorded in the commu-nities
Considering Figure 2 the people in the communitiesused only animals to care for fatigue recovery and livercirrhosis except for the use of Bupleurum falcatum L (plant)and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fr (fungus) while usingplants and fungi as a cure for hepatitis and hangovers Alsopeople used plants animals and fungi to treat jaundice livercancer and other liver-related ailments
Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) used as amedicinalanimal was applied as treatment for five liver disorderswhich included liver cancer liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hepatitis Oenanthe javanica (Blume)DC used as a medicinal plant was applied as treatment forthe four liver disorders of liver cirrhosis jaundice liver-related ailments and hangovers Protaetia mandschuriensis(Schurhoff) and Cetonia pilifera (Motschulsky) were usedas medicinal animals and Fomes fomentarius (L Fr) Fras a medicinal fungus in the treatment of three disorders
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Figure 2 Internetwork analysis between medicinal species and diseases
which included liver cancer liver cirrhosis and liver-relatedailments As further research is conducted these species willcertainly be developed as pharma foods used in treatment ofliver disorders
4 Conclusion
This research stands as the first study to record and analyzeethnomedicinal practices used as treatment for liver disorderswithin the communities in East Asia After the 1950s theNational Health Care System legally admitted conventionalmedicine and Korean traditional medicine which resultedin the near extinction of ethnomedicinal practice in KoreaAlso the fast westernization of local communities in Koreahas accelerated the loss of ethnomedicinal practices
From this research recording 254 ethnomedicinal prac-tices as being used to treat seven liver disorders wasvery inspiring Particularly the present usage of variousbioorganisms displays evidence as to which ethnomedicinalpractices are continuously transmitted in the communitiesHowever this present situation is not sustainable because thecommunities of these study areas consist of an aging societyIt has become necessary for appropriate measures to be takento conserve these ethnomedicinal practices
Optimistically the INA was first applied for the inter-pretation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of a communityalthough it has been strictly used until now for social sciencein the analysis of social trends and phenomena through theinterrelationship of specific components
The results of the INA application in this study providevarious interpretations between liver disorders andmedicinalspecies Our research suggests an internetwork analysis asa new tool for various interpretations to ethnomedicinalknowledge within a local communityThrough this study weare confident that the useful value of INAhas beenproven andthe three dimensional relationships of these components willextend beyond the existing understanding of ethnomedicinalknowledge within local communities around the world
Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to all the informants forsharing their oral traditional knowledge during the fieldworksurveys They acknowledge the English review of ProfessorHeldenbrand Brian at Jeonju University
References
[1] T Bubela and E R Gold Genetic Resources and TraditionalKnowledge Edward Elgar Northampton Mass USA 2012
[2] V Reyes-Garcıa ldquoThe relevance of traditional knowledgesystems for ethnopharmacological research theoretical andmethodological contributionsrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 6 no 32 pp 1ndash32 2010
[3] R Anderson ldquoThe efficacy of ethnomedicine researchmethodsin troublerdquoMedical anthropology vol 13 no 1-2 pp 1ndash17 1991
[4] P M Unikrishnan and M S Suneetha Biodiversity TraditionalKnowledge and Community Health Strengthening LinkagesXpress Pte Singapore 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
[5] D J Kim The Medicinal History of Korea Tamgudang SeoulKorea 1981
[6] J Sharma S Gairola R D Gaur and R M Painuli ldquoThetreatment of jaundice with medicinal plants in indigenouscommunities of the Sub-Himalayan region of UttarakhandIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 143 no 1 pp 262ndash291 2012
[7] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoTraditional plant-based therapies forrespiratory diseases found in North Jeolla Province KoreardquoJournal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine vol 18 no3 pp 287ndash293 2012
[8] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoOral traditional knowledge for thetreatment of digestive system diseases investigated in northjeolla province Koreardquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol5 no 24 pp 5730ndash5740 2011
[9] H Kim andM J Song ldquoOral traditional plant-based therapeu-tic applications for pain relief recorded inNorth Jeolla provinceKoreardquo Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge In press
[10] Ministry of Security and Public Administration 2013 httpwwwmospagokr
[11] Korea Meteorological Administration 2013 httpwwwkmagokr
[12] H Kim andM J Song Benefit-Sharing and Industrialization forTraditional Knowledge of Biological Genetic Resources Preven-tion of Nagoya Protocol World science Seoul Korea 2011
[13] H Kim and M-J Song ldquoAnalysis and recordings of orallytransmitted knowledge about medicinal plants in the southernmountainous region of Koreardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 676ndash696 2011
[14] M-J Song and H Kim ldquoEthnomedicinal application of plantsin the western plain region of North Jeolla Province in KoreardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no 1 pp 167ndash175 2011
[15] G J Martin Ethnobotany A ConservationManual Champmanamp Hall London UK 1995
[16] H Kim and M J Song Ethnobotany World Science SeoulKorea 2008
[17] T B Lee Illustrated Flora of Korea Hyangmunsa Seoul Korea1979
[18] J Y Lee Coloured Korean Mushroom vol 1 Academy Publish-ing Seoul Korea 1993
[19] D G Ahn Illustrated Book of Korean Medicinal Herbs KyohakSeoul Korea 2002
[20] Y N Lee Flora of Korea Kyohak Seoul Korea 2002[21] J H Park Korean Folk Medicine With Color Pictures Shinil
books Seoul Korea 2005[22] ldquoNational Knowledge and Information System for Biological
Species (NKISBS)rdquo 2013 httpwwwnaturegokr[23] M Heinrich A Ankli B Frei C Weimann and O Sticher
ldquoMedicinal plants in Mexico healersrsquo consensus and culturalimportancerdquo Social Science and Medicine vol 47 no 11 pp1859ndash1871 1998
[24] M Heinrich S Edwards D E Moerman and M LeontildquoEthnopharmacological field studies a critical assessment oftheir conceptual basis and methodsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 124 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2009
[25] M N Alexiades Selected Guidelines for EthnobotanicalResearchmdasha Field Manual vol 10 of Advances in EconomicBotany The New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA1996
[26] R W Douglas and U Johansen Network Analysis and Ethno-graphic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad ClanLexington Books Idaho Falls Idaho USA 2006
[27] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoThe spread of obesity in alarge social network over 32 yearsrdquoThe New England Journal ofMedicine vol 357 no 4 pp 370ndash379 2007
[28] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoSocial contagion theoryexamining dynamic social networks and human behaviorrdquoStatistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4 pp 556ndash577 2013
[29] N A Christakis and J H Fowler ldquoRejoinder to commentarieson social contagion theoryrdquo Statistics in Medicine vol 32 no 4pp 597ndash599 2013
[30] S P Borgatti NetDraw Software for Network VisualizationAnalytic Technologies Lexington KY USA 2002
[31] S P Borgatti M G Everett and L C Freeman Ucinetfor Windows Software for Social Network Analysis AnalyticTechnologies Harvard Mass USA 2002
[32] K Srithi H Balslev P Wangpakapattanawong P Srisanga andC Trisonthi ldquoMedicinal plant knowledge and its erosion amongthe Mien (Yao) in northernThailandrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 123 no 2 pp 335ndash342 2009
[33] Y H Kim Social Inter-Network Analysis Parkyongsa SeoulKorea 2013
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom