RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
• International customary law, as defined in the UN Charter, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, affirms the right of all peoples to self determination, by virtue of which they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
• The term peoples should include nations/nationalities, national minorities, ethnic minorities, and indigenous peoples, all of whom have the inalienable right to self determination.
• A nation is a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.
Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of
Maguindanao
Pat a Pangampong
ku Ranaw
HISTORY OF RESISTANCE
The 1896 Revolution helped in stopping Spanish expansionism to Mindanao.
Kiram-Bates
Treaty (1899)
HISTORY OF
COLONIALISM
“FRIENDLY RELATIONS” Treaty of Paris 1898
•Respect Religion and Tradition •Recognition of Religious and Political Authority
Monthly Allowance: •$250 for the sultan •$60-$75 for each datu In exhange ----- x Moro weapons x Piracy & Slavery
COLONIAL INJUSTICE
BUD DAJO MASSACRE (1906) - More than 1,000 Moro men, women and children dead
BUD BAGSAK
MASSACRE (SULU, 1913)
•Land Registration Act of 1902 (Torrens Titling vs Adat – no ownership) •Philippine Bill of 1902 (16 has vs 1,634 has) •Public Land Act of 1903 – unregistered become Public Lands
SYSTEMATIC LAND GRABBING
Americanization of
Bangsamoro
• Kategorya ng mga probinsya --“sibilisado” at “di-sibilisado.”
June 1903 – MORO PROVINCE (Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, Davao & Sulu)
•Undermined authority of Imam and
Shariah
•Imposed Cedula vs. drakat (zakat) of
agama.
•Prohibition of Madrasah-- Arabic &
Qur’an
•1911- prohibition of weapons
•Agricultural Corporations – more than
1,634 hectares
•1913 to 1917 - Seven Agricultural
Colonies: Pikit, Silik, Paidu Pulangi,
Pagalungam, Glan (Cotabato Province) & Momungan Lanao 1912 – Pensionado: 200 Moro youth
schooled in America
YEAR NAME OF COMPANY HECTARES
1906 Davao P lanters Association
(Abaca, Coconut, Rubber)
1,000,000 (?)
39,489
7,750
1910 159 European and American
Plantations
1926 Del Monte Corp (Bukidnon)
(Pineapple)
1,024 sa
simula-- 7,922
expansion
1914 Weyerhauser (Maguindanao)
- Logging concession
72,000 has
1929 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co
(Zamboanga) –rubber plantation
1937 Dole (Cotabato)- Pineapple 6,818
Findlay Miller (Lanao) -
logging
Lianga Bay Logging (Surigao)
FOREIGN-OWNED PLANTATIONS AND RESETTLEMENTS
• 1st Cotabato Valley –
Christians 16 has vs. 8
has Moro families
• 1930 – 17 agricultural
settlements in Cotabato,
Davao, Zamboanga del
Sur, Agusan & Lanao
• Plantations for Export ,
mining and logging.
Coconut and sugar mills
• Cooper Act of 1902
• Act 2254 & Act 2280 1913 • Public Land Act No. 2874 of 1919
• Commonwealth Act No.
141 of 1936
• Act No. 141
ACT No. 141 (American Administration)
• 4 has for Moros
• 24 for Christians
• 1,024 has for corporations In 1935, a group of Maranaw datus petitioned for a separate state from President Roosevelt. Even earlier, some prominent Sulu sultans also made a "declaration of rights and purposes" asking for some independence for Sulu.
1946 – Republic of the Philippines
1948-1960 roughly 1.2 million Filipinos migrated to Mindanao
NATIONAL OPPRESSION
• Five-Year Plan State-Directed Settlement Policy (1975-1980)
• 1960-1970, estimated 362,000 people migrated to Mindanao
• 1975 – another 106,912 hectares for public resettlement in Mindanao
• 1977 Philippine Ministry of Agrarian Reform (MAR) - 44 settlement w/ area 734,825 ha and 49,898 settler families
JABIDDAH MASSACRE
March 18, 1968 28-64 Moro youth were killed in Corregidor Island due to OPLAN MERDEKA
• Tawi-Tawi Balimbing-Bongao
• Sulu Panamao-Talipao-Patikul
• Basilan Lamitan-Sumisip-Maluso
• ZdlNorte Liloy-Salug-Sindangan
• Lanao del Norte and Sur
• Cotabato Province
MAR Settlements
Post Martial Law: 1986-1991 1987 Constitution --- Creation of the ARMM; integration of some Sharia laws in the fields of customary and marriage laws;
1969 – 1972 : Creation of MNLF
December 23, 1976 – TRIPOLI AGREEMENT, essentially giving up independence and settling for autonomy in Maguindanao and Sulu (MINSUPALA)
July 1977- 1986: AFP’s “search and destroy" but Moro defended territories
1971 to 1976 of military operations, 50,000 to 80,000 died and 300,000 displaced
1983 – MNLF split between Misuari and Hashim Salamat
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development;
SZOPAD
GRP formula for peace negotiation is US and Japan’s recipe for intervention:
Demobilization
Disarmament
Reintegration/Rehabilitation
1996 GRP-MNLF FINAL PEACE AGREEMENT,
RA 9094 Expanded ARMM
March 1984 - Ustadz Hashim Salamat publicly announced the split from Misauri-led MNLF and established the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
Four Point Program: •Islamization •Strengthen organization •Military Strength •Self Reliance 1999: GRP-MILF Peace Negotiations
Ceasefire – GRP violations 33 Major Camps and Satellite Camps: Abubakre and Bushra
CPP-NPA-NDFP in Mindanao 1964 – KABATAAN MAKABAYAN (Moro Recruits)
1970’s Guerilla Zones and Basees in Mindanao, including Moro and Lumad areas
1982 – Moro Revolutionary Organization (MRO) and Moro Revolutionary Army (MRA)
1989 Rectification Movement
1999 NDF-MILF Tactical Alliance
2005 – Moro Resistance and Liberation Organization
CP
P
MAKIBAKA
RCTU
Kabataang Makabayan
CNL
ARMAS
Christian Settlers - 13 Million
Moro Population - 3.7 Million
Lumad Population - 2.1 Million
ARMM – 2.4 Million inhabitants
20%8%
72%
Mindanao Tri-People
Christian Settlers
Muslim
IPs
Lumad 18 Ethnolinguistic Groups
Moro 13 tribes
VICTIMS OF NATIONAL
OPPRESSION
Yakan
Tausug
Samal/Sama Bangingi
Maranao
Iranon
Maguindanao
Kalbogan
Sangir
Kalagan
BANGSAMORO: Thirteen Ethnolinguistic groups
Badjao
Jama Mapun
Palawanis & Molbog
LUMAD: Eighteen Ethnolinguistic groups
SUBANEN 858,970
LUMAD are the 18 ethnolinguistic tribes found in Mindanao
TIGWAHANON 36,128
HIGAONON 265,000
MANOBO 250,000
MAMANWA 7,1800
BANWAON 5,000
TEDURAY 354,625
15,000 MATIGSALOG
T’BOLI 374,212 B’LAAN
256,106
TEDURAY
MANSAKA 115,248
TALAANDIG10,000
DIBABAWON81,997
MANDAYA 268,913
MANSAKA 115,248
Christian Visayan Settlers
CHAVACANO ILOCANO
ILONGGO
SURIGAONON
Cebuano
Cebuano
Continuing Challenge: High incidence of
poverty, poor quality of life – Mindanao has continually lagged behind in social services.
• Though urban poverty has decreased by 31 percent since 1991, rural poverty has also increased by 31 percent since 1991.
• Poverty incidence in Mindanao reached 38.8 percent, an increase of 1.1 percent from 2003 figures
• 6 of the 10 poorest provinces are from Mindanao
• 19.2 % of families in Mindanao are food poor.
• Mindanao has 4 of the bottom 5 provinces in the Human Development Index
• 4.67 million families that earned less than what they needed for basic food and non-food needs
BF Goodrich and Sime Darby Tires; One Town One Product (rubber)
Paglas Banana Plantation
Nestle investments on Coffee Growers
Alcantara- Dominguez mining
Quebranza-Dimaporo
coconut plantations
Mangudadatu plantations
Lobregat Family Cassava and Coconut Plantation, Balabagan, Lanao del Sur
Pinol – Arakan Valley
Complex; PALMA Complex; Plough
Now, Pay Later; African Palm
Plantation
AMPATUAN Landed and Political elite in the ARMM
LANDED ELITES
POST- 2010 ELECTIONS IN MINDANAO
Noynoy’s Mindanao Agenda?
Can he change Mindanao Politics?
PLUNDER OF RESOURCES
• Comprehensive Dev’t Plan for the Liguasan Marsh 1999 – 2025
• Known to have extensive oil and natural gas deposits, which oil companies and the Phil. Gov’t are keen to exploit
• Project-SEED-Pikit or Social, Economic Enhancement Program (SEED)
TVI OPERATION IN SIOCON, ZAMBOANGA del NORTE
LIGUASAN MARSH
POLITICAL REPRESSION
ALL-OUT WAR to WAR ON TERROR
Between 400,000 and 1M displaced; 160,000 dead
MILITARY OPERATIONS IN MINDANAO: •April 2000 – All-Out War •November 2001 – Pursuit Ops vs. Misuari •January-July 2002: Balikatan in Basilan •August 2002: Foreign Terrorist Organization •February 2003 – Buliok War •September 2003 – Lanao Offensives February 2005 – Maimbong Sulu
ALL-OUT WAR to WAR ON TERROR March 24, 2001 “Agreement on the General Framework for the Resumption of Peace Talks”
GRP-MILF Tripoli Agreement on Peace of 2001 •The Security and Rehabilitation Aspects are in the nature of confidence-building. •Ancestral Domain is political in nature and as such it is the door to all other political issues in the negotiations.
August 7, 2001 Guidelines for the Ceasefire
September 11, 2001 Twin Towers Bombing
US War on Terror (2001) and the
US-RP Balikatan (2002) under
the VFA (1999)
BALANCE PISTON 06-02
Carmen, North Cotabato
BAYANIHAN 05
Talayan;
MEDCAPS in
Parang
SIOCON (TVI)
Canatuan Gold MEDCAPS 2005
Sirawai
MEDCAPS
2005 Lamitan
MEDCAPS
Mt. Butig
BALANCE PISTON 06-02
Carmen, North Cotabato;
2007 MEDCAP MIDSAYAP
3rd Marine Brigade,
Camp Teodolfo
Bautista, Busbus,
Jolo Sulu) 6th Infantry
Division, Camp
Siongco,
Maguindanao
MEDCAPS 2005
Sirawai
MEDCAPS 2005
Lamitan;
SEABEES, Tipo-Tipo
CAMP
RANAO
Balikatan US-RP Joint Military
Exercises in Moro Areas
US TROOPS IN
SARANGGANI US TROOPS
LEBAK, SK
JOINT OPERATIONS TASK FORCE –
PHILIPPINES (since 2002), Camp
Navarro, Zamboanga City
US BOMB
EXPERTS, FBI,
CIA AND
AUSTRALIAN
SPIES TAWI-TAWI USNS
MERCY NAVAL
BOAT; Philippine
Naval Station,
Batu-Batu,
Panglima Sugala,
Edwin Andrews Air
Base in Sta. Maria,
Zamboanga City
Camp Malagutay,
Brgy. Malagutay,
Zamboanga City
64th IB, Datu Piang,
Maguindanao
Disregard of Civil and Political Rights
Disregard of Civil and Political Rights
Bu Bizma: Victim of
US-RP Balikatan
POLITICAL REPRESSION
IN MINDANAO 1.The Human Security Act (Republic
Act 9372) & War on Terror 2. AFP’s Oplan Bantay Laya (2002-
2006) Oplan Bantay Laya II (2006-2010)
3. National Internal Security Plan – Indigenous People
3. Extra-Judicial Killings & Abductions 4. 2006– Executive Order 546 –
establishing paramilitary troops or CVO’s
5.US Counter Insurgency Guide and Oplan Bayanihan
6. Investment Defense Forces for plantations and mining
Highlighted EJK Case under 10th Infantry Division
Aquino’s Mindanao:
PRESENCE OF US TROOPS PROSECUTE THE AMPATUANS
PROSECUTE ARROYO
JUSTICE TO THE VICTIMS OF WAR
Year 2008-2010 600,000 to 750,000 displaced US Counter - Insurgency Guide Oplan Bayanihan
PRIVATE ARMIES Malacañang-formed Independent Commission Against Private Armies, said that of the 112 identified private armed groups (PAGs), a total of 72 remain active
No. Of Active
Area
8 PAGs Ilocos
3 PAGs Cagayan Valley
6 PAGs Central Luzon
6 PAGs Calabarzon
4 PAGs Mimaropa
7 PAGs Bicol
6 PAGs Western Visayas
2 PAGs Central Visayas
1 PAGs Eastern Visayas
2 PAGs Zamboanga Peninsula
7 PAGs Northern Mindanao
1 PAG Caraga
19 PAGs ARMM
• 2008 Memorandum on Ancestral Domain
• Terms of Reference
• Concepts and Principles
• Territory • Resources • Governance
•February 9, 2010 •January 4 GPH letter •International Monitoring Team •International Coordinating Group
GPH-MILF PEACE TALKS 2011
MILF calls for the release of 25 MILF members including Engr. Eduard Guerra( a.k.a. Abraham Yap Alonto), arrested on September 22 at the Davao International Airport en route to Geneva, Switzerland, to attend a meeting of the United Nations Human Rights Council
GPH-MNLF PEACE TALKS 2011
Amendatory bill for Republic Act (RA) 9054-ARMM expansion
Will present RA9054 to the OIC Fourth Tripartite Meeting:
Out of the 32 issues, 3 items in common: •area of autonomy
•sharing of revenues between central government and regional government in strategic minerals transitional mechanism
X. Rights of Indigenous Peoples, National Minorities and Nationalities for Self- Determination And Decolonization Against Discrimination, Racism, and National Oppression by Imperialism and Local Reaction SU BANGSA, SU MORO, SAGUNA MANININDEG!
TAKBEER! ALLAHU AKBAR!