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ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
HOSUR
TOPIC: Robotics
DEPARTMENT:
Paper by:
S.RAMYA
K.SHEELA
III YEAR
E.mail: [email protected]
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ABSTRACT:
The rapid
development of robotic
technology has gone far
beyond the traditional
industrial robots which rely
on limited human-robot
interaction techniques to the
recent development of
animal-like entertainment
robots, which engage in
significant peer-to-peer
(human-robot) interaction
and manifest a wide range
of social features including
personality. Personality is
an essential feature for
creating socially interactive
robots and study on this
dimension will facilitate
enhance human-robot
interaction. Using AIBO,
developed by SONY, this
study examines the
personality dimension in
human-robot interaction.
In order to test the
hypothesis that people
would not only recognize
robots personality but also
socially respond to such
personality
accordingly, a balanced, 2
(AIBO personality: introvert
vs. extrovert) x 2 (participant
personality: introvert vs.
extrovert) between-subjects
experiment (N=48) was
conducted. We believe that
with accurate identification
of AIBOs personality types,
the matched and
mismatched personalities
between robots and
participants will make
difference in participants
perception of AIBO (i.e.
AIBOs intelligence, pet-
likeness, physical
attractiveness, social
attractiveness), perception
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of the interaction (i.e.
enjoyable, interesting, fun,
entertaining,
boring(reversed coded) and
exciting), their self bonding
to AIBO, their likeability of it
and their social presence.
Implications of the current
study on human-robots
interaction and personality
literature will be discussed.
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Contents
1 Definitions
o 1.1 Defining characteristicso 1.2 Etymology
2 Social impact
3 Technological trends
o 3.1 Technological development
o 3.2 Research robots
o 3.3 Varying cultural perceptions
4 Contemporary uses
o 4.1 General-purpose autonomous robots
o 4.2 Dedicated robots
4.2.1 Increased productivity, accuracy, and endurance
4.2.2 Some examples of factory robots
4.2.3 Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible tasks
5 Potential problems
6 Timeline
7 History
o 7.1 Early modern developments
o 7.2 Modern developments
8 Literature
9 Notes and references
10 Further reading
11 External links
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INTRODUCTION:
A robot isa virtual or mechanical art
ificial agent. In practice, it
is usually an electro-
mechanical
machine which is guided
by computer or electronic
programming, and is thus
able to do tasks on its
own. Another common
characteristic is that by its
appearance or
movements, a robot often
conveys a sense that it
has intent or agencyof its
own.
Definitions
The word robotcan refer
to both physical robots
and virtual software
agents, but the latter are
usually referred to as bots.[There is no consensus on
which machines qualify
as robots, but there is
general agreement among
experts and the public that
robots tend to do some or
all of the following: move
around, operate a
mechanical limb, sense
and manipulate their
environment, and exhibit
intelligent behavior,especially behavior which
mimics humans or other
animals.
There is conflict about
whether the term can be
applied to remotely
operated devices, as themost common usage
implies, or solely to
devices which are
controlled by their
software without human
intervention InSouth
Africa, robotis an
informal and commonly
used term for a set of
traffic lights.
Stories of artificial
helpers and companions
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and attempts to create
them have a long history
but
fullyautonomous machine
only appeared in the 20th
century. The
first digitally operate and
programmable robot,
the Unimate, was
installed in 1961 to lift
hot pieces of metal from a
die casting machine andstack them. Today,
commercial and industrial
robots are in widespread
use performing jobs more
cheaply or with greater
accuracy and reliability
than humans. They are
also employed for jobs
which are too dirty,
dangerous or dull to be
suitable for humans.
Robots are widely used
in manufacturing,
assembly and packing,
transport, earth and space
exploration, surgery,
weaponry, laboratory
research, and mass
production of consumer
and industrial goods.
It is difficult to compare
numbers of robots indifferent countries, since
there are different
definitions of what a
"robot is.
The International
Organization for
Standardization gives a
definition of robot in ISO
8373: "an automatically
controlled.
reprogrammable,
multipurpose,
manipulator
programmable in three or
more axes, which may beeither fixed in place or
mobile for use in
industrial automation
applications."] This
definition is used by
the International
Federation of Robotics,
the European Robotics
Research
Network (EURON), and
many national standards
committees.
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The Robotics Institute of
America (RIA) uses a
broader definition: a robot
is a "re-programmable
multi-functional
manipulator designed to
move materials, parts,
tools, or specialized
devices through variable
programmed motions for
the performance of a
variety of tasks." The RIAsubdivides robots into
four classes: devices that
manipulate objects with
manual control,
automated devices that
manipulate objects with
predetermined cycles,
programmable and servo-
controlled robots with
continuous point-to-point
trajectories, and robots of
this last type which also
acquire information from
the environment and
move intelligently in
response.
There is no one definition
of robot which satisfies
everyone, and many
people have their own.[6] For example, Joseph
Engelberger, a pioneer in
industrial robotics, once
remarked: "I can't define a
robot, but I know one
when I see
one." According
to Encyclopaedia
Britannica, a robot is "any
automatically operated
machine that replaceshuman effort, though it
may not resemble human
beings in appearance or
perform functions in a
humanlike manner".[] Merriam-Webster descri
bes a robot as a "machine
that looks like a human
being and performs
various complex acts (as
walking or talking) of a
human being", or a
"device that automatically
performs complicated
often repetitive tasks", or
a "mechanism guided by
automatic controls".[9]
Modern robots are
usually used in tightly
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controlled environments
such as on assembly
lines because they have
difficulty responding to
unexpected interference.
Because of this, most
humans rarely encounter
robots.
However, domestic
robots for cleaning and
maintenance are
increasingly common inand around homes in
developed countries,
particularly in Japan.
Robots can also be found
in the military.
Defining characteristics
While there is no single
correct definition of
"robot,"[10]a typical robot
will have several, or
possibly all, of the
following characteristics.
It is an
electric machine whichhas some ability to
interact with physical
objects and to be given
electronic programming
to do a specific task or to
do a whole range of tasks
or actions. It may also
have some ability to
perceive and absorb data
on physical objects, or on
its local physical
environment, or to
process data, or to
respond to various
stimuli. This is in contrast
to a simple mechanicaldevice such as a gearor
a hydraulic pressor any
other item which has no
processing ability and
which does tasks through
purely mechanical proces
ses and motion.
Mental agency
For robotic engineers, the
physical appearance of a
machine is less important
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than the way its actions
are controlled. The more
the control system seems
to have agency of its own,
the more likely the
machine is to be called a
robot. An important
feature of agency is the
ability to make choices.
Higher-level cognitive
functions, though, are not
necessary, as shownby ant robots.
A clockworkcar is
never considered a
robot.
A remotely
operated vehicle is
sometimes considered
a robot (ortelerobot)
A car with an
onboard computer,
like Bigtrak, which
could drive in a
programmable
sequence, might becalled a robot.
A self-controlled
carwhich could sense
its environment and
make driving
decisions based on
this information, such
as the 1990s driverless
cars ofErnst
Dickmanns or the
entries in the DARPA
Grand Challenge,
would quite likely be
called a robot.
A sentient car, like
the fictional KITT,
which can make
decisions, navigate
freely and converse
fluently with a human,
is usually considered a
robot.
Physical agency
However, for
many laymen, if a
machine appears to be
able to control its arms or
limbs, and especially if it
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appears anthropomorphic
orzoomorphic (e.g. ASIM
O orAibo), it would be
called a robot.
Aplayer piano is
rarely characterized as
a robot.
A CNC milling
machine is very
occasionally
characterized as arobot.
A factory
automation arm is
almost always
characterized as an
industrial robot.
An autonomous
wheeled or tracked
device, such as a self-
guided rover or self-
guided vehicle, is
almost always
characterized as a
mobile robot or
service robot.
A zoomorphic me
chanical toy,
like Roboraptor, is
usually characterized
as a robot.[13]
A mechanical
humanoid,
like ASIMO, is almost
always characterized
as a robot, usually as a
service robot.
Even for a 3-axis CNC
milling machine using the
same control system as arobot arm, it is the arm
which is almost always
called a robot, while the
CNC machine is usually
just a machine. Having
eyes can also make a
difference in whether a
machine is called a robot,
since humans
instinctively connect eyes
with sentience. However,
simply being
anthropomorphic is not a
sufficient criterion for
something to be called arobot. A robot must do
something; an inanimate
object shaped like
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ASIMO would not be
considered a robot.
Etymology
A scene from Karel
apek's 1920 play R.U.R.
(Rossum's Universal
Robots), showing three
robotsThe word robotwas
introduced to the public
by Czech writer Karel
apek in his playR.U.R.
(Rossum's Universal
Robots), published
in 1920. The play begins
in a factory that makes
artificial people
calledrobots, but they are
closer to the modern ideas
of androids, creatures
who can be mistaken for
humans. They can plainly
think for themselves,
though they seem happy
to serve. At issue is
whether the robots are
being exploited and the
consequences of their
treatment.
However, Karel apek
himself did not coin the
word. He wrote a short
letter in reference to
an etymology in
the Oxford English
Dictionary in which he
named his brother, the
painter and writerJosef
apek, as its actualoriginator. In an article in
the Czech journalLidov
noviny in 1933, he
explained that he had
originally wanted to call
the
creatures laboi (from Lat
inlabor, work). However,
he did not like the word,
and sought advice from
his brother Josef, who
suggested "roboti". The
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word robota means
literally work, labor or
serf labor, and
figuratively "drudgery" or
"hard work" in Czech and
many Slavic languages.
Traditionally the robota
was the work period a serf
had to give for his lord,
typically 6 months of the
year. Serfdom was
outlawed in 1848in Bohemia, so at the time
apek wroteR.U.R.,
usage of the
term robota had
broadened to include
various types of work, but
the obsolete sense of
"serfdom" would still
have been known.
The word robotics, used
to describe this field of
study, was coined by
the science
fiction writerIsaac
Asimov.
Social impact
As robots have become
more advanced and
sophisticated, experts and
academics have
increasingly explored the
questions of what ethics
might govern robots'
behavior,[18]and whether
robots might be able to
claim any kind of social,
cultural, ethical or legal
rights.[19] One scientific
team has said that it is
possible that a robot brainwill exist by 2019.Vernor
Vinge has suggested that
a moment may come
when computers and
robots are smarter than
humans. He calls this "the
Singularity." He suggests
that it may be somewhat
or possibly very
dangerous for
humans. This is discussed
by a philosophy
calledSingularitarianism.
In 2009, experts attended
a conference to discuss
whether computers and
robots might be able to
acquire any autonomy,
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and how much these
abilities might pose a
threat or hazard. They
noted that some robots
have acquired various
forms of semi-autonomy,
including being able to
find power sources on
their own and being able
to independently choose
targets to attack with
weapons. They also notedthat some computer
viruses can evade
elimination and have
achieved "cockroach
intelligence." They noted
that self-awareness as
depicted in science-fiction
is probably unlikely, but
that there were other
potential hazards and
pitfalls. Various media
sources and scientific
groups have noted
separate trends in
differing areas which
might together result in
greater robotic
functionalities and
autonomy, and which
pose some inherent
concerns.
Some experts and
academics havequestioned the use of
robots for military
combat, especially when
such robots are given
some degree of
autonomous functions.
There are also concerns
about technology which
might allow some armed
robots to be controlled
mainly by other
robots The US Navy has
funded a report which
indicates that as military
robots become morecomplex, there should be
greater attention to
implications of their
ability to make
autonomous
decisions. Some public
concerns about
autonomous robots have
received media attention,
especially one
robot, EATR, which can
continually refuel itself
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using biomass and
organic substances which
it finds on battlefields or
other local environments.
The Association for the
Advancement of Artificial
Intelligence has studied
this topic in depth and its
president has
commissioned a study to
look at this issue.
Some have suggested a
need to build "Friendly
AI", meaning that the
advances which are
already occurring with AI
should also include an
effort to make AI
intrinsically friendly and
humane. Several such
measures reportedly
already exist, with robot-
heavy countries such as
Japan and South
Korea having begun topass regulations requiring
robots to be equipped
with safety systems, and
possibly sets of 'laws' akin
to Asimov's Three Laws
of Robotics. An official
report was issued in 2009
by the Japanese
government's Robot
Industry Policy
Committee. Chinese
officials and researchers
have issued a report
suggesting a set of ethical
rules, as well as a set of
new legal guidelines
referred to as "RobotLegal Studies." Some
concern has been
expressed over a possible
occurrence of robots
telling apparent
falsehoods.
Technological trends
Technological
development
Overall trends
Japan hopes to have full-
scale commercialization
of service robots by 2025.
Much technological
research in Japan is led by
Japanese government
agencies, particularly the
Trade Ministry.
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As robots become more
advanced, eventually
there may be a standard
computer operating
system designed mainly
for robots. Robot
Operating System (ROS)
is an open-source set of
programs being
developed at Stanford
University,
the MassachusettsInstitute of
Technology and
theTechnical University
of Munich, Germany,
among others. ROS
provides ways to program
a robot's navigation and
limbs regardless of the
specific hardware
involved. It also provides
high-level commands for
items like image
recognition and even
opening doors. When
ROS boots up on a robot's
computer, it would obtain
data on attributes such as
the length and movement
of robots' limbs. It would
relay this data to higher-
level algorithms.
Microsoft is also
developing a "Windows
for robots" system with its
Robotics Developer
Studio, which has been
available since 2007.
New functions and
abilities
The Caterpillar Company
is making a dump truck
which can drive itself
without any human
operator.
Research robots
While most robots today
are installed in factoriesor homes, performing
labour or life saving jobs,
many new types of robot
are being developed
in laboratories around
the world. Much of the
research in robotics
focuses not on specific
industrial tasks, but on
investigations into new
types of robot, alternative
ways to think about or
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design robots, and new
ways to manufacture
them. It is expected that
these new types of robot
will be able to solve real
world problems when
they are finally realized
A
microfabricated
electrostatic gripper
holding some silicon
nanowires.
Nanorobots: Nan
orobotics is the still
largely hypothetical
technology of creating
machines or robots at
or close to the scale of
a nanometer(109met
ers). Also known
as nanobots ornanite
s, they would be
constructed
from molecular
machines. So far,
researchers have
mostly produced only
parts of these complex
systems, such as
bearings, sensors,
and Synthetic
molecular motors, but
functioning robots
have also been made
such as the entrants to
the Nanobot Robocup
contest. Researchers
also hope to be able tocreate entire robots as
small
as viruses orbacteria,
which could perform
tasks on a tiny scale.
Possible applications
include micro surgery
(on the level of
individual cells), utilit
y fog, manufacturing,
weaponry and
cleaning. Some people
have suggested that if
there were nanobots
which could
reproduce, the earth
would turn into "grey
goo", while others
argue that this
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hypothetical outcome
is nonsense.[49][50]
Soft
Robots: Robots
with siliconebodies
and flexible actuators
(air
muscles, electroactive
polymers,
and ferrofluids),
controlled using fuzzy
logic and neural
networks, look and
feel different from
robots with rigid
skeletons, and are
capable of different
behaviors.
ReconfigurableRobots: A few
researchers have
investigated the
possibility of creating
robots which can alter
their physical form to
suit a particular
task like the
fictional T-1000. Real
robots are nowhere
near that sophisticated
however, and mostly
consist of a small
number of cube
shaped units, which
can move relative to
their neighbours, for
example SuperBot.
Algorithms have been
designed in case any
such robots become a
reality.
A swarm of robots
from the Open-
source Micro-
robotic Project
Swarm
robots: Inspired
by colonies of insects such
as ants and bees,
researchers are
modeling the behavior
of swarms of
thousands of tiny
robots which together
perform a useful task,
such as finding
something hidden,
cleaning, or spying.
Each robot is quite
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48%23cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48%23cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-49%23cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-1000http://www.isi.edu/robots/superbot.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-48%23cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-49%23cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-1000http://www.isi.edu/robots/superbot.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees7/29/2019 Robotics Ieee
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simple, but
the emergent
behaviorof the swarm
is more complex. The
whole set of robots
can be considered as
one single distributed
system, in the same
way an ant colony can
be considered
a superorganism,
exhibiting swarmintelligence. The
largest swarms so far
created include the
iRobot swarm, the
SRI/MobileRobots
CentiBots
project[54] and the
Open-source Micro-
robotic Project swarm,
which are being used
to research collective
behaviors. Swarms are
also more resistant to
failure. Whereas one
large robot may fail
and ruin a mission, a
swarm can continue
even if several robots
fail. This could make
them attractive for
space exploration
missions, where
failure can be
extremely costly.
Haptic interface
robots: Robotics also
has application in the
design of virtual
reality interfaces.
Specialized robots are
in widespread use in
the haptic research
community. These
robots, called "haptic
interfaces," allow
touch-enabled user
interaction with real
and virtualenvironments.
Robotic forces allow
simulating the
mechanical properties
of "virtual" objects,
which users can
experience through
their sense oftouch.
Haptic interfaces are
also used in robot-
aided rehabilitation.
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Varying cultural
perceptions
Roughly half of all therobots in the world are
in Asia, 32% in Europe,
and 16% inNorth
America, 1%
in Australasia and 1%
in Africa.[59] 30% of all
the robots in the world are
in Japan. This means that
Japan has the most robots
in the world out of all the
countries, and is in fact
leading the world's
robotics. Japan is actually
said to be the robotic
capital of the world.
In Japan and South Korea,
ideas of future robots
have been mainly
positive, and the start of
the pro-robotic society
there is thought to be
possibly due to the
famous 'Astro Boy'. Asian
societies such as Japan,
South Korea, and more
recently, China, believe
robots to be more equal to
humans, having them care
for old people, play with
or teach children, or
replace pets etc.[63] The
general view in Asian
cultures is that the more
robots advance, the better,
which is the opposite of
the Western belief.
"This is the opening of an
era in which human
beings and robots can co-
exist," says Japanese firm
Mitsubishi about one of
the many humanistic
robots in Japan.[64] South
Korea aims to put a robot
in every house there by2015-2020 in order to
help catch up
technologically with
Japan.
Western societies are
more likely to be against,
or even fear thedevelopment of robotics,
through much media
output in movies and
literature that they will
replace humans. Some
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believe that the West
regards robots as a 'threat'
to the future of humans,
partly due to religious
beliefs about the role of
humans and
society. Obviously, these
boundaries are not clear,
but there is a significant
difference between the
two cultural viewpoints.
Contemporary uses
At present there are 2main types of robots,
based on their
use: general-purpose
autonomous robots and
dedicated robots.
TOPIO, a humanoid robot
developed by TOSY that
can playping-
pong.
Robots can be
classified by
theirspecificity of
purpose. A robot
might be designed to
perform one particular
task extremely well, or a
range of tasks less well.
Of course, all robots by
their nature can be re-
programmed to behave
differently, but some are
limited by their physical
form. For example, a
factory robot arm canperform jobs such as
cutting, welding, gluing,
or acting as a fairground
ride, while a pick-and-
place robot can only
populate printed circuit
boards.
General-purpose
autonomous robots are
robots that can perform a
variety of functions
independently. General-
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purpose autonomous
robots typically can
navigate independently in
known spaces, handle
their own re-charging
needs, interface with
electronic doors and
elevators and perform
other basic tasks. Like
computers, general-
purpose robots can link
with networks, softwareand accessories that
increase their usefulness.
They may recognize
people or objects, talk,
provide companionship,
monitor environmental
quality, respond to
alarms, pick up supplies
and perform other useful
tasks. General-purpose
robots may perform a
variety of functions
simultaneously or they
may take on different
roles at different times of
day. Some such robots try
to mimic human beings
and may even resemble
people in appearance; this
type of robot is called
a humanoid robot.
A general-purpose robotacts as a guide during the
day and a security guard
at night
Dedicated robots
Main articles: Domestic
robotandIndustrialrobot
In 2006, there were an
estimated
3,540,000 service
robots in use, and an
estimated
950,000 industrial robots.[68]A different estimate
counted more than one
million robots in
operation worldwide in
the first half of 2008, with
roughly half in Asia, 32%
in Europe, 16% in North
America, 1%
in Australasia and 1% in
Africa.[69] Industrial and
service robots can be
placed into roughly two
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classifications based on
the type of job they do.
The first category
includes tasks which a
robot can do with greater
productivity, accuracy, or
endurance than humans;
the second category
consists of dirty,
dangerous or dull jobs
which humans find
undesirable.
Increased productivity,
accuracy, and
endurance
A Pick and Place robot in
a factory
Many factory jobs are
now performed by robots.
This has led to cheaper
mass-produced goods,
including automobiles
and electronics.
Stationary manipulators
used in factories have
become the largest market
for robots. In 2006, there
were an estimated
3,540,000 service
robots in use, and an
estimated
950,000 industrial robots.[68]A different estimate
counted more than one
million robots in
operation worldwide in
the first half of 2008, with
roughly half in Asia, 32%
in Europe, 16% in NorthAmerica, 1%
in Australasia and 1% in
Africa.[69]
Some examples of
factory robots
Car
production: Over the
last three decades
automobile factories
have become
dominated by robots.
A typical factory
contains hundreds
ofindustrial
robots working on
fully automated
production lines, with
one robot for every
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ten human workers.
On an automated
production line, a
vehicle chassis on a
conveyor
iswelded, glued,paint
ed and finally
assembled at a
sequence of robot
stations.
Packaging:Industrial robots are also
used extensively for
palletizing and
packaging of
manufactured goods,
for example for
rapidly taking drink
cartons from the end
of a conveyor belt and
placing them into
boxes, or for loading
and unloading
machining centers.
Electronics: Mass
-producedprinted
circuit boards (PCBs)
are almost exclusively
manufactured by pick-
and-place robots,
typically
with SCARA manipul
ators, which remove
tiny electronic
components from
strips or trays, and
place them on to
PCBs with great
accuracy. Such robots
can place hundreds of
thousands of
components per hour,far out-performing a
human in speed,
accuracy, and
reliability.
Automated
guided
vehicles (AGVs): Mo
bile robots, following
markers or wires in
the floor, or using
vision or lasers, are
used to transport
goods around large
facilities, such as
warehouses, container
ports, or hospitals.
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Early
AGV-Style
Robots were
limited to tasks
that could be
accurately defined
and had to be
performed the
same way every
time. Very littlefeedback or
intelligence was
required, and the
robots needed
only the most
basic exteroceptor
s (sensors). The
limitations of
these AGVs are
that their paths are
not easily altered
and they cannot
alter their paths if
obstacles block
them. If one AGVbreaks down, it
may stop the
entire operation.
. Interim AGV-
Technologies develop
ed that deploy
triangulation from
beacons or bar code
grids for scanning on
the floor or ceiling. In
most factories,
triangulation systems
tend to require
moderate to high
maintenance, such asdaily cleaning of all
beacons or bar codes.
Also, if a tall pallet or
large vehicle blocks
beacons or a bar code
is marred, AGVs may
become lost. Often
such AGVs are
designed to be used in
human-free
environments.
Newer
AGVs such as the
Speci-Minder,ADAM, Tugand
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PatrolBot
Gofer are
designed for
people-friendly
workspaces. They
navigate by
recognizing
natural
features. 3D
scanners or other
means of sensing
the environment intwo or three
dimensions help to
eliminate
cumulative errors i
n dead-reckoning
calculations of the
AGV's current
position. Some
AGVs can create
maps of their
environment using
scanning lasers
with simultaneous
localization and
mapping (SLAM)
and use those
maps to navigate
in real time with
other path
planning and
obstacle avoidance
algorithms. They
are able to operate
in complex
environments and
perform non-
repetitive and non-
sequential tasks
such as
transportingphoto
masks in asemiconductor
lab, specimens in
hospitals and
goods in
warehouses. For
dynamic areas,
such as
warehouses full of
pallets, AGVs
require additional
strategies. Only a
few vision-
augmented
systems currently
claim to be able to
navigate reliably
in such
environments.
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Dirty, dangerous, dull or
inaccessible
tasks
A U.S. Marine
Corps technician prepares
to use a telerobot to
detonate a
buried improvised
explosive
device nearCamp
Fallujah, Iraq
There are many jobs
which humans would
rather leave to robots. The
job may be boring, such
as domesticcleaning, or
dangerous, such as
exploring inside
a volcano Other jobs are
physically inaccessible,
such as exploring
anotherplanet, cleaning
the inside of a long pipe,
orperforming laparoscopic s
urgery.[80]
Telerobots: When
a human cannot be
present on site to
perform a job because
it is dangerous, far
away, or inaccessible,
teleoperated robots, or
telerobots are used.
Rather than following
a predetermined
sequence of
movements, atelerobot is controlled
from a distance by a
human operator. The
robot may be in
another room or
another country, or
may be on a very
different scale to the
operator. For instance,
a laparoscopic surgery
robot allows the
surgeon to work
inside a human patient
on a relatively small
scale compared to
open surgery,
significantly
shortening
recovery
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time. When disabling
a bomb, the operator
sends a small robot to
disable it. Several
authors have been
using a device called
the Longpen to sign
books
remotely. Teleoperate
d robot aircraft, like
the
PredatorUnmannedAerial Vehicle, are
increasingly being
used by the military.
These pilotless drones
can search terrain and
fire on
targets. Hundreds of
robots such
as iRobot'sPackbot an
d the Foster-Miller
TALON are being
used
in Iraq and Afghanista
n by the U.S.
military to defuse
roadside bombs
orImprovised
Explosive
Devices (IEDs) in an
activity known
as explosive ordnance
disposal (EOD
Automated fruit
harvesting
machines: are being
used to pick fruit on
orchards at a cost
lower than that of
human pickers.
The Roomba domestic v
acuum cleanerrobot does
a single, menial job
In the home: As
prices fall and robots
become smarter andmore autonomous,
simple robots
dedicated to a single
task work in over a
million homes. They
are taking on simple
but unwanted jobs,
such asvacuum
cleaning and floor
washing, and lawn
mowing. Some find
these robots to be cute
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and entertaining,
which is one reason
that they can sell very
well.
Elder Care: The
population is aging in
many countries,
especially Japan,
meaning that there are
increasing numbers of
elderly people to care
for, but relatively
fewer young people to
care for them Humans
make the best carers,
but where they are
unavailable, robots are
gradually being
introduced. Duct Cleaning: In
the hazardous and
tight spaces of a
building's duct work,
many hours can be
spent cleaning
relatively small areas
if a manual brush is
used. Robots have
been used by many
duct cleaners
primarily in the
industrial and
institutional cleaning
markets, as they allow
the job to be done
faster, without
exposing workers to
the harful enzymes
released by dust
mites. For cleaning
high-security
institutions such as
embassies andprisons, duct cleaning
robots are vital, as
they allow the job to
be completed without
compromising the
security of the
institution. Hospitals
and other government
buildings with
hazardous and
cancerogenic
environments such as
nuclear reactors
legally must be
cleaned using duct
cleaning robots, in
countries such as
Canada, in an effort to
improve workplace
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safety in duct
cleaning.
Potential problems
Fears and concerns about
robots have been
repeatedly expressed in a
wide range of books and
films. A common theme
is the development of a
master race of consciousand highly intelligent
robots, motivated to take
over or destroy the human
race. (SeeThe
Terminator,Runaway,Bla
de Runner, Robocop, the
Replicators
in Stargate, the Cylons
inBattlestar
Galactica, The
Matrix, THX-1138, andI,
Robot.) Some fictional
robots are programmed to
kill and destroy; others
gain superhuman
intelligence and abilities
by upgrading their own
software and hardware.
Examples of popular
media where the robot
becomes evil are 2001: A
Space Odyssey,Red
Planet, ... Another
common theme is the
reaction, sometimes
called the "uncanny
valley", of unease and
even revulsion at the sight
of robots that mimic
humans too
closely.Frankenstein(1818), often called the first
science fiction novel, has
become synonymous with
the theme of a robot or
monster advancing
beyond its creator. In the
TV show, Futurama, the
robots are portrayed as
humanoid figures that live
alongside humans, not as
robotic butlers. They still
work in industry, but
these robots carry out
daily lives.
Manuel De Landa has
noted that "smart
missiles" and autonomous
bombs equipped with
artificial perception can
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be considered robots, and
they make some of their
decisions autonomously.
He believes this
represents an important
and dangerous trend in
which humans are
handing over important
decisions to machines.
Marauding robots may
have entertainment value,
but unsafe use of robots
constitutes an actual
danger. A heavy
industrial robot with
powerful actuators and
unpredictably complex
behavior can cause harm,
for instance by steppingon a human's foot or
falling on a human. Most
industrial robots operate
inside a security fence
which separates them
from human workers, but
not all. Two robot-caused
deaths are those of Robert
Williams and Kenji
Urada. Robert Williams
was struck by a robotic
arm at a casting plant
in Flat Rock, Michigan on
January 25, 1979.[90] 37-
year-old Kenji Urada, a
Japanese factory worker,
was killed in 1981; Urada
was performing routine
maintenance on the robot,
but neglected to shut it
down properly, and was
accidentally pushed into
a grinding machine.
Timeline
Date Significance Robot na
First
century
A.D.and
earlier
Descriptions of more than 100
machines and automata, including
a fire engine, a wind organ, a
coin-operated machine, and asteam-powered engine,
inPneumaticaandAutomata by H
eron of Alexandria
1206First programmable humanoid aut
omatons
Boat with
musician
c. 1495 Designs for a humanoid robot Mechani
1738 Mechanical duck that was able toDigesting
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eat, flap its wings, and excrete
1800s
Japanese mechanical toys that
served tea, fired arrows, and
painted
1921First fictional automata called
"robots" appear in the play
1928
Humanoid robot, based on a suit
of armor with electrical actuators,exhibited at the annual exhibition
of the Model Engineers Society in
London
1930s
Humanoid robot exhibited at the
1939 and 1940 World's Fairs
1948Simple robots exhibiting
biological behaviors[92]
1956
First commercial robot, from the
Unimation company founded
by George Devol
Engelberger, based on Devol's
patents
1961 First installed industrial robot
1963 First palletizing robot[94] Palletizer
1973First robot with six
electromechanically driven axes[95]Famulus
1975
Programmable universal
manipulation arm, a Unimation
product
PUMA
History
Main article:History of
robots
Many ancient
mythologies include
artificial people, such as
the mechanical servants
built by the Greekgod Hephaestus (Vulcan t
o the Romans), the
clay golems of Jewish
legend and clay giants of
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Norse legend,
and Galatea, the mythical
statue ofPygmalion that
came to life. In Greek
drama, Deus Ex
Machina was contrived as
a dramatic device that
usually involved lowering
a deity by wires into the
play to solve a seemingly
impossible problem.
In the 4th century BC, the
Greek
mathematician Archytas o
f Tarentum postulated a
mechanical steam-
operated bird he called
"The Pigeon".Hero of
Alexandria (1070AD) created numerous
user-configurable
automated devices, and
described machines
powered by air pressure,
steam and water. Su
Songbuilt a clock tower
in China in 1088 featuring
mechanical figurines that
chimed the hours.[98]
Al-Jazari's programmable
humanoid robots
Al-Jazari (11361206),
a Muslim inventorduring
the Artuqid dynasty,
designed and constructed
a number of automated
machines, including
kitchen appliances,
musical automata
powered by water, and the
firstprogrammablehuman
oid robots in 1206.The
robots appeared as four
musicians on a boat in a
lake, entertaining guests
at royal drinking parties.
His mechanism had a
programmable drummachine with pegs (cams)
that bumped into
little levers that
operatedpercussion
instruments. The
drummer could be made
to play different rhythms
and different drum
patterns by moving the
pegs to different locations
Early modern
developments
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which served tea, fired
arrows drawn from a
quiver, and even painted a
Japanese kanji character.
In 1898Nikola
Tesla publicly
demonstrated a radio-
controlled torpedo. Based
on patents for
"teleautomation", Tesla
hoped to develop it into
a weapon system forthe US Navy.
The first Unimate
In 1926, Westinghouse
Electric
Corporation created
Televox, the first robot
put to useful work. They
followed Televox with a
number of other simple
robots, including one
called Rastus, made in the
crude image of a black
man. In the 1930s, they
createda
humanoid robot known
asElektro for exhibition
purposes, including the
1939 and 1940 World's
Fairs.[105][106] In 1928,
Japan's first
robot, Gakutensoku, was
designed and constructed
by biologist Makoto
Nishimura.
The first
electronic autonomous
robots were created
by William Grey Waltero
the Burden Neurological
Institute at Bristol,
England in 1948 and 1949
They were
namedElmerandElsie.
These robots could senselight and contact with
external objects, and use
these stimuli to navigate.
The first truly modern
robot, digitally operated
and programmable, was
invented by George
Devol in 1954 and
was ultimately
called the Unimate.
Devol sold the first
Unimate to General
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Motors in 1960, and it
was installed in 1961 in a
plant in Trenton, New
Jersey to lift hot pieces
ofmetal from a die
casting machine and stack
them.
Literature
Robotic
characters, androids (artifi
cial men/women)orgynoids (artificial
women),
and cyborgs (also
"bionicmen/women", or
humans with significant
mechanical
enhancements) have
become a staple of
science fiction.
The first reference in
Western literature to
mechanical servants
appears in Homer'sIliad.
In Book
XVIII,Hephaestus, god of
fire, creates new armor
for the hero Achilles,
assisted by
robots According to
theRieu translation,
"Golden maidservants
hastened to help their
master. They looked like
real women and could not
only speak and use their
limbs but were endowed
with intelligence and
trained in handwork by
the immortal gods." Of
course, the words "robot"
or "android" are not usedto describe them, but they
are nevertheless
mechanical devices
human in appearance.
The most prolific author
of stories about robots
was Isaac Asimov (19201992), who placed robots
and their interaction with
society at the center of
many of his works.
Asimov carefully
considered the problem of
the ideal set of
instructions robots might
be given in order to lower
the risk to humans, and
arrived at his Three Laws
of Robotics: a robot may
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not injure a human being
or, through inaction,
allow a human being to
come to harm; a robot
must obey orders given to
it by human beings,
except where such orders
would conflict with the
First Law; and a robot
must protect its own
existence as long as such
protection does notconflict with the First or
Second Law These were
introduced in his 1942
short story "Runaround",
although foreshadowed in
a few earlier stories.
Later, Asimov added the
Zeroth Law: "A robot
may not harm humanity,
or, by inaction, allow
humanity to come to
harm"; the rest of the laws
are modified sequentially
to acknowledge this.
According to theOxford
English Dictionary, the
first passage in Asimov's
short story "Liar!" (1941)
that mentions the First
Law is the earliest
recorded use of the
wordrobotics. Asimov
was not initially aware of
this; he assumed the word
already existed by
analogy with mechanics,
hydraulics, and other
similar terms denoting
branches of applied
knowledge
Conclusion
Today we find most
robots working for people
in industries, factories,warehouses, and
laboratories. Robots are
useful in many ways. For
instance, it boosts
economy because
businesses need to be
efficient to keep up with
the industry competition.
Therefore, having robots
helps business owners to
be competitive, because
robots can do jobs better
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics7/29/2019 Robotics Ieee
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and faster than humans
can, e.g. robot can built,
assemble a car. Yet robots
cannot perform every job;
today robots roles include
assisting research and
industry. Finally, as the
technology improves,
there will be new ways to
use robots which will
bring new hopes and new
potentials.
REFERENCES:
[1] INEEL website
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/adaptiverobotics/humano
idrobotics/ Access 12
June 2005.
[2] Foerst Anne, (1999)
Artificial sociability: from
embodied AI toward new
understandings of
personhood, Technology
in Society, 21, pp. 373
386. T209 Resource CD-
ROM, Cyborg, part 2 Robotics.
[3] ASIMO Honda
[online]. Available
from:http://world.honda.c
om/HDTV/ASIMO/ Acce
ss 11 June 2005.
[4] MIT website [online].
Available
from:http://www.ai.mit.e
du/projects/humanoid-
robotics-group/ Access 11
June 2005
[5] Jones, A.C. (2002)Minds, matter and
machines, T209
Resource CD-ROM,
http://www.inel.gov/adaptiverobotics/humanoidrobotics/http://www.inel.gov/adaptiverobotics/humanoidrobotics/http://www.inel.gov/adaptiverobotics/humanoidrobotics/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/ASIMO/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/ASIMO/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/ASIMO/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/http://www.inel.gov/adaptiverobotics/humanoidrobotics/http://www.inel.gov/adaptiverobotics/humanoidrobotics/http://www.inel.gov/adaptiverobotics/humanoidrobotics/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/ASIMO/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/ASIMO/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/7/29/2019 Robotics Ieee
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Cyborg, part 1
Robotics.
[6] NASA website
[online]. Available
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aig.jpl.nasa.gov/public/pla
nning/dist-rovers/ Access
12 June 2005.
[7] Bruce, I.S. (1998)
Man Made, The
Scotsman, December 1,
Spectrum, p. UP4, T209
Resource CD-ROM,
Cyborg, part 1- Bionics.
ASIMO image - T209
Resource CD-ROM,
Cyborg, part 1 Robotics.
http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/public/planning/dist-rovers/http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/public/planning/dist-rovers/http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/public/planning/dist-rovers/http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/public/planning/dist-rovers/http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/public/planning/dist-rovers/http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/public/planning/dist-rovers/