S i n a a r s i
Salva tabataZe, irina SubiTiZe, meore enis swavlisa da aTvisebis
Teoriebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 2
Shalva Tabatadze, Irina Shubitidze, Theories of Second Language Learning and Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 14
alan kroufordi, paata papava, meore enis aTvisebisa da kiTxvis
swavlebis strategiebi dawyebiT fazaze . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 15
Alan Crawford, Paata Papava, Second Language Acquistion and Reading Strategies on Primary Stage of Language Acquisition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 25
nino popiaSvili, bilingvuri ganaTleba identobis diskursSi
(sabWoTa da postsabWoTa gamocdileba). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 26
Nino Popiashvili, Bilingual Education in the Discourse of Identity (Soviet and Port-Soviet experience). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 32
ia afTaraSvili, bilingvizmi socialuri faqtorebis WrilSi . . . . . . gv. 33
Ia Aptarashvili, Bilingualism in the Context of Social Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 38
irina bagauri, enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi
da bilingvuri ,,mexsiereba~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 39
Irina Bagauri, Bilingual Memory and Impact Factors on Language Develompent Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 48
Salva tabataZe
irina SubiTiZe
meore enis swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoriebi
abstraqti
winamdebare statiis mizania, mokled mimoixilos meore enis swavlisa
da aTvisebis Teoriebi. meore enis Teoria axali dargia mecnierebaSi,
romlis ganviTarebac aqtiurad daiwyo meoce saukunis 50-iani wlebis
bolos. statiaSi meore enis ganviTarebis Teoriebi sami samecniero
tradiciis konteqstSi iqneba ganxiluli: (a) struqturalizmi an
aRweriTi biheviorizmi; (b) racionalizmi da kognitivizmi (3)
konstruqtivizmi. aRniSnuli Teoriebis gacnoba da gaanalizeba
saSualebas miscems maswavleblebs, gaiazron da gaaanalizon meore
enis swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoriebi, praqtikuli saqmianobis
safuZvelze gaiazron TiToeuli Teoriis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi da
moaxdinon am Teoriebis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.
meore enis swavlebis Teoriebi
SedarebiT axali dargia
mecnierebaSi. misi aqtiurad Seswavla
daiwyo meoce saukunis 50-iani
wlebidan. tradiciulad, enis
swavleba fonologiis, sintaqsis,
morfologiis, leqsikis da a.S.
konteqstSi ganixileboda, Tumca es
midgoma etapobrivad Seicvala
(marCenkova, 2008). marCenkova
gamoyofs oTx sxvadasxva Teoriul
xedvas, romelic dominirebs meore
enis Tanamedrove kvlevebSi: 1) enis
lingvisturi xedva, romelic enis
zogad bunebriv aspeqtebs
Seiswavlis; (2) meore enis
fsiqolingvisturi xedva, romelic
enis Seswavlis kognitur sakiTxebze
akeTebs aqcentirebas; (3) socio-
lingvisturi xedva swavlobs meore
enas socialur da kulturul
konteqstSi; (4) meore enis
pedagogiuri xedva, romelic
swavlobs meore enis aTvisebisa da
swavlebis strategiebs.
Mmeore enis swavlebis Teorias
brauni (2000, gv. 12) sami samecniero
tradiciis konteqstSi ganixilavs:
(a) struqturalizmisa an aRweriTi
biheviorizmisa; (b) racionalizmisa
da kognitivizmisa (3) konstruq-
tivizmisa. მokled mimovixilavT
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
2
TiToeul am mimarTulebas da maT
farglebSi aRmocenebul meore enis
swavlebis mniSvnelovan Teoriebs.
struqturalizmi/aRweriTi
biheviorizmi
biheviorizmi gaxldaT do-
minanti mimdinareoba meore enis
swavlebisas me-20 saukunis 60-iani
wlebis bolomde. Ees Teoria
efuZneba skineris 1957 wlis naSroms
(Verbal Behavior), romelic, Tavis mxriv,
mTlianad dafuZnebulia skineris
klasikur operantuli ganpirobebu-
lobis Teoriaze. skineris
operantuli ganpirobebulobis
Teoria gulisxmobs, rom adamianis
yvela qceva ganpirobebulia
garkveuli gamaRizianebliT (sti-
muliT). skineri aRniSnavda, rom
operantuli qceva Zlierdeba an
mcirdeba im movlenebiT, romelic
mohyveba mas. Sesabamisad, skineri
Tvlida, rom operantuli ganpi-
robebuloba _ es aris qcevis
konkretuli modelis formirebisa
da SenarCunebis procesi.
skinerma operantuli ganpi-
robebulobis Teoria mTlianad
gadaitana enasTan mimarTebiT da
adamianis metyveleba warmoadgina,
rogorc zogadi qcevis gansa-
kuTrebuli forma. enis gamoyeneba
xdeba gaRizianeba-qcevis modelis
farglebSi. Eenis aTvisebis procesi
damokidebulia 2 faqtorze: (a) indi-
vidis garSemo masTan komunikaciaSi
myofi individebisgan wamosul
stimulze da maTze reaqciebze;
(b) qceva, romelic ganpirobebulia
individis garemo samyaroTi
zogadad. aRniSnuli midgoma
absoluturad ugulvebelyofda
individis Sinagan samyaros,
azrovnebas, survils, grZnobebs.
bihevioristili midgomiT, Sinagan
samyaros aranairi gavlena ar hqonda
qcevaze da, Sesabamisad, enis
aTvisebaze.
bihevioristuli xedviT, swav-
la aisaxeba moqmedebis cvlilebaSi.
bihevioristebi swavlas gansazRv-
raven, rogorc gamocdilebis
Sedegad miRebuli qcevis cvlilebas.
qcevis SenarCunebisa da SecvlisTvis
mniSvnelovania masze reaqcia, rac
warmoadgens skineris Teoriis
qvakuTxeds. reaqciis Sedegad xdeba
sasurveli qmedebis formireba an
arasasurveli qcevis aRmofxvra.
sasurveli qcevis formirebisa da
arasasurveli qcevis aRmosafx-
vrelad bihevioristebi gamoyofen
ganmtkicebisa da dasjis midgomebs.
ganmamtkicebeli stimuli gani-
sazRvreba, rogorc nebismieri
Sedegi, romelic garkveuli qcevis
sixSires zrdis. ganmamtkicebeli
stimulebi or kategoriad iyofa:
pirveladi da meoradi. pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi akmayo-
fileben ZiriTad adamianur
moTxovnilebebs (ZiriTadad bio-
logiur moTxovnilebebs). sakvebi,
wyali, siTbo, usafrTxoeba da
Jangbadi pirveladi stimulebis
magaliTebs warmoadgens. meoradi
ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi Rire-
bulebas iZenen, roca isini
asocirdebian sxva pirvelad an
meorad ganmamtkicebel stimuleb-
Tan.. meoradi ganmamtkicebeli
stimulebi sam ZiriTad kategoriad
SeiZleba davyoT: 1) socialuri
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
3
ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi, rogo-
ric aris Seqeba, Rimili da
yuradReba; 2) qceviTi ganmam-
tkicebeli stimulebi, rogoric
aris saTamaSoebi, TamaSebi da sxva
saxaliso moqmedebebi; 3) simboluri
ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi, rogo-
ric aris fuli da niSnebi.
operantuli ganpirobebulobis
Teoria Tavis TavSi moicavs ara
mxolod qcevaze reagirebas
gamtkicebisa da dasjis saxiT,
aramed winmswreb stimulebs,
romlebic win uZRvis sasurvel
qmedebas (e. i. winmswrebi stimuli).
miTiTeba, ganzogadeba da disk-
riminacia winmswrebi stimulebis
magaliTebs warmoadgens.
miTiTeba - individi ufro
gamoavlens sasurvel qcevebs, roca
regularulad SevaxsenebT, anu
mivuTiTebT, Tu rogor saqciels
velodebiT maTgan. ganzogadeba -
roca individi dainaxavs, rom
raRac qcevas mosdevs dadebiTi
reaqcia, isini sapasuxo qmedebas
amJRavneben nebismier msgavs
situaciaSi. diskriminacia -
xandaxan adamianebi xvdebian, rom
zogierTi sapasuxo qcevis
ganmtkiceba mxolod garkveul
garemoSi xdeba. anu individi ukve
arCevs, rom erTi da igive qmedeba
sasurvelia erT konteqstSi, magram
ara yvela garemoSi, anu individebs
SeuZliaT stimulebis diskrimi-
nacia anu gansxvaveba.
skineris Teoriis mixedviT,
konteqstia gadamwyveti. am Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianis enobrivi qceva
gakontrolebulia adamianebis mier
da mniSvnelovan yuradRebas aniWebs
funqciur analizs. funqciur
analizze dayrdnobiT, skinerma
Seqmna `sampirobiani modeli~
enobriv qmedebebTan mimarTebiT
(winapiroba – qmedeba _ qmedebaze
reaqcia). skineri Tvlida, rom
individis enobrivi qmedeba
ganpirobebulia individis arsebuli
garemoTi, warsuli qmedebebiTa da
genetikuri istoriiT.
skineris Teoriam ganicada
garkveuli evolucia da mis
safuZvelze warmoiSva mimarTebiTi
CarCos Teoria. UmimarTebiTi CarCos
Teoria Seiqmna stiven heiesis,
dermot barnet-holmisisa da braien
roSes naSromebze dafuZnebiT,
romlebmac sabolood 2001 wels
gamosces saxelmZRvanelo “Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian Account of Human language and Cognition”.
mimarTebiTi CarCos Teoria
mimarTebiTi CarCos Teoriis
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli tradici-
ul biheviorizmTan mimarTebiT
gaxlavT am Teoriis mimdevarTa
mtkiceba, rom qcevis ganmtkicebisas
stimulebis diskriminacia (gansxva-
veba) xdeba ara mxolod fizikuri
garemodan gamomdinare, aramed
individebs Soris arsebuli
urTierTobiTa da mimarTebiT.
magaliTad, (a) pirveli individi
pasuxobs; (b) individis pasuxs
uaryofiTi reaqcia mohyveba meore
individisgan (msmenelisgan); (g)
msmenelis uaryofiTi reaqcia,
gamowveuli pirveli individis mier
warmoTqmuliT; (d) meore individis
(msmenelis) reaqcia ganpirobebulia
sakuTari sadavo damokidebulebiT,
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
4
anu sakiTxisadmi sakuTari mimar-
TebiT. aRniSnul magaliTSi (a), (b)
da (g) mTlianad jdeba skineris
verbaluri qcevis TeoriaSi, xolo
(d) anu individis mimarTeba da
damokidebuleba ama Tu im sakiTxze
gansazRvravs mis qmedebas _ aris
mimarTebiTi CarCos Teoriis
mimdevrebis damateba skineris
Teoriisadmi, da swored individis
mimarTeba da damokidebulebebi,
rogorc qmedebisaTvis mniSvnelovani
stimuli, warmoadgens mimarTebiTi
CarCos Teoriis amosavals enasTan
mimarTebaSi.
K
kontrastuli analizis Teoria
enis swavlebasTan dakavSi-
rebiT, biheviorizmis mimdevrobis
dominantobis kvaldakval, erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gaxldaT
meore enis swavlebis kontrastuli
analizis Teoria. kontrastuli
analizis Teoria gulisxmobs im
Secdomebis winaswar ganWvretasa da
aRmofxvras, rasac meore enis
Semswavleli dauSvebs. Secdomebis
winaswari ganWvreta ki am Teoriis
mimdevrebisTvis SesaZlebelia pir-
veli da meore enis gramatikisa da
struqturis Sedarebis safuZvelze.
Sesabamisad, am Teoriis mimdevrebi
cdilobdnen, pirvel da meore enebs
Soris arsebuli enobrivi da
kulturuli sxvaobebis identifi-
cireba moexdinaT da enis saswavlo
masala am sxvaobebis analizs
dafuZneboda. kontrastuli analizis
Teoria efuZneba lados, frais,
banatis, tregerisa da uadelis
naSromebs.
aRniSnul Teorias sakmaod
didi kritika mohyva samecniero
wreebSi da praqtikulad ararea-
lizebadad CaiTvala, radgan
SeuZlebelia praqtikaSi swavleba
mxolod ori enis Seswavlis fonze
moxdes. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,
amis ganxorcieleba utopiuri iyo.
garda amisa, kontrastuli analizis
kritika sami mimarTulebiT ganxor-
cielda: (1) zogierTi Secdoma ar
aris gamoxatulad pirvel enasTan
dakavSirebulia da saerToa meore
enis yvela SemswavlelisTvis; (2)
kontrastuli analizis Teoria
gulisxmobs, rom meore enis
Semswavleli Secdomebs aRar uSvebs,
Tuki am Secdomebs winaswar
ganvWvretT. aRniSnulic mcdari
midgoma aRmoCnda, radgan enis
Semswavleli, miuxedavad imisa, rom
Secdoma daSvebuli aqvs, saubrisas
kvlav imeorebs Secdomebs; (3) mkvle-
varTaTvis, mecnierTaTvis, enis
maswavlebelTaTvis Zalian rTulia
enebs Soris arsebuli `sxvaobis~ an
`daSorebis~ zustad gansazRvra. es
procesi subieqturia da konteqstzea
damokidebuli. amitom kontrastuli
analizis Teoria am mimarTulebiTac
problematuria.
kontrastuli analizis Teori-
is msgavsad, udidesi kritika mohyva
skineris verbaluri qcevis Teo-
riasac, Tumca, miuxedavad arsebuli
kritikisa, skineris Teoriam udidesi
roli Seasrula meore enis
Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi da meore
enis swavlebis midgomebis
ganviTarebaSi. skineris Teoriis
mTavari oponenti gaxldaT noam
xomski (Comski), romelmac ukve 1959
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
5
wels miuZRvna vrceli naSromi
skineris verbaluri qcevis Teorias.
skineris Teoria saintereso iyo im
mxrivac, rom misma kritikam
safuZveli daudo enis swavlebis
kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebis
gaaqtiurebas da, faqtobrivad,
safuZveli daudo meore enis
Seswavlis kognitur Teoriebs,
romlebmac farTo gasaqani meoce
saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moipoves.
Mmokled SevexebiT enis Seswavlis
kognitur Teoriebs da maT
ganviTarebas.
E
enis swavlebis kognituri Teoriebi /
racionalizmi da kognitivizmi
enis swavlebis kognituri
Teoria ukavSirdeba noam xomskis
saxels. xomski miiCnevda, rom enis
Seswavlis procesis axsna, rogorc
garkveul stimulebze reaqcia _
araswori iyo. xomskim 1965
ganaviTara enis aTvisebis instru-
mentis (Language Acquisition Device, LAD)
Teoria, romelSic udidesi roli
eniWeboda adamianis gonebas da
adamianis Sinagan mdgomareobas
(azrovneba, grZnobebi da a.S.) ori
mTavari postulati gaaCnda xomskis
enis aTvisebis instrumentis Teorias
(a) bavSvebi ibadebian garkveuli
enobrivi kompetenciiT; (b) enis
aTviseba xdeba bunebrivad. xomskis
Teoriam ganicada garkveuli
transformacia Tavad xomskis mier
1965-2005 wlebSi, Tumca am Teoriis
mTavari idea, romelic saerTo iyo
yvela Semdgomi gansazRvrebisas,
gaxldaT daskvna, rom individs
dabadebidan aqvs genetikuri
enobrivi meqanizmi, romlis
farglebSic xdeba enis aTviseba.
xomskis meore mniSvnelovani
Teoria, romelic ukavSirdeba enis
aTvisebas da maT Soris meore enis
Seswavlas, gaxlavT `universaluri
gramatikis~ Teoria. aRniSnuli
Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebi
genetikurad floben garkveul
gramatikul konstruqciebs. aRniS-
nuli Teoriis transformirebac
xdeboda droTa ganmavlobaSi da am
Teoriis safuZvelze damuSavda
marTvisa da dakavSirebis Teoria,
minimalizmis Teoria da optima-
lurobis Teoria. yvela am TeoriaSi
amosavali gaxldaT is, Tu ra
mniSvneloba aqvs universalur
gramatikas meore enis aTvisebisas.
lingvistTa da TeoretikosTa
kamaTSi 3 tipis midgoma gamoikveTa:
(a) universaluri gramatika
xelmiuwvdomelia meore enis
aTvisebisas; (b) universaluri
gramatika absoluturad xelmisaw-
vdomia meore enis aTvisebisas,
rogorc mSobliuri enis aTvisebis
procesSi; (g) universaluri gra-
matika xelSesaxebia meore enis
aTvisebisas mxolod mSobliuri enis
meSveobiT (vaiTi, 1990). anu Tu
mSobliuri da meore enis grama-
tikuli konstruqciebi msgavsia,
maSin universaluri gramatikis
transferi xdeba mSobliuri enis
meSveobiT meore enis Seswavlisasac.
xomskis Teorias didi kritika
mohyva samecniero wreebSi. xomskis
winaaRmdeg ZiriTadi argumenti iyo,
rom is iyo lingvisti da aqcents
akeTebda gramatikis konstruqciebze,
xolo Teoriebis praqtikul
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
6
dasabuTebas ar axdenda kvlevebis
meSveobiT. Sesabamisad, mecnierebi
miiCnevdnen, rom praqtikuli
kvlevebiT am Teoriis dasabuTeba
gaZneldeboda.
meore enis swavlebis kognituri
Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi udidesi
roli Seasrulma kraSenma, romelmac
1981 wels SeimuSava meore enis
aTvisebis 5 hipoTezis Teoria:
1. aTvisebis / swavlis hipoTeza
(Acquisition-Learning hypothesis);
2. monitoringis hipoTeza (Moni-
tor hypothesis); 3. bunebrivi mdgomareobis hipo-
Teza (Natural Order hypothesis);
4. Senatanis hipoTeza (Input hypo-
thesis); 5. efeqturi filtris hipoTeza
(Affective Filter hypothesis). mokled mimovixilavT da gavaana-
lizebT kraSenis mier SemoTavaze-
bul xuTive hipoTezas.
1. swavlisa da aTvisebis
hipoTeza
kraSenis Teoria udevs safuZvlad
meore enis swavlebis gaazrebaSi
mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. swored
kraSenma Semoitana meore enasTan mi-
marTebiT enis aTvisebis cneba. kra-
Seni miiCnevda, rom enis Semswavle-
lebs aqvT ori sruliad gansxvave-
buli gza, ganaviTaron kompetencia
enaSi: enis swavla da enis aTviseba.
kraSeni miiCnevda, rom mozrdil-
Ta mier enis aTviseba aris qvecno-
bieri procesi, romelic ar
gansxvavdeba Cvilebis mier enis aT-
visebis procesisgan. Eenis aTviseba
ar aris mxolod gramatikuli wese-
bis codna, zomierad miwodebuli
gramatikuli struqturebi metad
ganaviTarebs Secdomebis gasworebis
,,SegrZnebas~’, vidre mxolod grama-
tikul wesebze orientirebuli sas-
wavlo procesi. kraSenis mixedviT,
enis aTviseba gulisxmobs codnis
dagrovebis iseT formas, roca ara-
formalur garemoSi xdeba salapara-
ko enis Seswavla.
2. bunebrivi wyobis hipoTeza
kraSenis Teoris meore hipoTezas
bunebrivi wyobis hipoTeza ewodeba.
bunebrivi wyobis hipoTezis mixedviT,
gramatikuli wesebis aTviseba
grZeldeba prognozirebad wyobaSi.
nebismieri enis aTvisebisTvis zo-
mierad miwodebuli gramatika saWi-
roa sawyis etapze, Semdeg ki etapo-
brivad unda moxdes mcire gramati-
kuli struqturebis miwodeba. Tumca
es ar gulisxmobs gramatikuli we-
sebiT saswavlo masalis datvirTvas
aTvisebis bunebrivi wyobis dros
(Natural Order of Acquisition).
3. monitoringis hipoTeza
kraSenis mesame mniSvnelovani hi-
poTezaa monitoringis, rac gulisx-
mobs enis Semswavlelis mier saku-
Taris codnis mudmiv monitorings.
aRniSnuli gulisxmobs, rom rodesac
enis swavleba xdeba mwyobri grama-
tikuli da struqturuli formebiT,
enis Semswavlelma icis swori for-
mebi da axorcielebs sakuTari Tavis
monitorings enis gamoyenebebisas,
amowmebs, Tu ramdenad sworad ga-
moiyena esa Tu is enobrivi kon-
struqcia.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
7
kraSeni miiCnevda, rom sakuTari
enobrivi monitoringi xSirad xels
uSlis, rogorc Tavisufal komuni-
kacias, aseve enis aTvisebas zogadad.
kraSeni miiCnevda, rom maswavlebel-
Ta mTavari funqcia iyo, enis Sems-
wavlelebs daxmareboda Camoyalibe-
buliyvnen `optimalur monitorebad”,
rac gulisxmobs, rom enis Semswav-
lels ganuviTardes unari, naklebad
moaxdinos monitoringi Cveulebrivi
komunikaciis dros, xolo enobrivi
monitoringi umjobesia `CarTos~ wi-
naswar dagegmili gamosvlis, mola-
parakebis, weriTi samuSaos dros.
M4. Eenobrivi Senatanis hipoTeza
kraSenis mier formulirebuli
meoTxe hipoTeza iTvleba erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes hipoTezad meore
enis swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoria-
Si. Senatanis hipoTeza xsnis, rogor
SeiZleba enis Semswavlelma droTa
ganmavlobaSi ganiviTaros enobrivi
kompetencia.
aRniSnuli Teoriis mixedviT,
enis Semswavlels unda miewodos im-
aze odnav meti, rac man ukve icis. am
Teorias “+1-is” Teoriasac uwodeben,
rac gulisxmobs enis Semswavlelis
arsebul codnaze mxolod mciredis
damatebas (anu +1). kraSeni miiCnevda,
rom enis Semswavlels SeuZlia gai-
gos konteqsti, Tu igi mxolod mci-
rediT aRemateba mis enobriv kompe-
tencias.
N aRniSnuli hipoTezis kon-
teqstSi mniSvnelovania agreTve kra-
Senis mosazreba, rom maswavlebelma
enis Semswavlelis fokusireba gra-
matikuli konstruqciebis swavlebis
nacvlad, enis SemswavlelisTvis ga-
sageb sakomunikacio kodze unda
moaxdinos. mxolod am principebiT,
enobrivi Senatanis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi xdeba enis Semswavlelis
mier sakuTari azris sworad for-
mulireba da enis etapobrivi aTvise-
ba.
kraSeni Tvlis, rom enis Sems-
wavlelebi gadian erT-erT umniSv-
nelovanes fazas - ,,dumilis pe-
riods’’ (silent period), rodesac isini
cdiloben gaaZlieron sakuTari eno-
brivi kompetencia, sanam gadavlen
enis gamoyenebaze. Sesabamisad, mas-
wavleblebma unda gaiTvaliswinon
enis Semswavlelebis aRniSnuli `du-
milis periodi” da ar unda moaxdi-
non maTze zewola enis gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiT. `dumilis periodSi”
an arasakmarisi enobrivi kompeten-
ciis dros, rodesac enis Semswav-
lels Txoven enis gamoyenebas, enis
Semswavlelebi mimarTaven sakuTar
mSobliur enas da am enaSi arsebul
konstruqciebs, rac iZleva komunika-
ciis, magram ar iZleva meore enis
aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT progresi-
rebis saSualebas.
5.Eefeqturi filtris hipoTeza
M kraSenis mier SemoTavazebuli
mexuTe hipoTeza gaxlavT efeqturi
filtris hipoTeza. avtori efeqtur
filtrSi gulisxmobs enis aTvisebi-
saTvis iseT mniSvnelovan faqtorebs,
rogoricaa motivacia, Tavdajerebu-
loba, SiSi. TiToeuli am Sinagani
faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, sxva-
dasxva doneze xdeba enis aTviseba.
Sesabamisad, maswavlebelma unda
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
8
gaiTvaliswinos enis Semswavlelis
Sinagani filtris zemoT miTiTebuli
faqtorebi enis swavlebis procesSi.
kraSenis mier SemoTavazebuli
xuThipoTeziani Teoriis farglebSi,
meore enis aTvisebisa da swavlebis
TvalsazrisiT ramdenime mniSvnelo-
vani sakiTxi ikveTeba: (a) meore enas-
Tan mimarTebiT enis aTviseba ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre enis swavla (b)
enis aTvisebisaTvis mniSvnelovania
gaazrebuli Senatani, anu enis Sems-
wavlelis arsebul codnaze mxolod
mciredis damateba, rac ar gaarTu-
lebs komunikacias (anu +1-is princi-
pi); (g) enis aTvisebaze gavlenas ax-
dens Sinagani filtris iseTi faq-
torebi, rogoricaa motivacia, Tav-
dajerebuloba da SiSi. Sesabamisad,
maswavlebels udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba, raTa SeZlos enis Semswav-
lelis motivireba, Tavdajerebuli
gaxados enis Seswavlis mimarT da
moxsnas enis aTvisebisa da enis ga-
moyenebis mimarT SiSi.
sveinma sakuTar naSromebSi
1985 da 1993 wels ganavrco kraSenis
Teoria. sveinis azriT, enis
asaTviseblad mxolod enobrivi
gaazrebuli `Senatani~ (language input) ar aris sakmarisi. mniSvnelovania
`gaazrebuli enobrivi Sedegi~ (Comrehensible Output). am Teoriis
mixedviT, `ena aTvisebulia, `roca
Cven vlaparakobT am enaze.
Tavdapirvelad gvaqvs problemebi
Cveni azris gadmocemisas, magram
araerTi cdis Sedegad vaxerxebT
swori formebiTa da konstruqciebiT
komunikacias~ (kraSeni, 2004, gv. 4).
sveinis azriT, gaazrebuli enobrivi
Sedegi zogierT viTarebaSi ufro
metad uwyobs xels enis aTvisebas,
vidre `enobrivi Senatani~. jonsoni
(2004) miiCnevda, rom gaazrebuli
enobrivi Sedegis Teoria mniSv-
nelovania enis aTvisebisas, radgan
enis Semswavleli TvalnaTliv
amCnevs saubrisas sxvaobas, Tu risi
Tqma surda da risi Tqma SeZlo.
Sesabamisad, gaazrebuli enobrivi
Sedegi xels uwyobs enis Sems-
wavlels, gaiazros sakuTari
lingvisturi kompetencia, rac,
saboloo jamSi, saSualebas aZlevs
mas, meti Zalisxmeva mimarTos
enobrivi kompetenciebis im aspeq-
tebze, sadac problemebi da
xarvezebi misTvis TvalsaCinoa.
kraSenisa da sveinis kvalda-
kval, ganviTarda araerTi sxva
Teoriac, maT Soris, magaliTad,
longis `interaqciis hipoTeza~ da
van patenis `enobrivi Senatanis
procesirebis~ modeli. aRniSnuli
Teoriebi aqcents akeTebdnen enis
Seswavlis procesze da am procesSi
garemosa da kulturul aspeqtebs
aqcevdnen yuradRebas. im periodSi am
Teoriebma iseTi popularoba ver
moipova, rogorc kraSenis Teoriam,
Tumca dResdReobiT aRniSnuli
Teoriebi meore enis aTvisebis
Tanamedrove Teoriebis nawiladac
SeiZleba miviCnioT. Teoriebis,
romlebic enis Seswavlisas mTavar
aqcents akeTeben kulturul da
socialur aspeqtebze.
3. konstruqtivizmi / socialur-
kulturuli kognituri Teoriebi
konstruqtivizmis Teoria
meore enis swavlebisas mTlianad
efuZneba vigockis 1962 da 1978 wels
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
9
naSromebs da mis mier SemuSavebul
socio-kulturul Teorias. kons-
truqtivizmis mTavari idea, rom
moswavleebi TviTon ageben sakuTar
codnas informaciis aRmoCenis,
gardaqmnisa da gaTavisebis gziT.
vigocki mianiSnebda swavlis
socialur aspetze da miiCnevda, rom
moswavleebi swavloben
zrdasrulebTan da TanatolebTan
komunikaciisa da interaqciis
Sedegad (janaSia, 2009). vigockim
swavlebis sami midgoma Semoitana: (a)
Sinagani saubari; (b) skafoldingi;
(g) uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona.
Sinagani saubari - vigocki
miiCnevda, rom moswavleebi sakuTar
TavTan saubriT axdendnen codnis
gaTavisebas da mas moswavleebis mier
Sinagani saubari swavlebis procesis
mniSvnelovan aspeqtad miaCnda.
ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona -
ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona
gulisxmobs im moqmedebaTa da
amocanaTa erTobliobas, romelTa
Sesruleba bavSvs damoukideblad ar
SeuZlia, magram advilad axerxebs
TanatolebTan da mozrdil
adamianebTan interaqciisa da maTi
daxmarebis meSveobiT.
skafoldingi - skafoldingi
pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli
Sinagani saubrisa da ganviTarebis
uaxloes zonasTan da gulisxmobs
moswavlis mier codnis konstru-
irebas maswavleblis daxmarebiT,
rac mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
Seasrulos amocanebi da davalebebi
misi uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonis
farglebSi. vigockis Teorias
ramdenime mniSvnelovani aspeqti
axasiaTebs swavlis procesisTvis:
- moswavle TviTon agebs sakuTar
codnas;
- bavSvis swavlaze gavlenas
axdens garemo interaqcia,
romelic xels uwyobs
moswavlis kognitur ganviTa-
rebas;
- ganviTareba xdeba garemo
interaqciis Sedegad;
- bavSvis sakuTar TavTan
komunikacia xels uwyobs mis
kognitur ganviTarebas;
- ena da azrovneba viTardeba
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
da erTdroulad da saboloo
jamSi xdeba maTi Serwyma da
interaqcia;
vigocki seriozul yuradRebas
uTmobda sakuTari Teoriis
ganviTarebisas enobriv aspeqtebs.
vigockis azriT, enis swavla,
enobrivi kompetenciebis ganviTareba
da procesireba socialuri
interaqciis Sedegia da enis aTviseba
ufro advilad xdeba cxovrebiseul
situaciebSi, vidre saklaso oTaxSi.
Sesabamisad, vigocki Tvlida, rom
sxvadasxva socio-kulturuli
konteqsti ganapirobebda adamianis
mier enis aTvisebas Soris sxvaobas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom vigocki enas ar
miiCnevda ubralod miRebuli codnis
gamoxatulebad, igi Tvlida rom
enasa da azrovnebas Soris aris
mniSvnelovani kavSiri da ena
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
kognitur ganviTarebaSi.
vigockis ganviTarebis
uaxloesi zonis Teoriis meore enis
praqtikuli swavlebis kuTxiT
gamoyenebis mcdeloba hqonda
donatos (1998), romelmac ganaviTara
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
10
koleqtiuri skafoldingis midgoma.
donatos mixedviT, koleqtiuri
skafoldingi gulisxmobs Semswav-
lelTa jgufis mier erTmaneTis
daxmarebas da erTmaneTTan inter-
aqcias, rac ufro meti Sedegis
momtania, vidre maswavleblis,
mSoblis an am enaze molaparakis
daxmareba.
Kkognituri ganviTarebis
Teoriebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli
piaJec mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobda
Tavis naSromebSi enis aTvisebisa da
kognituri ganviTarebis sakiTxebs.
piaJe Tvlida, rom individis mier
enis aTviseba damokidebuli iyo mis
kognitur ganviTarebasa da inte-
leqtze. piaJes azriT, jer xdeboda
individis kognituri, xolo Semdgom
enobrivi kompetenciebis ganviTareba.
piaJe enis funqcias or nawilad
yofda: (a) enis egocentruli
funqcia; (b) enis socializaciis
funqcia. enis egocentruli da
socializaciis funqciebic, Tavis
mxriv, iyofoda qvesistemebad:
egocentruli funqcia socializaciis funqcia
1. gameoreba 1. informaciis adaptireba
2. monologi 2. kritika;
3. ormagi an koleqtiuri monologi 3. brZaneba
4. moTxovna da daSineba
5. kiTxva/pasuxi
piaJe miiCnevda, rom enis
aTviseba unda xdebodes realur
socialur da kulturul kon-
teqstSi. enis Semswavlelis mier
enis gamoyeneba problemebis mosag-
vareblad, socialuri interaqciis
dros, socialuri sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas aris mniSvnelovani
aspeqti enobrivi kompetenciebis
gansaviTareblad.
piaJes da vigockis enisa da
kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebs
Soris erTi mniSvnelovani gansxva-
vebaa. piaJe Tvlida, rom jer
xdeboda adamianis kognituri
ganviTareba da kognituri ganvi-
Tarebis Sesabamisad, enis aTviseba.
vigockis Teoriis Tanaxmad ki _
azrovnebisa da enis ganviTarebis
procesi erTdroulad mimdinareobs.
vigocki miiCnevda, rom socialuri
interaqcia iyo Tavad kognituri
ganviTarebis safuZvelic. piaJe
naklebad amaxvilebda yuradRebas
individis kognituri ganviTarebisa-
Tvis socialuri garemos mniSvne-
lobaze.
Mmeore enis aTvisebis socio-
kulturul Teoriebs Soris
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
mixeil baxtinis mosazrebebs.
baxtinis Teorias `antilingvustur~
Teoriasac uwodeben. miuxedavad
imisa, rom baxtinis Teoria
kritikulad iqna miRebuli, baxtini
iTvleba erT-erT udides moazrovned
me-20 saukuneSi da misma naSromma
safuZveli daudo araerTi axali
naSromis warmoSobasa da Zveli
naSromebis aqtualizacias.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
11
baxtinis naSromis saTaveebi
literaturuli Teoriidan modis da
enis koncefciebTan aris dakavSire-
buli. Mbaxtini amtkicebda, rom yve-
la ena socialur-ideologiuri fe-
nomenia da yofaSi mxolod socia-
luri interaqciis Sedegad warmoi-
Soba. Sesabamisad, ena socialur-
politikuri viTarebis dinamikisa da
specifiurobisgan ganuyofelia.
baxtinis naSromebi ar ganix-
ilavs lingvistikis formas, rogorc
fonologiis, sintaqsiis da leqsikis
abstraqtul sistemas. baxtinisaTvis
mniSvnelovania socialuri, kultu-
ruli da politikuri konteqsti enis
aTvisebisTvis da meorexarisxovani _
enis lingvisturi konstruqciebi.
jonsonma Tavis publikaciaSi
2004 wels baxtinis Teoriis meore
enis aTvisebasTan dakavSireba scada.
jonsons miaCnda, rom miuxedavad
baxtinis Teoriis sakamaTo xasiaTi-
sa, man ufro farTo gasaqani misca
vigockis enis aTvisebis Teorias da
misi aqtualizacia axal WrilSi
moaxdina. amasTanave, jonsoni aRniS-
navda, rom enis mniSvneloba kogni-
turi ganviTarebisTvis ar aris
srulyofili, Tu is garkveul so-
cialur koncefciaSi enobriv aspeq-
tebs ar Seiswavlis.
daskvna
meore enis swavleba axali
dargia saqarTvelos realobaSi.
qarTulis, rogorc meore enis
saswavlo gegmaze muSaoba mxolod
2005 wlidan daiwyo. samecniero da
kvleviTi TvalsazrisiT, am
mimarTulebiT aqtiurobac mxolod
amis Semdeg gaxda SesamCnevi rogorc
arasamTavrobo, agreTve umaRlesi
saganmanaTleblo da kvleviTi
dawesebulebebis mxridan. Sesabami-
sad, meore enis aTvisebis
TvalsazrisiT mwyobri da erTiani
Teoriuli mimoxilva ar arsebobs.
Sesabamisad, meore enis maswavleb-
lebisTvis xelmiuwvdomelia aRniS-
nuli Teoriebi da maT mier ar xdeba
maTi gaazreba da praqtikaSi
gamocda. mniSvnelovania am
Teoriebis praqtikuli Sedegi da
saklaso sivrcesTan am Teoriebis
dakavSireba. Semdgomi statiis
mizani, romelic, savaraudod,
Jurnalis Semdgom nomerSi
gamoqveyndeba, swored meore enis
swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoriebis
praqtikuli gamoZaxilis analizs
mieZRvneba.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
12
literatura
brauni, 2000 - Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (4th ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman.
brauni, 2001 - Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pe-dagogy (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman.
donato, 1998 - Donato, R. (1998). Collective scaffolding in second language learning. In J. P. Lantolf & G. Appel (Eds.), Vygotskian approaches to second language research (pp.33-56).
vaiTi, 1981 - White, L. (1981). The responsibility of grammatical theory to acquisitional data. In N. Hornstein & D. Lightfoot (Eds.). Explanation in linguistics: The logical problem of language ac-quisition (pp 241-271). London, UK: Longman.
vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mental development of children and the process of learning (M. Lopez Morillas, trans.). In M. Cole, V. John-steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.),
vigocki, 1962 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. In M. Cole, V. vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological
processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. kozulini, 2002 - Kozulin, A. (2002). Sociocultural theory and mediated learning experience. School
of Psychology International, 23, 7-35. korderi, 1967 - Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learner’s errors. International Review of
Applied Linguistics, 5 (4), 162-170. kraSeni, 1977 - Krashen, S. (1977). The monitor model for adult second language performance. In
M.Burt, H. Dulay & M Finocchiaro (Eds.), Viewpoints on English as a Second Language (pp. 152-161). New York: Regents
kraSeni, 1981 - Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Ox-ford, UK: Pergamon Press.
kraSeni, 1982 - Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford, UK:Pergamon Press.
kraSeni, 1985 - Krashen, S. (1985). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. London, UK: Longman.
kraSeni, 1992 - Krashen, S. (1992). Under what conditions, if any , should formal grammar instruction take place? TESOL Quarterly, 26, 409-411.
kraSeni, 1994 - Krashen, S. (1994). The effect of formal grammar teaching: Still peripheral. TESOL Quarterly, 27, 722-725.
kraSeni, 1997 - Krashen, S. (1997). Foreign Language Education: The Easy Way. Culver City, CA: Language Education Association.
kraSeni, 2004 - Krashen, S. (2004). Why Support a delayed-gratification approach to language educa-tion? The Language Teacher, 28 (7), 3-7.
kuminsi, 2006 - Cummins, J. (2006). BICS and CALP. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.iteachilearn.com/cummins/bicscalp.html
lado, 1957 - Lado, R. (1957). Linguistic Across Cultures: Applied Linguistic for Language Teachers. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
piaJe, 2002 - Piaget, J. (2002). The language and thought of the child. In B. M. Power & R. S.Hubbard (Eds), Language development: a reader for teachers (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
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sveini, 1993 - Swain, M. (1993). The output hypothesis: Just speaking and writing aren’t enough. Ca-nadian Modern Language Review, 50, 158-164.
xomski, 1959 - Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior. Language, 35, 26-58. xomski, 1965 - Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T Press.
Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (pp.20-32). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
janaSia, n., imedaZe, n., gorgaZe, s., (2009) ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris gamocema.
jonsoni, 2004 - Johnson, M. (2004). A philosophy of Second Language Acquisition. New Harven, CT: Yale University Press
Shalva Tabatadze, Irina Shubitidze
Theories of Second Language Acquisition Theories
ABSTRACT
The article reviews theories of second language acquisition (SLA) and learning. The second language theory is a new discipline in science and research. The development of the field started only in the end of 50st of the 20th century. The article reviews the theories of second language acquisition in the context of three major scientific research traditions, which have deeply influenced all theories and methods of SLA acquisition. “(a)structuralism or descriptive behaviorism, (b) rationalism and cognitive psychology, and(c) constructivism” (Brown, 2000, p. 12). The review of theories of second will assist teachers to analyse their practical experience and use the practical implications of Second Language Acquistion Theories in classroom setting.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
14
alan kroufordi
paata papava
meore enis aTvisebisa da kiTxvis swavlebis strategiebi dawyebiT fazaze
abstraqti
saqarTveloSi bi/multilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis
danergvis gzaze metad mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
gamocdilebis gaziareba da rogorc mecnieruli kvlevis, ise
programebisa da proeqtebis praqtikuli Sedegebis gacnoba.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada
wignierebis ganviTarebisadmi midgomebma rogorc mSobliur, ise
meore enaze. gafarTovda da gamdidrda efeqturi saswavlo
strategiebisa da resursebis maragi. winamdebare statiaSi Cven
mimovixilavT meore enis aTvisebasa da wignierebis ganviTarebasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. aseve, warmovadgenT ramdenime praqtikul
strategias, romelTa gamoyeneba sagrZnoblad aCqarebs da
aadvilebs kiTxvis unarisa da wignierebis ganviTarebas
moswavleebSi.
zogierTi sabaziso debuleba meore
enis aTvisebis Taobaze
Tavdapirvelad SevexebiT meore
enis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebul im
konceptualur aspeqtebs, romlebic
myar safuZvels uqmnis kiTxvisa da
weris swavleba-swavlis process
dawyebiT safexurze.
• Cven iseve vswavlobT meore
enas, rogorc mSobliurs.
bavSvebi advilad euflebian
mSobliur enas gramatikuli
struqturebis gacnobierebis
gareSe. analogiurad, bavS-
vebs SeuZliaT meore enis
aTviseba gramatikis Seswav-
lis gareSe.
• bavSvebi gadian e. w. „du-
milis periods“. am periodSi
isini ismenen, magram ar
metyveleben. Tumca, es
srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom am
periodSi isini ar swavloben.
enis Seswavla gacilebiT
ufro efeqturi da swrafi
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
15
iqneba, Tu bavSvs dasaw-
yisSive gamarTuli formebiT
saubars ar mosTxoven.
• bavSvebi Secdomebs uSveben
meore enis producirebis
(calkeuli frazebis gamo-
Tqmisa da laparakis) dros.
am Secdomebis Sesworeba ar
aris mizanSewonili. sinamdvi-
leSi Cven saqme gvaqvs ara
„SecdomebTan“, aramed jer
kidev dasaxvew, gasamarT
formebTan, rac Tavad
moswavlis aqtiurobasa da
dros moiTxovs.
• moswavleebi enas iTviseben
maSin, roca usmenen da
cdiloben, gaigon. laparakis
dros swavla ar mimdi-
nareobs.
zemoT moyvanil konceptualur
debulebebs, meore enis aTvisebis
komunikaciur midgomasa da swavleba-
swavlis konstruqtivistul para-
digmas Seesabameba iseTi saswavlo
strategiebi, rogoricaa: bunebrivi
midgoma da sruli fizikuri reaqcia.
bunebrivi midgoma metad
efeqturi strategiaa. misi gamoyeneba
advilad aris SesaZlebeli garemoSi
arsebuli realuri nivTebiT, xelT
arsebuli TvalsaCinoebebiT, ilus-
traciebiT da sxv. igi ar moiTxovs
ZviradRirebul saswavlo resursebs
da wignebs. gakveTilis Sinaarsi
saintereso Temebis garSemo aigeba
da ara gramatikuli elementebis
mixedviT. aseTi Temebis magaliTebia:
ferebi, sakvebi, megobrebi, samuSao
da sxv. moswavleebs da maswav-
leblebs erTad SeuZliaT
saintereso Temebis mofiqreba.
bunebrivi midgoma sami ZiriTadi
safexurisagan Sedgeba.
pirveli safexuria sruli
fizikuri reaqcia. am fazaze
moswavleebi ismenen SekiTxvebs da
miTiTebebs. moswavle miniSnebiT,
SexebiTa da sxva fizikuri
moZraobiT gamoxatavs imas, rom
gaigo maswavleblis naTqvami. am
etapze moswavleebi ar saubroben. es
safexuri ramdenime kviris ganmav-
lobaSi grZeldeba, sanam bavSvi
erTsityvian pasuxebs gamoTqvams.
sruli fizikuri reaqciis magaliTebi:
maswavlebeli moswavle maCvene lurji wigni. awevs lurj wigns. giyvars kanfeti? Tavs daaqnevs.
Tu xedav karadas, fexze adeqi. fexze dgeba.
Tu banani wiTelia, awie xeli. xels ar wevs.
bunebrivi midgomis meore
safexuria adreuli producireba.
am safexurze bavSvebi „diax“ an
„ara“ pasuxebs gamoTqvamen. aseve,
pasuxoben erTi an ori sityviT.
meore safexuri kvirebis
ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. safexuris
dasasruls bavSvebi mokle fra-
zebiTa da winadadebebiT iwyeben
laparaks.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
16
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
17
SekiTxvis nimuSebi pasuxis nimuSebi
gaqvs fanqari? diax.
wiTeli ufro mogwons Tu
yviTeli?
wiTeli.
CanTa skamzea Tu magidaze? magidaze.
rZe aris .......................... . TeTri.
ra aqvs levans? ori kalami.
ra dalie diliT? Cai.
mesame safexuri aris adreuli
metyveleba. am safexurze moswav-
leebi mokle winadadebebiT
pasuxoben, Tumca zogierT sityvas
gamotoveben xolme. marTalia, bevr
Secdomas uSveben, magram maTi
gamonaTqvamebis azri gasagebia. metad
mniSvnelovania, rom am fazaze
Secdomebi ar SevusworoT, vinaidan
isini TviTon gauCinardeba aqtiuri
swavlis procesSi.
Tu maswavlebeli ramdenime Tvis
ganmavlobaSi intensiurad gamo-
iyenebs bunebrivi midgomisa da
sruli fizikuri reaqciis
strategiebs, moswavleebi kargad
moemzadebian kiTxvisa da weris
unarebis asaTvisebeli aqtivo-
bebisTvis.
kiTxvis swavleba ucxo/meore enaze
es qveTavi ZiriTadad kiTxvis
swavlebas Seexeba. pirvel rigSi,
gavixsenoT, Tu ra viciT kiTxvis
swavlebisa da swavlis Sesaxeb?
Cven mxolod erTxel
vswavlobT kiTxvas.
- mniSvnelovania, rom moswavlem
Tavdapirvelad mSobliur enaze
iswavlos kiTxva da wera.
- amis paralelurad, moswavles
SeuZlia mosmena da laparaki
meore enaze.
- amis Semdeg moswavle gacilebiT
advilad da swrafad eufleba
kiTxvas da weras.
- kiTxvis unarebis umravlesoba
erT enaSi igivea, rac meore
enaSi.
- kiTxvis unarebi erTi enidan
meoreSi gadadis.
- igive exeba weris unarebsac.
moswavleebi TviTon gadaitanen
kiTxvisa da weris unarebs. Cveni
amocanaa, davexmaroT moswavleebs
imis gagebaSi, rasac kiTxuloben.
- am procesis dasawyebad
saukeTeso meTodia enobrivi
praqtikis midgoma.
- moswavleebi ufro swrafad
SeZleben meore enaze kiTxvas, Tu
Tavdapirvelad mSobliur enaze
kiTxvas iswavlian.
18
komunikaciuri midgomis gamoyeneba
meore enaze werisa da kiTxvis
swavleba-swavlis procesSi
arcTu didi xnis win
iTvleboda, rom bavSvebs ar unda
daewyoT kiTxvisa da weris Seswavla
meore enaze manam, sanam mosmena-
gagebisa da metyvelebis unarebs
garkveul doneze ar daeuflebodnen.
sinamdvileSi, meore enaze kiTxvisa
da weris procesi SeiZleba daiwyos
enis aTvisebis adreul etapzeve,
gansakuTrebiT meore enis im
SemswavlelTaTvis, romlebic ukve
weren da kiTxuloben mSobliur
enaze. metic, wera-kiTxvis codnas
SeuZlia mniSvnelovani roli
iTamaSos meore enis yvela
komponentis Seswavlis procesSi
(kraSeni da tereli).
kavSiri axali enis
komunikaciuri gziT aTvisebasa
(acquisition) da wignierebas Soris
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
konstruqtivistul paradigmaSi.
gudmani (1986) ganixilavs enisa da
wignierebis dauflebis process,
rogorc mTlianidan nawilisaken
moZraobas. igi ZiriTad aqcents
realur garemoSi avTenturi enis
gamoyenebaze akeTebs. Smiti (1995)
kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs avTenturobas, acxadebs ra,
rom `wigniereba warmoadgens
socialur fenomens. calkeuli
pirovnebebi xdebian wignierebi ara
imis gamo, rom isini oficialurad
iReben ganaTlebas, aramed iqidan
gamomdinare, ris Sesaxebac isini
kiTxuloben da weren da vis Sesaxeb
kiTxuloben da weren”.
konstruqtivistuli paradigmis
aRniSnuli konceptebi srul
SesabamisobaSia meore enis swav-
lebis komunikaciuri midgomis
principebTan. ganvixiloT kiTxvisa
da weris meTodebi/strategiebi,
romlebic xels uwyobs meore enis
aTvisebas aRniSnuli perspeqtivis
farglebSi.
wera-kiTxvis adreuli gamocdileba
da misi mniSvneloba
meore enis SemswavlelTa
umetesobas adreuli asakidan ukve
gaaCnia enis bunebrivad aTvisebis
met-naklebi gamocdileba. rogorc
Sin, ise garemomcvel TemSi, bavSvebi
yoveldRiurad xvdebian sxvadasxva
SefuTuli produqtis etiketebs,
abrebs, satelevizio warwerebs,
avtomobilis brendebs da a. S. isini
xedaven, rogor kiTxuloben ojaxSi
ufrosebi, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki
maTac ukiTxaven. TandaTanobiT
bavSvi acnobierebs, rom, rogorc
mSobliur, ise sxva enebze arsebuli
nabeWdi Tu dawerili teqstebi
sityviT gamoxatul azrs
warmoadgens.
ucxo/meore enis Semswavlel
klasSi mravalferovani nabeWdi /
dawerili teqstebiT gamdidrebul
garemos didi mniSvneloba aqvs
kiTxvis swavlisaTvis saWiro
resursebis uzrunvelsayofad. meore
enis Semswavlelebs ar sWirdebaT
calkeuli asoebis dasaxelebis an
bgerasa da asos Soris Sesa-
tyvisobis codna imisaTvis, rom
amoicnon da isaubron etiketis,
sakuTari saxelis an sxva avTenturi
teqstis Sesaxeb. saklaso oTaxSi
teqstebTan Sexeba garkveulad
anazRaurebs iqamde ararsebul an
arasakmaris gamocdilebas.
sakvanZo leqsika da enobriv
praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvis
procesi
tereli (1981) gvirCevs, rom
bunebrivi midgomis gamoyenebis
garkveul etapze saubris dros
gamoTqmuli sakvanZo sityvebi
carciT daiweros dafaze an baraTis
saxiT gaikras kedelze (mniSv-
nelovania, rom moswavleebi
mSobliur enaze ukve werdnen da
kiTxulobdnen). rogorc zemoT
vTqviT, bunebrivi midgomiT muSaobis
adreul etapze moswavleebi sakuTar
azrebs erTi an ori sityvis
meSveobiT gamoxataven. amasTan, isini
im sakvanZo leqsikuri erTeulebis
kiTxvasac iwyeben, romlebic
Casawerad TviTonve miawodes
maswavlebels sakuTari azrebis
gamoxatvisas.
sityvis daweris Semdeg
moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT,
gamoTqvan am sityvebTan dakavSi-
rebuli Tematuri frazebi (mag.
sakvebis, megobris, ojaxis wevrTa
saqmianobis Sesaxeb).
aseve efeqturia TiToeuli
moswavlis mier sakvanZo
leqsikonidan iseTi sityvis amorCeva,
romelic misTvis gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa. mas Semdeg, rac
moswavle uCvenebs sityvas,
maswavlebeli iwers mas sakvanZo
sityvebis wignSi da aseve wers am
sityvasTan dakavSirebul winada-
debas an frazas, romelsac mas
moswavle karnaxobs. Semdeg moswavle
ukiTxavs mis mier nakarnaxev frazas
maswavlebels da akeTebs mis
ilustracias. sabolood, moswavle
wers sityvas da winadadebas. es
gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo
strategiaa im etapze, roca
moswavleebi axal anbans iTviseben.
mSobliur enaze werisa da
kiTxvis codna sasurveli
safuZvelia, romelsac mogvianebiT
unda daeyrdnos wera-kiTxvis
Seswavla meore enis aTvisebis dros.
kvleva da praqtika cxadyofs, rom
wera-kiTxvis sabaziso unar-Cvevebi
moswavles mSobliuri enidan meore
enis aTvisebis procesSi gadaaqvs
maSinac ki, rodesac meore enis
anbani mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
mSobliuri enis anbanisagan.
ukve arsebuli enobrivi
gamocdilebis gamoyeneba meore enis
Seswavlis dros warmoadgens
moswavlis stimulirebis SesaniSnav
gzas, raTa mas gauCndes daintereseba
nabeWdi masalisadmi (mustafa da
fenrouzi, 1985; neseli da ounsi, 1981;
diqsoni da neseli, 1983). enobrivi
praqtikis meTodis gamoyeneba
exmareba moswavles meore enaze
dawerili imgvari teqstebis
gagebaSi, romelTa sirTule
damoukidebeli kiTxvis dones
aRemateba.
mas Semdeg, rac maswavlebeli
xmamaRla waikiTxavs an moyveba
moTxrobas, moswavleebi Tavad
yvebian ambavs, maswavlebeli ki
dafaze an didi formatis qaRaldze
wers nakarnaxev teqsts. pekis (1989)
TvalsazrisiT, es aqtivoba exmareba
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
19
moswavleebs, gaiumjobeson moTxro-
bis struqturis gagebis unari.
karnaxis procesSi dawerili teqsti
saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs,
gaiazron misi Sinaarsi, isaubron
nawarmoebze da, amave dros, eziaron
mis kulturul aspeqtebs.
mokle moTxrobebis (ambebis)
gamoyenebis Semdeg maswavlebeli
sTavazobs moswavleebs, rom
karnaxisaTvis gamoiyenon ilustra-
ciebi, realuri nivTebi da sxva
resursebi. sasurvelia, rom
saswavlo aqtivobas daematos
ramdenime komponenti, magaliTad _
arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba, weris
miznisa da auditoriis gansazRvra.
aseve sasargebloa naweris Sesaxeb
msjeloba, teqstis redaqtireba da
SemdgomSi moswavleebis mier weris
procesis damoukideblad warmarTva.
erToblivi kiTxva
kiTxvis swavlis adreul
safexurze kidev erT efeqtur
formas warmoadgens didi wignis
wakiTxva. saubaria wignebze,
romlebic mkafio qargazea agebuli
da enobriv formebs araerTxel
imeorebs. Tavdapirvelad, teqsts
maswavlebeli ukiTxavs bavSvebs,
Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebTan
erTad kiTxulobs, bolos ki -
mxolod moswavleebi kiTxuloben. am
aqtivobis dasawyisSi sasurvelia
ilustraciebis daTvaliereba da
mimoxilviTi saubari. msgavsi
wignebis gamoyeneba maswavlebels
aZlevs kiTxvis procesis modeli-
rebis saSualebas imgvarad, rom
moswavleebs Tavad SeeZlebaT
daakvirdnen, Tu ras gaakeTeben amave
teqstis damoukideblad wakiTxvis
dros. garda amisa, moswavleebi
iwyeben nacnob teqstSi asoebsa da im
bgerebs Soris Sesabamisobis
dadgenas, romlebsac kiTxvis dros
gamoTqvamen (holdavei, 1979).
linCis (1986) mixedviT, erTob-
livi kiTxvis procesi iwyeba
saubriT wignis Sesaxeb im leqsi-
kuri erTeulebis gamoyenebiT,
romlebic ukve aTvisebulia.
erToblivi kiTxva mniSvnelovani
instrumentia leqsikuri maragisa da
zogadad, sabaziso codnis
gasamdidreblad. meore enis
Semswavlelebi ufro xSirad arian
iseTi ojaxebidan, sadac nabeWdi
masala ufro naklebadaa, an sadac
mSobliur enaze werisa da kiTxvis
unari SeiZleba SezRuduli iyos.
moswavleebi erTad aTvaliereben
wignis garekans da ilustraciebs.
maswavlebeli exmareba maT azrebis
gamoxatvaSi. moswavleebi acnobiere-
ben, rom SeuZliaT gamoTqvan varaudi
imis safuZvelze, rac ukve ician.
maswavleblis mier teqstis kiTxvis
paralelurad, isini akeTeben
komentarebs da cdiloben ipovon
paralelebi gamoTqmul varaudebsa
da moTxrobaSi ganviTarebul
movlenebs Soris.
bevri maswavlebeli fiqrobs,
Tu rogor SeZleben moswavleebi
didi wignis kiTxvis dawyebas manam,
sanam dekodirebas anu sityvebis
gaSifvras iswavlian. Smitis
mixedviT, didi wignis jer
maswavleblis mier, Semdeg ki
erToblivad wakiTxva moswavleebSi
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
20
zrdis warmatebis gancdas da
Tavdajerebulobas. Sedegad, isini
cdiloben, meti sizustiTa da
mondomebiT waikiTxon teqsti. roca
moswavleebi jgufurad ukiTxaven
maswavlebels teqsts, es kidev ufro
meti warmatebis grZnobas badebs,
radgan calkeul Secdomebs yurad-
Reba aRar eqceva. moswavleebs
saSualeba eZlevaT, Tavad Seasworon
sakuTari Secdomebi da naklebi
SfoTviT gaagrZelon kiTxva.
kiTxvis procesSi moswavleebi
iwyeben imis dadgenas, Tu teqstis
romeli nawili gadmoscems moTxro-
bis ama Tu im epizods. garda amisa,
isini iwyeben maTTvis saintereso
sityvebis amocnobas, romlebic ufro
xSirad Cndeba furclebze.
aRniSnuli sityvebi aucileblad
advilad wasakiTxi sityvebi ar aris.
moswavles uadvildeba maTi
amocnoba imis gamo, rom interess
iwvevs. iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa
„behemoTi“ an „vardisferi“ _
SeiZleba ufro advilad amosacnobi
da dasamaxsovrebeli aRmoCndes
meore an mesame wakiTxvisas, vidre
iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa „albaT“
an „isev“. linCis (1986) mixedviT,
nacnobi moTxrobebis gameoreba
moswavleebisTvis damRleli ar aris
da xels uwyobs kiTxvaSi swrafi
warmatebis miRwevas.
leqsikis ganviTareba
rodesac moswavleebi kiTxu-
loben meore enaze, mwiri leqsikuri
maragi yvelaze did dabrkolebas
uqmnis teqstis gagebas. es problema
mSobliuri enis aTvisebis drosac
aqtualuria, radgan moswavles
xSirad ar gaaCnia sakmarisi
leqsikuri da akademiuri codna
gonebaSi azris konstruirebisaTvis.
ganvixiloT leqsikis ganviTa-
rebis ori mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
erTi aris mdidari enobrivi garemo.
Cven viciT, rom adamianebi ukeT
swavloben sityvebs, rodesac maTi
aTviseba zedmiwevniT konsteqstua-
lizebul garemoSi mimdinareobs da
ara ganyenebulad. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, rac ufro mdidaria enobrivi
garemo, miT ukeTesi iqneba
konteqstSi aRqmuli leqsikuri
erTeulebis wvdoma da maTi
mniSvnelobis gageba, rasac Sedegad
maTi gamoyenebac mosdevs.
Cven xSirad Tavs vikavebT
xolme meore enis Semswavlele-
bisaTvis instruqtaJebis micemisgan
iseT sagnebSi, sadac SeTavazebulia
maRali konteqstualuri formebi -
mecnierebaSi, socialur mecniere-
bebSi, xelovnebaSi, musikaSi da
saswavlo programis sxva sferoebSi.
kroufordis (1993) mixedviT, Cven
unda davrwmundeT, rom saswavlo
gegmis aRniSnuli sferoebi meore
enis Semswavlelebs miewodebaT
konteqstualizebuli formiT da
mdidari leqsikiT. swavleba mocemul
sagnebSi unda moicavdes erToblivi
/ jgufuri swavlis meTodebs,
problemebis gadaWras da leqsikuri
maragis gamdidrebaze orientirebul
sxva strategiebs.
fonuri codnis gasaaqtiure-
beli an gansaviTarebeli bevri
rekomendebuli strategia swored
leqsikuri erTeulebis swavlebas
ukavSirdeba. semantikuri sqema
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
21
warmoadgens erT-erT aseT
strategias, magram misi gamoyeneba
unda Semoifarglos sakvanZo da
konceptualurad Zneli leqsikis
swavlebisaTvis. sxvagvarad, kiTxvi-
saTvis mcire dro dagvrCeba.
metad produqtulia SerCeuli
literaturuli nawarmoebis naxev-
rad xmamaRali an maRali xmiT
winaswari wakiTxva. amis Semdeg
maswavlebels SeuZlia mokled
axsnas zogierTi sityva. axali
leqsikuri erTeulebi warmodgenili
unda iyos konteqstTan kavSirSi.
garda amisa, maswavlebelma unda
ubiZgos moswavleebs, gamoTqvan
azrebi, vinaidan jgufSi vinmes
aucileblad eqneba garkveuli codna
axali sityvis Sesaxeb. zogjer
sityvebis mniSvnelobis axsnisTvis
SeiZleba darTuli ilustraciebis
mixedviT, TvalsaCinoebebis an
maswavleblis mier momzadebuli sxva
masalis gamoyenebiT.
weris procesi
enis swavlebisa da
aTvisebisadmi konstruqtivistuli
midgomis ZiriTad princips
warmoadgens mosmenis, saubris, kiT-
xvis da weris urTierTgadajaW-
vuloba. hadelsonis SexedulebiT,
meore enis Semswavlelebi aRniSnul
oTx komponents erTianobaSi
aRiqvamen da ara rogorc
damoukidebel fenomenebs (hadel-
sonis 1984). ficjeraldis mixedviT,
wera bavSvis cxovrebaSi sakmaod
adreul asakSi iwyeba. amitom ar
aris saWiro, dekodirebis unaris
ganviTarebas davelodoT (fic-
jeraldi, 1993). rasakvirvelia, es
mosazreba SegviZlia meore enis
Semswavlelebzec ganvavrcoT. maT
esaWiroebaT waxaliseba, raTa meore
enaze wera rac SeiZleba adre
daiwyon, gansakuTrebiT im
SemTxvevaSi, roca mSobliur enaze
weris sabaziso unari ukve
Camoyalibebuli aqvT. Secdomebs,
romlebsac isini weris dros
uSveben, iseve unda mivudgeT,
rogorc saubris dros daSvebul
Secdomebs. pirdapiri Casworebebis
nacvlad, SegviZlia swori formebis
miwera, raTa moswavlem TandaTa-
nobiT daxvewos naweri.
mokle reziume da daskvna
bunebrivi midgoma warmoadgens
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebul
komunikaciur midgomas. am midgomis
farglebSi minimumamde aris
dayvanili yvelanairi saxis
Sesworeba da gramatikuli
konvenciebis pirdapiri swavleba.
bunebrivi midgoma gulisxmobs
imgvari saswavlo garemos Seqmnas,
romelic hgavs mSobliuri enis
aTvisebis garemos. igi Tanabrad
efeqturia patara bavSvebis,
mozardebis Tu zrdasrulTa
swavlebisaTvis.
roca moswavle enis codnis
Sualedur dones miaRwevs,
SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva sagnis
meore enaze swavlebis dawyeba e. w.
„meurveobiTi“ swavlebis gziT.
aRniSnuli tipis swavlebisas
ZiriTadi orientirebia: gagebis
miRweva-SenarCuneba, maswavleblis
mier mowodebuli masalis dozireba
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
22
da araverbaluri enis, damxmare
masalebis da ilustraciebis
intensiuri gamoyeneba. Sedegad
viRebT swraf progress meore enis
leqsikuri maragis aTvisebasa da,
zogadad, akademiur miRwevebSi.
aRniSnuli amocanebis Sesas-
ruleblad moswavleebi droulad
unda daeuflon meore enaze kiTxvas
da weras specialuri strategiebis
meSveobiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
intensiur komunikacias da gagebazea
fokusirebuli. konstruqtivistuli
pozicia kiTxvis swavlebis Sesaxeb
srul SesabamisobaSia meore enis
swavlebis komunikaciur midgomasTan.
igi emyareba avTentur, funqciur
enas, mniSvnelobis konstruirebas,
mTlianidan nawilze gadasvlas da,
amasTan erTad, moswavlezea orien-
tirebuli.
literatura
aSeri, 1982 - Asher, J. J. (1982). The total physical response approach. In R. W. Blair (Ed.), Inno-vative approaches to language teaching (pp. 54-66). Rowley, MA, USA: Newbury House.
iunesko, 1953 - The use of vernacular languages in education. Paris, France: UNESCO. iunesko, 1992 - Language policy, literacy, and culture: Round table. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Education. kraSeni, 1982 - Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition.
London, UK: Pergamon Press. kraSeni, 1983 - Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. D. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition
in the classroom. New York, NY, USA: Pergamon/Alemany. kroufordi, 1993 -Crawford, A. N. (1993). Literature, integrated language arts, and the language
minority child: A focus on meaning. In A. Carrasquillo and C. Hedley (Eds.), Whole Language and the Bilingual Learner (pp. 61-75). Norwood, NJ, USA: Ablex.
kroufordi, 1994 - Crawford, A. N. (1994). Communicative approaches to second language ac-quisition: From oral language development into the core curriculum and L2 literacy. In C. F. Leyba (Ed.), Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical frame-work (2nd ed., pp. 79-131). Los Angeles: Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center, California State University, Los Angeles.
kroufordi, 1995 - Crawford, A. N. (Ed.) (1995). A Practical Guidebook for Adult Literacy Pro-grammes in Developing Nations. Paris: UNESCO.
kuminsi, 1986 - Cummins, J. (1986) Empowering minority students: A framework for intervention. Harvard Educational Review, 56, 18-36.
papava, 2008 - paata papava. konstruqtivistuli, mTlianobiTi da avTenturi midgomebis upiratesoba meore enis aTvisebis procesSi. statiebis krebuli: saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi. gamomcemloba „saimedo“. 2008.
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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
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Alan Crawford, Paata Papava
Second Language Acquistion and Reading Strategies on Primary Stage of language Acquisition
ABSTRACT
It is important that teachers in Georgian bilingual schools have access to the information and resources that are widely used in different programs around the world. This article provides information about communicative approaches and instructional strategies for teaching reading in a second language that prove to be successful in many countries. First, we should go back to what research and practice tells about second language acquisi-tion. We learn a second language in the same way as we learn our mother tongue. Children easily learn their mother tongue without learning grammar. They can also learn a second language without learning grammar. In the first stage of second language acquisition child-ren go through a silent period. They listen, but they do not speak. They are learning during this period. They learn faster when they don't have to speak correctly at the beginning. Children will make mistakes in their second language, which should not be corrected. They make mistakes because their language is not mature. Children are learning when they are listening and understanding, not when they are talking. The natural approach (Krashen and Terrell, 1983) is a very effective communicative ap-proach for teaching a second language. Teachers do not need expensive materials and books. They can teach with real objects and illustrations they already have. The topics of lessons are themes, not grammatical elements. Teachers and children can choose themes of interest together. The natural approach has three stages: First stage is comprehension or total physical re-sponse (TPR). In this stage, children listen to questions and commands. They show that they understand what the teacher says by pointing, touching, and other physical actions. They do not need to speak. The first stage continues for several weeks until children begin to respond with one-word answers. Second stage is early production. In this stage, children begin to respond with yes or no. They give answers of one or two words. The second stage continues for many weeks. Then children will begin to answer with phrases and short sentences. Third stage is the emergence of speech. In this stage, children begin to answer with short sentences. They leave out some words. They make many mistakes, but we can understand what they mean. We do not correct their mistakes. The mistakes will go away as the child-
ren learn more. There are several other effective TPR strategies that are easily applied to small groups or to an entire class. The TPR approach can reach high levels of language. What are some basic do we know about literacy in a second language? We only learn to read once. First, we should learn to read and write in our mother tongue. We can also learn to speak and understand a second language. Then, we can learn to read and write in the second language very quickly. Most reading skills in one language are the same in a second language. Reading skills transfer from one language to another. Many writing skills do, too. Children will transfer skills themselves. We need to help them understand what they read in the second language. Children can begin learning to read and write in the second language, too. The language experience approach is the best way to start. They will learn faster if they learn to read in the mother tongue first. When second language learners have intermediate second language proficiency, they should have access to the basic curriculum through careful application of communicative approach strategies in sheltered second language instruction. The focus of this instruction should be on maintaining comprehension through the pacing of teacher input and through the extensive use of nonverbal language, illustrations and other visual aids. This instruction results in rapid increase in second language vocabulary. At an appropriate time, second language learners should receive instruction in second lan-guage reading and writing through strategies that ensure continued comprehension and communication. When second language learners read in their second language, the lack of vocabulary knowledge is often an obstacle to comprehension. A constructivist view of read-ing instruction is very consistent with communicative approaches to second language ac-quisition. It focuses on the construction of meaning, proceeding from whole to part, it treats authentic, relevant, and functional language, and it is student centered. In the early stages of literacy, teachers will find that the key-vocabulary and language ex-perience approaches can provide second language learners with access to print that is con-sistent with their stage of production. When they are able to begin reading simple text, we should provide scaffolding through prereading activities that develop background know-ledge and vocabulary. In addition, background knowledge they develop from the basic cur-riculum in the primary language provides a strong base for learning to read in the second language.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
25
nino popiaSvili
bilingvuri ganaTleba identobis diskursSi
(sabWoTa da postsabWoTa gamocdileba)
abstraqti
bilingvuri ganaTleba srulad cvlis adamians, ayalibebs mis
fsiqologias da mimarTebebs. cnobilia, rom bilingvuri /
multikulturuli ganaTlebis dros pirovneba ecnoba da iyenebs
sxva enidan Semosul kulturas. es ki adamianSi qmnis axal,
damatebiT identobas.
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirobebSi bilingvuri ganaTleba
qmnida sabWour identobas. rusuli ena, rogorc meore, xolo zog
SemTxvevaSi ki _ pirveli ena, imdenad mniSvnelovani da
savaldebulo iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval zogierT
qveyanaSi Tu eTnikur jgufSi dRemde inarCunebs Zvel gavlenas.
postsabWoTa periodSi SeiniSneboda identobis krizisi, romelic
bilingvur ganaTlebasTanac iyo uSualo kavSirSi.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis, ro-
gorc cnebisa da procesis Sesaxeb,
mravali mosazreba gamoikveTa. Tavad
termini `bilingvuri ganaTleba~
araerTmniSvnelovania da amitomac
misi ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs.
erTi gagebiT, bilingvuri ganaTleba
gulisxmobs mSobliuri enidan meore
enaze, ZiriTadad _ saxelmwifo enaze
gadasvlas. zogierTi mkvlevari fi-
qrobs, rom bilingvuri ganaTleba _
esaa ori enis _ mSobliurisa da
meore enis (ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi sax-
elmwifo enis, an regionuli enis)
erTdroulad da erTnairad floba,
an erTnairad srulyofa (vargesi,
2004). sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad, bi-
lingvuri ganaTleba ar warmoadgens
problemas arc saxelmwifosaTvis da
arc sociumisaTvis, radgan esaa
garkveuli resursi, romelic unda
iyos gamoyenebuli da ara problema,
romelic unda gadaiWras (hornber-
geri, 2000). am midgomis mixedviT, bi-
lingvuri ganaTleba ar unda vaq-
cioT dabrkolebad da ar unda dav-
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
26
saxoT misi gadaWris gzebi, radgan
problema SesaZloa gadaiWras, an
darCes mougvarebeli. Tu bilingvur
ganaTlebaSi vigulisxmebT resurss,
maSin TviTon problemac dakargavs
mniSvnelobas, xolo resursis amoq-
medeba ki SeiZleba daigegmos etapo-
brivad da garemoebebis mixedviT. re-
sursis gamoyeneba ki mudmivi da
mdgradi procesia, romelic SeiZle-
ba iyos kargad dagegmili da gaT-
vlili.
bilingvuri ganaTleba xuT mTa-
var komponents unda akmayofilebdes:
1. bikulturalizmi, an multi-
kulturalizmi, romelic gu-
lisxmobs unars, rom sruliad
srulfasovnad grZnobde Tavs
sakuTari eTnikuri kulturis
wiaRSi da, aseve, dominanti
kulturis wiaRSic.
2. maRalprofesiuli bilingvizmi,
anu ori (an meti) enis sru-
lyofili floba.
3. ori (an meti) kulturis fun-
damenturi ziareba da kultu-
raTa Serwyma.
4. keTilganwyobili damokidebu-
leba sxva kulturisa da enis
matareblebisadmi.
5. eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis
Tanaswori ganaTlebis miRebis
saSualeba (trilosi).
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom am kom-
ponentebis dajgufebac SesaZlebe-
lia, radgan pirveli, mesame da
meoTxe punqtebi garkveulad gamom-
dinareoben da avseben kidec erTma-
neTs. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vigu-
lisxmoT, rom bikulturalizmi da/an
multikulturalizmi Tavis TavSi
moicavs rogorc ori an meti kul-
turisadmi mikuTvnebulobas, kultu-
raTa Serwymis, gaTavisebis process,
aseve keTilganwyobas sxva kulturi-
sa da/an enis warmomadgenlebis mi-
marT.
bilingvuri ganaTleba srulad
cvlis adamians, ayalibebs mis fsi-
qologias da mimarTebebs. cnobilia,
rom bilingvuri/multikulturuli
ganaTlebis dros pirovneba ecnoba
da iyenebs sxva enidan Semosul
kulturas. es ki adamianSi qmnis ax-
al, damatebiT identobas.
TviTidentifikaciis kriteriume-
bi: sqesi, erovneba, mSobliuri ena,
ojaxi, interesebi icnobs damatebiT
maxasiaTeblebsac, romlis mixedvi-
Tac, adamiani sakuTari Tavis iden-
tobas axdens. meore ena xSirad
identobis erT-erTi gare maxasiaTe-
belia, miT ufro im garemosa da im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki meore enis statusi
saxelmwifo enas ukavia.
meore ena xSirad udris meore
identobas, an TviTidentobis Semav-
sebeli xdeba.
cnobilia, rom Tu meore ena
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
enaa msoflioSi, komunikaciis dros
am enaze saubris dros xdeba ro-
gorc enobrivi komponentebis: leqsi-
kis, sintaqsis, morfologiis xSiri
gamoyeneba, aseve swored meore enis
gavleniT kulturuli da yofiTi
Taviseburebebis, geografiuli da
istoriuli komponentebis CarTvac.
Tu meore ena saxelmwifo enaa,
misi mniSvneloba kidev ufro far-
Tovdeba. meore identobis an idento-
bis maxasiaTeblis rolic kidev
ufro ikveTeba da meore enis gamoye-
nebis motivaciac ufro izrdeba.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
27
sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic mul-
tieTnikuri da multikulturuli
saxelmwifo iyo, Tavis TavSi moi-
cavda mraval enasa da kulturas,
sadac dominanti rusuli da/an sab-
WoTa kultura iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris
arsebobis pirobebSi, meore enis
statusi rusul enas hqonda miniWe-
buli. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
rusuli enisa da kulturis ideo-
logiuri zegavlenis Sedegad Ca-
moyalibda sabWoTa kultura, ro-
melic mTlianad rusulenovani iyo.
rusuli ena erTdroulad aucile-
bel/savaldebulo da elitarul
enad iqca. rusuli enis mravalmxriv-
ma da iZulebiTma statusma sabWoTa
kavSirSi mcxovrebi xalxebis umrav-
lesobaze didi ideologiuri zegav-
lena da identobis rusul enasa da
kulturasTan formireba gamoiwvia.
rogorc aRniSnaven, “sabWoTa saganma-naTleblo da enobrivi politikis Se-degad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTni-
kuri jgufebi _ rusebi, somxebi, azer-baijanelebi, afxazebi, osebi, berZnebi, qurTebi da sxvebi gaxdnen rusuli politikuri da enobrivi sazogadoe-bis nawili” (tabataZe).
mniSvnelovania imisi xazgasma,
rom rusul identobasTan gansaku-
Trebul siaxloves amJRavnebdnen
sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali is xal-
xebi, romlebic mogvianebiT eTnikur
umciresobebad miiCneoda. sakuTari
enisa da kulturis gverdiT isini
swavlobdnen da ecnobodnen ara re-
gionul enas (saqarTvelos maga-
liTze, qarTuls), aramed rusul
enas. identobis amgvarma formirebam
ki SemdgomSi warmoSobil konfliq-
tebSi erT-erTi mTavari roli iTa-
maSa.
cnobilia, rom TviTidentoba
identobebis mravalferovnebisagan
Sedgeba, sadac TiToeuli komponenti
SesaZloa iyos wamyvani. entoni d.
smiTi aRniSnavs: `me~ mraval idento-
basa da rols moicavs, iqneba es
ojaxuri, teritoriuli, klasobrivi,
religiuri, eTnikuri Tu genderuli.
is agreTve avlens, Tu rogor efuZ-
neba TiToeuli es identoba im so-
cialur klasifikaciebs, romlebmac
SesaZloa saxe icvalos an sulac
gaqres” (smiTi, 2006). sabWoTa kavSi-
ris arsebobis pirobebSi bilingviz-
mis niadagze SeZenili identoba gan-
sazRvravda sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxo-
vrebi xalxebis ganviTarebas. rusu-
li enis gavlena xSir SemTxvevaSi
mSobliur enaze mZlavric ki iyo.
SeZenili, meoreuli identoba Tanda-
Tan dominanti xdeboda da pirveladi
identoba _ meoreuli. es procesi
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo
sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali mravali
xalxisaTvis, romlebic SesaZlebe-
lia sam kategoriad dajgufdes:
1. pirvel rigSi, slavuri enebis
xalxebisaTvis. Mmag.: ukrainele-
bisa da belorusebisaTvis. rad-
gan rusuli ena yvela respub-
likaSi da mTel kavSirSic sax-
elmwifo ena iyo, swored am
enaze mimdinareobda oficialu-
ri da administraciuli saqmis-
warmoeba. amitomac iSviaTad
dgeboda saWiroeba erovnul
enaze saqmiswarmoebisa. gansaku-
TrebiT ki, slavuri enebis
jgufSi Semavali xalxebisaTvis.
es faqtori dRemde aris prob-
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
28
lemad qceuli. cnobilia, rom
belorusiaSi meoce saukunis
bolos belorusuli gamocxad-
da saxelmwifo enad, magram
dRemde iq ori saxelmwifo enaa:
rusuli da belorusuli da
saqmiswarmoebac orive enaze
mimdinareobs. amasTan, rogorc
belorusiaSi, ise ukrainaSi sa-
Sualo skolebisa da umaRlesi
saswavleblebis umravlesobaSi
rusul enaze mimdinareobs
swavleba. mxolod zogierT fa-
kultets aqvs e. w. ori seqtori,
sadac rusulTan erTad nacio-
nalur enaze (belorusuli,
ukrainuli) aswavlian.
2. Sua aziis qveynebSi erovnul
enasTan erTad saxelmwifo enad
an saxelmwifo enasTan gaTana-
brebulad aris qceuli rusuli,
radgan wlebis ganmavlobaSi
administraciuli da oficia-
luri saqmiswarmoeba mimdina-
reobda rusulad da gamomdi-
nare am gamocdilebidan, Sua
aziis respublikebisaTvis admi-
nistraciuli saqmiswarmoebis
rusuli enidan erovnul enaze
gadatana rTuli an SeuZlebel-
ic ki aRmoCnda. unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom Tu wina punqtSi sama-
galiTod aRebuli belorusuli
enis SemTxvevaSi belorusuli
ena Zalze axlosaa rusulTan
da enobrivi barieri ar an nak-
lebad aris damabrkolebeli,
ufro rTuli mdgomareobaa
Suaaziis qveynebis nacionalur
enebTan dakavSirebiT.
3. is eTnikuri jgufebi, romleb-
ic sabWoTa kavSirSi sxva res-
publikebis Semadgenlobis Sig-
niT moiazrebodnen (mag, osebi,
adiReelebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi da
sxv.) rusul enas gansakuTrebu-
li mondomebiTa da miswrafebe-
biT euflebodnen, radgan maTT-
vis rusuli sxva, damatebiTi
dasayrdeni iyo.
sakuTari kulturuli identoba
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi
Semavali xalxebisaTvis sakmaod
gvian, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebi-
saTvis gaxda aqtualuri. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Sema-
vali xalxebis mxridan kulturuli
da enobrivi identobis SegrZnebam da
gaTviTcnobierebam miiyvana sabWoTa
kavSiri daSlamde.
uTuod sagulisxmoa isic, rom
globaluri transformaciebis epo-
qaSi garkveul transformacias ga-
nicdis identobac. Sesabamisad, Tu
sabWoTa gamocdilebas gaviTvalis-
winebT, postsabWoTa epoqaSi damou-
kideblobamopovebuli xalxebi iden-
tobis krizisSi aRmoCndnen. am
process erTa da xalxTa TviTga-
morkvevis xanasac uwodeben. arsebobs
Sexeduleba, rom swored identobis
krizisi gaxda politikuri, eTnikuri
Tu religiuri konfliqtebis erT-
erTi mTavari mizezic. zogierTi eqs-
pertis azriT, es konfliqti “eno-
brivi omebi” iyo (svaniZe, 2006).
bilingvizmi identobis trans-
formaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi max-
asiaTebeli da mTavari faqtoria.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom bilingvuri
garemo saganmanaTleblo politiki-
saTvis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli kon-
teqsti unda iyos. aRniSnulia, rom
enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis or-
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
29
ganizeba unda iTvaliswinebdes
lingvistur garemos, individebisa da
saxelmwifos mimdinare da samomavlo
moTxovnilebebs (Tu romeli enebia,
rogori kompetenciebia am enebSi?) da
enaTa swavlebis koncefciebs (eno-
brivi ganaTlebis politikis ganvi-
Tareba evropaSi, 2008).
identobis krizisis Semdeg
postsabWoTa qveynebSi identobis
transformaciis axali talRa
daiwyo, romelic bilingvur ganaT-
lebas mWidrod daukavSirda. “bi-
lingvuri ganaTlebis mizani xom,
erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo enis saTana-
do doneze aTviseba, meore mxriv ki -
umciresobaTa enebis SenarCunebasa
da ganviTarebaze zrunvaa. aseTi
konceptualuri midgoma umciresoba-
Ta warmomadgenlebs uxsnis enobrivi
da masze, ase vTqvaT, `gadabmuli~
erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis da-
kargvis safrTxis SegrZnebas da mo-
tivacias umaRlebs Semswavlelebsa
da maT mSoblebs, Seiswavlon sax-
elmwifo ena: maTTvis cxadi xdeba,
rom saskolo bilingvuri ganaTleba
mozardis momzadebis instrumentia
misi karieruli winsvlisa da so-
cialur-ekonomikur Tu politikur
sferoebSi warmatebis misaRwevad,
amasTan, bavSvis mSobliuri kultu-
ruli garemo ki ar iTrguneba,
aramed viTardeba da ukeT warmoCin-
deba meore enis garemosTan Sedare-
bis fonze” (gabunia, 2010).
saxelmwifo anu samoqalaqo
cnobierebis srulyofilad gaazreba
SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo enis flo-
bis gareSe. saxelmwifo enis, rogorc
meore enis srulyofilad flobis
SemTxvevaSi maRldeba rogorc sax-
elmwifo cnobiereba, aseve xdeba
meore identobis Secnoba an TviTi-
dentifikaciis damatebiTi komponen-
tiT Sevseba. es ki xels uwyobs mo-
qalaqis srulfasovan CarTulobas
samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi.
saqarTvelo, rogorc mravale-
rovnuli qveyana, damoukideblobis
mopovebis pirvelive wlebSi dadga
mravalenobrivi da mravalnaciona-
luri realobis winaSe. bilingvuri
ganaTlebis kuTxiT politikis Semu-
Savebas ramdenime etapi dasWirda,
Tumca dReisaTvis eqspertebi miiCne-
ven, rom: “saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-
ba calsaxad usvams xazs saxelmwifo enis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifo admini-strirebis sferoSi da, amasTanave, qmnis garantiebs eTnikuri umcireso-bebis uflebebis dasacavad, maT Soris mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba. dRevandel etapze, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania am sakanonm-
deblo orive mimarTulebis aRsasru-leblad realuri meqanizmebis Cadeba. orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTulebis aRsruleba da ganxorcieleba SesaZ-
lebeli iqneba mxolod eTnikuri um-ciresobebis swori saganmanaTleblo politikis wyalobiT. swored multi-
lingvuri ganaTlebis politikaa erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamosavali, raTa es orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTuleba aRsruldes da ganxorcieldes rea-
lobaSi” (tabataZe, 2010). postsabWoTa realobidan gamom-
dinare, vfiqrobT, ukve daZleulia
is krizisi, romelic postsabWoTa
qveynebs meoce saukunis bolos axa-
siaTebdaT enobrivi politikisa da
bilingvuri ganaTlebis kuTxiT.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
30
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis sa-
qarTvelo, rogorc postsabWoTa
da/an postkolonialuri qveyana,
ufro metad zrunavs bilingvu-
ri/multilingvuri ganaTlebis dasa-
nergad, gansakuTrebiT ki, erovnuli
umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regio-
nebSi.
bolo xans saqarTveloSi gaCnda
tendencia, rom saxelmwifo enis
gverdiT, e. w. meore enis funqcia
SeiZinos inglisurma, rac saxelmwi-
fo politikis kursis dasavlurma
politikam, msoflio enobrivma ten-
denciebma da qarTuli identobis
axalma transformaciam Tanabrad ga-
napiroba. saqarTvelos xelisufle-
bis es mimarTeba sxvadaxva kuTxiT
gaxda niSneuli, ganxorcielda da
xorcieldeba ramdenime proeqti,
romlebic inglisuri enis swavleba-
sa da gavrcelebas uwyobs xels ro-
gorc dedaqalaqSi, ise regionebSi.
saxelmwifoebrivi politikis amgvar
kurss saqarTveloSi hyavs rogorc
momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi. mo-
winaaRmdegeTa didi nawili amaSi
rusuli enis gavlenis axal Canac-
vlebas xedavs, xolo momxreebi, Zi-
riTadad, msoflio tendenciebs iT-
valiswineben.
literatura
barti, 2003, Барт Р. Общество, воображение, реклама // Система моды: Статьи по семиотике культуры. - М.: 2003.
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lebis Taviseburebebi bilingvur klasSi, Tb., 2010, Jurn. “biling-
vuri ganaTleba” #1, 2010.
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Nino Popiashvili Bilingual Education in the Discourse of Identity
(Soviet and port-soviet experience)
ABSTRACT
Bilingual education can completely alter a person, and build up an individual’s psychology and attitudes. It’s a well known fact that while receiving bilingual/multicultural education, a person gets to know and applies the culture of a foreign language. And this, in its turn, creates another new identity within a person. During the Soviet era the bilingual education developed a soviet identity. The Russian lan-guage, having been used as a second and in certain cases as a first language, became so im-portant and compulsory that in some former USSR states or ethnic groups it still remains as influential as ever. The identity crisis was clearly evident during the post-soviet period. This severe crisis was directly related to the bilingual education.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
32
ia afTaraSvili
bilingvizmi socialuri faqtorebis WrilSi
abstraqti
winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels gaacnos bilingvuri ga-
naTlebis formebi da tipebi, meore enis flobis kompetenciaze moq-
medi motivaciuri fatorebi. statiis Sesaval nawilSi saubaria kana-
dis lingvisturi skolis kvlevebis Sedegad gamokveTil bilingvuri
ganaTlebis formebze da `meore enis~ gansxvavebul funqciebze. bi-
lingvuri ganaTleba ganxilulia, rogorc bikulturuli ganaTleba.
statiis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenilia dominirebadi kulturisa
da eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturis, rogorc `Zlieri~ da `susti~
kulturis zegavlena individis arCevanze: asimilacia Tu eTnikuri
identoba.
Cvens garemocvaSi, gansakuTrebiT
bolo periodSi, Zalian xSirad gves-
mis iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa: bi-
lingvizmi, multikulturuli ga-
naTleba, koleqtiuri orenovneba,
pirveli da meore ena da a.S. es gan-
sakuTrebiT aqtualuria samecniero
wreebSi, radgan am mimarTulebiT
bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSv-
nelovani kvlevebi daigegma da gan-
xorcielda.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi bilingviz-
mis problema warmoadgenda mxolod
lingvistebis kvlevis sagans, magram
misi kompleqsuri xasiaTidan gamom-
dinare, igi dReisaTvis lingvistikis
garda, fsiqologiis, fsiqofizi-
ologiis da kidev mravali mecniere-
bis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. bu-
nebrivia, sazogadoebaSi Cndeba kiTx-
vebi: ras niSnavs bilingvizmi (ore-
novneba), ras gulisxmobs cneba
`meore ena~, riT gansxvavdeba meore
enis Seswavla ucxo enis Seswavli-
sagan, misi aTvisebis ra formebi ar-
sebobs da a.S. es aris mxolod na-
wili im ZiriTadi kiTxvebisa, rom-
lebic Zalian arsebiTi da, amav-
droulad, naklebad Seswavlilia.
kanadis lingvisturi skolis
kvlevebis safuZvelze (makkei, 1990),
SesaZlebelia, orenovnebis (biling-
vizmis) Semdegi formebi gamovyoT:
pirveli, rodesac meore enis aT-
viseba xdeba adreul bavSvobaSi,
mSobliuri enis aTvisebis parale-
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
33
lurad, an Zalian mcire droiTi in-
tervalis gansxvavebiT. aseT SemTxve-
vaSi meore enis aTviseba individs
SeuZlia srulyofilad, man TiTqmis
erTnairad maRal doneze icis orive
ena, situaciis mixedviT advilad
SeuZlia erTi enidan meoreze gadas-
vla, orive enobrivi sistema gaSina-
ganebuli aqvs da SeuZlia orive
enaze fiqri. meore enis aTvisebis
SedarebiT tipobrivi forma gvaqvs im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac bavSvi izrdeba
mSobliur enaze (ojaxSi mxolod
erTi enaa) da skolaSi misvlisas is
iwyebs meore enis Seswavlas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, rom
bavSvma Rrmad aiTvisos meore ena,
magram misi funqciisa da gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiT, pirvel enasas da
meore enas Soris mniSvnelovani
sxvaobaa. pirveli ena mainc rCeba mis
pirovnul da yoveldRiur enad, xo-
lo meore ena, romelsac skolaSi
Seiswavlis, warmoadgens oficialu-
ri kontaqtebis enas da maRali do-
nis socialuri funqcia akisria.
meore enis aTvisebis mesame for-
ma aris spontanuri forma, romlis
drosac enis aTviseba xdeba indivi-
disaTvis ucxo (aramSobliur) enaze
molaparake sazogadoebasTan pirda-
piri da mudmivi kontaqtis Sedegad.
am dros, marTalia, individis kompe-
tencia enis flobis TvalsazrisiT
SezRudulia, magram misi gamoyeneba
komunikaciisaTvis sruliad SesaZle-
belia da individs akmayofilebs sa-
kuTari codnis done. amis naTeli
magaliTia, rodesac zrdasruli emi-
grantebi xvdebian ucxo qveyanaSi da
komunikaciisaTvis iZulebulni xde-
bian, iswavlon am qveynis ena. Sesaba-
misad, enis floba Semoifargleba
mxolod sakomunikacio funqciiT.
meore enis Tvisebis meoTxe for-
maa, rodesac individi meore enas
Seiswavlis skolaSi, Tavissave
mSobliur qveyanaSi. (rogorc wesi,
ucxo enis Seswavla ase xdeba). misi
flobis kompetenciac sakmaod Se-
zRudulia.
rogorc zemoT aRniSnulidan
Cans, bilingvizmis sxvadasxva forma
enis flobis sxvadasxva kompetencias
gulisxmobs da, Sesabamisad, enis
sxvadasxva funqciaze miuTiTebs.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis Seswav-
las safuZveli Caeyara me-20 saukunis
meore naxevarSi da, konkretulad,
saskolo ganaTlebaSic Sevida
cvlilebebi, kerZod, saganmanaT-
leblo procesis konstruirebis
TvalsazrisiT, raTa SesaZlebeli
yofiliyo mSobliuri da ucxo enis
integrireba swavlebis procesSi. am
mimarTulebis farglebSi, 60-ian
wlebSi, Seiqmna specialuri
samecniero mimarTulebebi, romelTa
mizanic iyo eTnikuri umciresobebis
integracia dominirebad kultu-
rasTan.
gansakuTrebiT saintereso
gamocdileba gvaCvena aSS-m. swored
aq Caeyara safuZveli saxelmwifo
skolebSi eTnikuri umciresobis
bavSvebis orenovan swavlebas. es
programa ar gulisxmobda mxolod
ori enis safuZvlian codnas, aqcenti
gakeTebuli iyo aseve kulturul
komponentze. Sesabamisad, bilingvur
ganaTlebas SeiZleba vuwodoT
bikulturuli ganaTlebac. mecni-
erebi miiCneven, rom skolis mier
bavSvis eTnikuri kulturis aRiareba
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
34
xels uwyobs da zrdis swavlis
motivacias. m. pevzneri gamoyofs
bilingvuri ganaTlebis Semdeg
tipebs:
1. akulturaciuli tipi. termini
akulturacia modis laTi-
nuridan (acculturare) da
gulisxmobs ori kulturis
urTierTzegavlenis process,
rodesac erTi eri meore eris
kulturas srulad an
nawilobriv iTvisebs. am dros
maTi originaluri kultu-
ruli modelebi, ra Tqma unda,
icvleba, magram es ori jgufi
mainc erTmaneTisagan gansxva-
vebulia. bilingvuri ganaT-
lebis es tipi yalibdeba
bunebriv orenovan an
mravalenovan garemoSi, sadac
arsebobs yvelanairi wina-
piroba: politikuri, ekono-
mikuri da sociokulturuli,
imisaTvis, rom eTnikuri
umciresoba Seerwyas domi-
nirebad kulturas.
am tipis saxesxvaobebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos e.w. `ganm-
devneli bilingvizmi~, rode-
sac saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebebSi yvela sagnis
Seswavla xdeba meore enaze
(rogorc wesi, es meore ena
eTnikuri umravlesobis enaa)
da TandaTanobiT xdeba
mSobliuri enisa da kulturis
gandevna; kidev erTi
saxesxvaobaa SemnarCunebeli
bilingvizmi, rodesac meore
enis aTviseba xdeba sakuTari
kulturisa da enis
SenarCunebis fonze.
2. izolacionisturi tipi -
rodesac eTnikuri umcire-
sobebis ganaTleba da
swavleba mimdinareobs Ziri-
Tadad mSobliur enaze im
mizniT, rom ar moxdes maTi
akulturacia da srulfa-
sovani integracia sociumSi.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis am
tips Tavisi politikuri
safuZvlebi aqvs da ZiriTadad
emsaxureba segregacias.
3. Ria tipi - Tanamedrove
evropul sazogadoebaSi
bilingvuri ganaTlebis yve-
laze ufro gavrcelebuli
tipi, romlis mizania
integracia msoflio sivrceSi,
kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia
da multikulturuli aRzrda.
rogorc vxedavT, ganaTlebis
nebismieri sistema _ iqneba igi
orientirebuli eTnikuri umrav-
lesobis TuU eTnikuri umciresobis
enaze _ mainc damokidebulia da
ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ras isaxavs
saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba miznad.
rogorc cnobilia, mTavar, sawyis
enad iTvleba is ena, romelTanac
adamiani aigivebs sakuTar Tavs,
miiCnevs Tavisad da iyenebs pirad
urTierTobebSi. es SeiZleba iyos
rogorc misi kulturis ena, aseve
dominirebadi kulturis enac.
rogorc mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben,
imisda mixedviT, bilingvizmis romel
formasTan gvaqvs saqme,
bilingvalebis mTavari enis
identifikaciis problemac sxvada-
sxvaa. magaliTad, bilingvalebis
nawilma, romelTac SenarCunebuli
aqvT mWidro kavSiri orive enasTan,
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
35
nawilobriv ar ician, romel enasTan
gaaigiveon Tavi. Zalian bevrisTvis,
romelTac meore ena Seiswavles
Zalian adreul bavSvobaSi, es meore
ena xdeba pirveli, anu ZiriTadi ena.
swored amitom kanadeli mecnierebi
miiCneven, rom imis gansazRvra, Tu
orenovani adamianisaTvis romeli
enaa `dominirebadi~ da inter-
ferenciis mTavari wyaro, arc Tu ise
advilia.
kvlevebma da dakvirvebebma
aCvena, rom individebisTvis, romel-
TaTvisac pirveli ena mSobliuri
enaa da saskolo ganaTlebac miiRes
am enaze, meore enis kompetencia
SedarebiT SezRudulia, Tundac
isini xSirad da xangrZlivi drois
manZilze iyenebdnen am enas. xolo is
individebi, romelTac saskolo
ganaTleba meore enaze – domi-
nirebadi kulturis enaze - miiRes,
am enis flobis TvalsazrisiT
sakmaod maRali kompetenciiT
gamoirCevian da xSir SemTxvevaSi
identifikacias axdenen am enasTan,
Tumca paralelurad inarCuneben
sakuTar kulturasa da enasTan
mWidro kavSirs.
zogierTi avtori (vainraihi, 1972)
am procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovnad
miiCnevs TviTon individis
motivacias, TuU rogori arCevani
gaakeTos: asimilacia Tu eTnikuri
identoba. am avtorebis azriT,
bilingvalis subieqturi gamoc-
dileba qmnis niadags imisaTvis, Tu
ra pozicia daikavos, roca erTi
jgufi Rebulobs mas, rogorc Tavis
wevrs, xolo meore ki _ gandevnis da
es yvelaferi mijaWvulia mis
sasaubro enasTan (minasova, 2002). is
acnobierebs am poziciebs da
arCevans akeTebs. rogorc wesi,
enobrivi poziciebis aseTi
personalizacia xorcieldeba
ymawvilobis asakSi, magram mZafri
enobrivi antagonizmis SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba adrec ganxorcieldes, rac
miuTiTebs imaze, rom enebis
Seswavlis Tanmimdevruloba, asaki
da kompetenciis xarisxi ganisa-
zRvreba sazogadoebis da ara TviT
individis mier.
enebis SeswavlasTan da ZiriTadi
enis gamokveTasTan dakavSirebiT
kidev erTi, aranakleb mniSvnelovani
da arsebiTi faqtoria individis
damokidebuleba `susti~ da `Zlieri~
enebisadmi. rogorc aRvniSneT,
bilingvizmis SemTxvevaSi ori ena
asrulebs sxvadasxva funqcias da
isini sxvadasxva prestiJulobiT
xasiaTdebian. bavSvi (individi),
romelic saubrobs `sust~ enaze,
acnobierebs sakuTari enis dabal
socialur statuss da prestiJs.
amavdroulad, acnobierebs imasac,
rom gardauvalia da aucilebelia
`Zlieri“ enis Seswavla, raTa moxdes
misi integracia sociumSi. am or
enasTan dakavSirebuli winaaRmde-
gobrivi, ambivalenturi grZnobebi
(erTi mxriv, aRtaceba `Zlieri” eniT
da, meore mxriv, mtruli ganwyoba
mis mimarT; siaxlove Tavis
mSobliur enasTan da, meore mxriv,
dazaralebulobis SegrZneba am
enisadmi kuTvnilebis gamo) aferxebs
individis kompetenciis ganviTarebas
am orive enis farglebSi.
Tu ufro detalurad gavecnobiT
bilingvizms - rogorc socialur
movlenas, mis pirovnul-socialur
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
36
aspeqtebs, vnaxavT, rom Zalian
mniSvnelovania am mimarTulebiT
kvlevebis ganxorcieleba da
kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba.
edvard sepiris sityvebi rom
moviSvelioT, nebismieri ena, iseve,
rogorc nebismieri kultura,
iSviaTadaa `TviTkmari”: `urTierTo-
bis moTxovnileba aiZulebs erT
enaze mosaubre adamianebs, uSualo
an gaSualebul kontaqtSi Sevidnen
sxva - mezobel an dominanturi
kulturis enaze mosaubreebTan”.
nebismieri urTierTobis miRma ki
adamiani dgas, Tavisi pirovnuli,
TaviseburebebiTa da RirebulebaTa
individualuri sistemiT.
literatura
aleni da lamberti, 1969 - Aellen C. & Lambert W. E. Ethnic identification and personality ad-justments of Canadian adolescents of mixed English-French parentage. // Canadian Jour-nal of Behavioral Science. 1969. № 1. р. 69-86.
vainraihi, 1972 - Вайнрайх У. Одноязычие и многоязычие // Новое в лингвистике. М., Вып. 6. С. 57. minasova, 2002 - Минасова К.Р. Двуязычие как способ культурной интеграции этнических
меньшеств в многонациональном обществе. pevzneri, 1999 - Певзнер М.Н., Ширин А.Г. Билингвальное образование в контексте
мирового опыта (на примере Германии). Новгород; raku jana, 2008 - Racu Jana, Language psychogenesis in mixed communication environments. Mas-
ter's thesis, Chisinau Pedagogical State University, 2008 siguani da makkei, 1990 - Сигуан М., Макки У.Ф. Образование и двуязычие. Sirini, 2001 - Ширин А.Г. Становление научно-педагогической школы билингвального
образования // Научные традиции и перспективы педагогики. Межрегиональный сборник научных трудов.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
37
Ia Aptarashvili Bilingualism in the context of Social Factors
ABSTRACT
The article introduces forms and types of bilingual education. The motivational factors, which influence the second language acquisition are analysed in the article. Introductional part of the article describes the research results of Canadian linguistic school, which identi-fied the effectivness of various bilingual educational programs as well as different “func-tions of second language”. Bilingual education is discussed, as bicultural education. The relations between dominant and ethnic minority cultures as "strong" and "weak" cultures as well as their influence on person’s choices: assimilation or ethnic identity are presented in final part of the article..
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
38
irine bagauri
enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi da
bilingvuri ,,mexsiereba~'
abstraqti
winamdebare statiis mizania, rom mkiTxvels gaacnos bavSvis da,
aseve, mozardis enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi, rogoric
aris socialuri, biologiuri, kulturuli da a.S.. statiis meore
nawili Seexeba bilingvur mexsierebas da da pirvel da meore enas
Soris arsebul kavSirs, aseve, ganxilulia erTi enidan meoreze
gadasvla da enebis Serevis procesi. daskvniT nawilSi saubaria
,,translingvizmze~, rogorc msoflio donis fenomenze da swored
translingvizmis konteqstSia ganxiluli multilingvali mwerlebi.
21-e saukuneSi bilingvizmi rea-
lobaa da Cven am realobis nawils
warmovadgenT. Mmsoflios naxevari
isedac bilingvali an multilin-
gvalia, xolo msoflios danarCeni
naxevari imis fiqrSia, Tu romeli
ena airCios meore an mesame enad.
Tumca, mravalenovan adamianebze
aseTi mzardi moTxovnilebis
miuxedavad, bilingvizmi, rogorc
movlena, dResac ganxilvis da
diskusiis sagans warmoadgens.
sakmaod xSiria profesionalebis,
maswavleblebis da fsiqologebis
mxridan rekomendaciebi bilingvizmis
negatiur SedegebTan dakavSirebiT.D
dReisaTvis bilingvizmi met-
naklebad Seswavlili movlenaa;
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmav-
lobaSi uamravi kvlevaa Cata-
rebuli, romelTa Sedegebic ara Tu
bilingvizmis naklovanebaze, aramed
mTel rig sakiTxebSi upiratesobas
amtkicebs. Tumca, garkveuli SiSi
sazogadoebaSi mainc arsebobs.
vidre ori enis Seswavlas da
orenovnebas SevexebiT, mniSvne-
lovania, ganvixiloT Tavad enis
aTvisebis procesTan dakavSirebuli
faqtorebi, romlebic umniSvnelo-
vanes rols asruleben bavSvisa da
mozardis enobrivi ganviTarebis
procesSi. mocemul statiaSi
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
39
warmodgenilia iseTi faqtebi,
romlebsac erTi SexedviT kavSiri
ar aqvs enis aTvisebasTan, Tumca,
kvlevebis Tanaxmad, bavSvis enobrivi
ganviTarebisas didi mniSvneloba
aqvs dedis xasiaTs, sacxovrebel
garemos da sqessac ki. rac Seexeba
ori enis paralelur reJimSi
aTvisebas, aq yovelTvis Cndeba
kiTxva, Tu rogor poulobs adgils
adamianis TavSi es ori ena. am
SemTxvevaSi mexsiereba aris
bilingvuri, statiaSi warmodge-
nilia bilingvuri mexsierebis
grafikuli modeli. agreTve
SevexebiT bilingvizmis Tanmdev
process, romelic enobrivi kodebis
gadarTvisa da enebis Serevis
saxeliT aris cnobili. am kuTxiT
ganxilulia enebis Serevis mizezebi.
xolo daskvnis saxiT warmodgenilia
,,translingvizmi~, rogorc fenomeni,
romlis drosac adamianebi araTu
saubroben da metyveleben or an sam
enaze, aramed msoflio donis
Sedevrebsac qmnian erTdroulad
ramdenime enaze.
enobrivi ganviTareba da masze
moqmedi faqtorebi
ena ar viTardeba TavisTavad
da TavisTvis: igi dakavSirebulia
adamianis/bavSvis ganviTarebis iseT
aspeqtTan, rogoricaa fizikuri,
kognituri, emociuri, socialuri da
kulturuli aspeqtebi da ufro
metia, vidre garkveuli sityvebisa da
gramatikuli struqturebis aTviseba
(blumi, 1998).
enobrivi ganviTareba pirdapir
kavSirSia kognitur ganviTarebasTan.
imis Seswavla, Tu rogor xdeba
konkretul periodSi enobrivi
miRwevebi, gaZlevs saSualebas, rom
ganvsazRvroT mocemuli safexuris
kognituri procesebi (ouensi, 1996).
medikosebi, ganaTlebis specialis-
tebi da mkvlevrebi bavSvis
ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi amtkiceben, rom
bavSvebis mimarT cudad mopyroba
iwvevs enobrivi ganviTarebis
Seferxebas da leqsikur deficits.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli
kvlevebi ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi
xasiaTisaa da miuTiTebs im
Sedegebze, romelTac, SesaZloa,
gamoiwvion adreul asakSi leqsi-
kuri deficiti. tipobrivi gan-
viTarebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi
sakuTar mSobliur enas iTviseben
garkveul droiT CarCoSi, sakuTari
Sinagani Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
swored am garkveul asakobriv da
prognozirebad kanonzomierebaze
dakvirvebiT amtkiceben mkvlevrebi,
rom bavSvebs, romlebsac aRmzrde-
lebi cudad epyrobian, aReniSnebaT
enobrivi Seferxeba. aseve damtki-
cebulia, rom dedis gramatikulad
srulyofili saubari pozitiur
korelaciaSia bavSvis enobriv
ganviTarebasTan (leitmani, 1984).
gavlena da kavSirebi sxvadasxva-
gvari aRmoCnda: magaliTad, dedebi,
romlebic xSirad iyenebdnen
bavSvebTan diax / ara pasuxis
molodinis tipis SekiTxvebs (mag:
aris es yavisferi ZaRli?), maTi
Svilebi gamoirCeodnen damxmare
zepirsityvieri maragis ufro
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
40
swrafad gamdidrebiT. xolo dedebi,
romlebic saubarSi xSirad iye-
nebdnen brZanebiT winadadebebs anu
imperativebs (mag: wadi, aiRe is!) _
maTi bavSvebi, piriqiT, ufro nela
imdidreben zepirsityvier marags.
(euporti, 1979). zogadad, kvlevebSi
ikveTeboda mniSvnelovani tendencia,
romlis mixedviTac dedis mier
gadacemuli sintaqsuri struqtura
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs bavSvis
mier SeZenil enobriv Cvevebs.
msgavsi kvlevebi Catarda, romlebic
fokusirebuli iyo uSualod sity-
vebis aTvisebaze. gamoirkva, rom
bavSvis leqsikuri maragis done da
sityvebis codnis done pirdapir
kavSirSia dedis ,,laqlaqze~ (Hutten-locher, 1991). amave kvlevebis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom
depresiuli dedebi ufro mcire
interaqcias amyareben SvilebTan,
Sesabamisad, aseTi depresiuli
dedebis Svilebis leqsikuri maragiQ
aris ufro mwiri, vidre
aradepresiuli dedebisa (CiCeti, 2000,
koleri, 1977, miurei, 1996).
bavSvis mier enis aTvisebis
procesSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
faqtors warmoadgens socialur-
ekonomikuri statusis mravalfe-
rovneba.
rodesac mecnierebi ikvlevdnen
bavSvebis mimarT cudi mopyrobis
faqtebs, igi aucileblad iyo
kavSirSi socialur-ekonomikur sta-
tusTan da cudi mopyrobis faqtebi
ZiriTadad ikveTeboda dabali soci-
alur-ekonomikuri statusis mqone
sazogadoebriv fenebSi. xangrZlivi
dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoikveTa is
faqti, rom socialur--ekonomikur
statuss da ojaxis garemos Zalian
didi gavlena hqonda IQ-s Sedegebze.
aRniSnuli sxvaobebi gamoikveTa 8
wlis bavSvebSi (muri, 1968). dedebis
inteleqtis donis, ojaxis so-
cialur-ekonomiuri donisa da
bavSvis lingvistur da kognitur
ganviTarebas Soris kavSiri uamrav
kvlevaSia ganxiluli, sadac
calsaxad aris miTiTebuli es
kavSirebi. Mmagram aRniSnuli
kavSirebi da gavlena ufro aSkaraa
skolamdel asakSi, Semdeg ki skolac
erTveba. (CarCi da katigbagi, 1991,
lusteri da dubovi, 1992).
Mmkvlevrebma daadgines, rom
bavSvis leqsikoni daaxloebiT 13
Tvis asakidan iwyebs gamdidrebas,
da ukve 16 TvisaTvis Seadgens
saSualod 10-180 sityvas, ukve 23
Tvis asakSi es ricxvi izrdeba 300
sityvamde (romi, 1999). sainteresoa is
faqtic, rom sqesi, dabadebis
rigiTobac gansazRvravs bavSvis
leqsikonis ganviTarebis siCqares,
kvlevebma aCvena, rom gogonebi ufro
swrafad aviTareben TavianT
leqsikons, vidre biWebi (fensoni,
1994), aseTi sxvaoba gamowveulia im
faqtiT, rom gogonebi ufro
momwifebulni arian imave asakis
biWebTan SedarebiT (hofi, 2001).
zogierT kvlevaSi amtkiceben im
faqtsac, rom pirveli bavSvebi
upiratesobas floben leqsikonis
gamdidrebis procesSi. hofma
gamoTqva mosazreba, rom pirveli
bavSvebi erTi-erTze kavSirSi arian
ufrosebTan (hofi, 2001).
kompetenciis miRweva erTze met
enaSi ufro rTuli misaRwevia da
misi Seswavla mniSvnelovania, rom
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
41
xdebodes, ara mxolod socialuri
mxridan anu garedan, aramed
individualurad _ enis Semswav-
lelis WrilSi. Zalian bevri
diskusia da msjeloba mimdinareobs
meore enis SeswavlasTan mimarTebiT,
romlebic fokusirebulia swavlebis
meTodologiaze, Tumca mcired
ganixileba iseTi konteqstualuri
faqtorebi, rogorebic aris
individualuri, socialuri da
sazogadoebrivi, romlebic zemoqme-
debas axdenen studentis/moswavlis
swavlaze. aRniSnuli socialuri
faqtorebis ganxilva SesaZloa
moxdes enobrivi, Tavad enis
Semswavlelis da saswavlo procesis
perspeqtividan. aseTi faqtorebi
sxvadasxvaa: magaliTad, lingvisturi
distancia or enas Soris
(igulisxmeba mSobliuri ena da
meore/ucxo ena), mSobliuri enis
flobis done, agreTve sazogadoeb-
rivi damokidebuleba Sesaswavli
enis mimarT. CamoTvlili faqtore-
bidan farTo ganxilvis sagans
warmoadgens is faqti, Tu rogor
gavlenas axdens mSobliuri enis
codna meore enis aTvisebaze. aseve
gasaTvaliswinebelia sxva biolo-
giuri faqtorebi, rogoric aris
sqesi. SedarebiT adreul kvlevebSi
gansjis sagans warmoadgenda
genderuli sxvaobebi sxvadasxva
kognituri da gonebrivi amocanis
gadaWris dros (eigsti, 1997).
zogierT kvlevaSi ikveTeboda qal-
Ta sqesis upiratesoba srulyofili
zepirmetyvelebis fonze. msgavsi
kvlevebidan SesaZlebelia zogadi
daskvnis gamotana, rom qalebi
upiratesobas floben verbaluri
TvalsazrisiT mamakacebTan Seda-
rebiT. aseve, uamravi kvleva eZRvneba
profesiis arCevis faqtors meore
enis dauflebis procesSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom enisadmi
damokidebuleba tipuri aRmoCnda
ucxo enebisa da humanitaruli
mimarTulebis studentebisaTvis.
maTgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian
inJineriis, kompiuteruli mecnie-
rebebisa da maTematikis mimarTu-
lebis studentebi. mniSvnelovania
agreTve is faqtic, Tu swavlebis
rogor stils irCevs individi,
radgan swavla _ es aris Sinagani
procesi da igi gansxvavebulia
TiToeuli individisTvis.
Bbilingvuri mexsiereba. ierarqiiuli
modeli
sainteresoa, Tu rogor inaxaven
bilingvalebi sakuTar enobriv
informacias? maTi enobrivi sistema
warmodgenilia erT Tu or enobriv
sistemaSi?
bilingvizmTan da tvinTan
dakavSirebiT erT-erTi mniSvne-
lovani sakiTxia lateralizacia
(paradisi, 2004). memarjveneTa umrav-
lesoba enis procesirebas tvinis
marcxena nawiliT axdens. (vaidi,
2002). mniSvnelovania, ramdenad
gansxvavdebian bilingvalebi enis
tvinis marcxena nawilSi late-
ralizaciis TvalsazrisiT? vaidma
da hulma (2001) am sferoSi
Catarebuli kvlevebis metaanalizis
Sedegad daaskvnes, rom monolin-
gvalebSi lateralizacia xdeba
marcxniv, xolo bilingvalebSi _
orive mxares, gansakuTrebiT ki
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
42
adreuli bilingvizmis SemTxvevaSi.
kimma da misma kolegebmac (1997)
aRmoaCines gansxvaveba adreul (sam
wlamde) da gviandel bilingvalebs
Soris. adreuli bilingvalebis
tvinSi ori ena ganTavsebulia cal-
calke, magram erTmaneTze gada-
bmulad da tvinis garkveuli
ujredebi gamoiyeneba orive enisTvis,
xolo gviandeli bilingvalebis
tvinSi ori ena ufro metad aris
gancalkevebuli erTmaneTisgan.
(beikeri, 2010).
aseve mniSvnelovania, rom
TvalsaCino gaxdes bilingvuri
mexsierebis modeli, romelic
xSirad aris biligvizmTan dakav-
Sirebuli miTebis safuZveli.
grafikuli naxazi: ierarqiuli bilingvuri modeli krolisa da stiuartis mixedviT,
1994.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Sedare-
biT martivad warmosadgenad,
ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi:
warmovidginoT kavSiri sityvebs
Soris ,,Love'' da ,,siyvaruli~
qarTulenovani adamianisTvis. sityva
,,siyvaruli~''misTvis asocirdeba
yvelaferTan, rac uyvars (mag: me
miyvars Cemi kompiuteri), xolo
sityva ,,Love'' gamoiyeneba ufro
romantikuli daniSnulebiT, colTan
an SeyvarebulTan mimarTebaSi. (mag:
me miyvars Cemi coli). bilingvur
mexsierebaSi mniSvnelovania agreTve
is faqti, Tu rogor xdeba or enaSi
sityvebis integracia/gancalkeveba.
bilingvuri mexsiereba aRqmulia,
rogorc gancalkevebuli, magram
urTierTkavSirSi arsebuli ori
leqsikonis erTianoba. Cven mier
warmodgenili grafikuli naxazi
warmoadgens swored aRniSnuls.
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom es ori
gancalkevebuli leqsikoni erTma-
neTTan dakavSirebulia gansx-
vavebuli SemaerTebeli isrebiT,
romlebic agreTve ukavSirdeba
ZiriTad konceptualur ,,sacavs~.
meore enis leqsikoni pirveli enis
leqsikons ukavSirdeba Zlieri
isriT, xolo pirvelidan meorisken
mimarTuli isari aris wyvetili, anu
Sesustebuli. savarudod, swored am
xazebSi aisaxeba is wesi, mimdevroba,
romlis mixedviTac xdeba meore
enis aTviseba. amgvarad, rodesac
meore enis Semswavleli meore enaSi
swavlobs axal sityvas, es axali
sityva yovelTvis asocirdeba pirvel
pirveli ena meore ena
konceptualuri ,,sawyobi’’
(cnebebis maragi )
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
43
enaSi arsebul sityvasTan. maga-
liTad, rodesac qarTulenovani
moswavle swavlobs axal leqsikur
erTeuls inglisurSi ,,House'', igi am cnebis asocirebas moaxdens qar-
TulSi arsebul SesatyvisTan,
Sesabamisad ,,House'' Zlieri xaziT
daukavSirdeba qarTul ,,saxls~.
mocemuli struqturis mixedviT Cans,
rom meore enaSi arsebuli cnebebi
daqvemdebarebulia pirvel enaSi
arsebul cnenebze (heredia, 1996).
bilingvalebi iSviaTad Targ-
mnian pirveli enidan meore enaze,
amitom aris pirveli enidan gamoma-
vali xazi ufro susti da wyvetili.
meore enis Seswavlisas ZiriTadad
xdeba iseTi sityvebis Seswavla,
romlebic pirveli enis leqsikonSi
ukve arsebobs, anu, martivad rom
vTqvaT, meore enaSi arsebuli leqsi-
kuri maragi damokidebulia pirvel
enaSi arsebul maragze, xolo piri-
qiT TiTqmis ar xdeba, swored es da-
mokidebuleba aris gamoxatuli
Zlieri da susti isrebiT. garda or
enaSi arsebuli leqsikonebisa, bi-
lingvuri mexsiereba Sedgeba kidev
erTi komponentisgan, romelsac Seg-
viZlia vuwodoT konceptualuri
,,sacavi~, an cnebebis maragi, sadac
moTavsebulia abstraqtuli repre-
zentaciebi samyaros Sesaxeb. aRniS-
nuli konceptualuri ,,sacavi~ dakav-
Sirebulia orive enis leqsikur ma-
ragTan, Tumca kavSiri pirvel enas-
Tan aris ufro Zlieri da myari
meore enasTan SedarebiT, rac dama-
kavSirebeli isrebidanac naTlad
Cans. logikuri msjelobidan gamom-
dinare, cxadia, rom Targmanis
SemTxvevaSi, bilingvali ufro swra-
fad gadaTargmnis meore enidan pir-
vel enaze, mag: (house - saxli), vidre
piriqiT.
mniSvnelovania im garemoebis
gaTvaliswineba, rom ganxiluli
modeli da warmodgenili susti da
Zlieri SemaerTebeli isrebi icvle-
ba, rodesac saubaria dabalansebu-
li, anu srulyofili bilingvalis
mexsierebaze. aseT dros Targmnis
procesi erTi enidan meoreze da
piriqiT ar gansxvavdeba da koncep-
tualur ,,sacavTanac~ orive enis
leqsikoni erTnairad aris dakavSi-
rebuli. garda amisa, pirveli da
meore ena ar unda gavigoT, rogorc
aucileblad mSobliuri da ucxo
ena, SesaZloa, rom pirveli ena iyos
dominanturi ena, xolo meore, Tun-
dac mSobliuri, magram naklebad
dominanturi (heredia, 1996).
erTi enidan meoreze gadasvla da
enebis Sereva
bilingvizmsa da or enas Soris
sazRvrebisa da kavSirebis
dadgenisas, mniSvnelovania kidev
erTi sakiTxis gaanalizeba da
farTo sazogadoebisaTvis
warmodgena. es movlena cnobilia
enebs Soris gadarTvebisa da enebis
Serevis saxeliT. aseve SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT terminebi ,,koduri''
gadarTva da ,,koduri'' areva.
lingvistur mravalferovnebaSi
termini kodi bunebrivad da
konceptualurad asocirdeba konkre-
tul enasTan an dialeqtTan. romeini
aRniSnavda: ,,me gamoviyeneb termin
,,kods~, romelic Seexeba ara
mxolod romelime gansxvavebul enas,
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
44
aramed calkeul enebs SigniT
arsebul saxesxvaobebs da gansx-
vavebul stilebs (romeini, 1995).
lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, bevri
mkvlevari ar iTvaliswinebs moce-
mul ganmartebas kodTan dakavSire-
biT. lingvisturi ,,kodi~'' SeiZleba
aRniSnavdes ara konkretul enas,
aramed verbalur komponents,
romelic SeiZleba iyos ufro
patara, vidre morfema, an iseTi
kompleqsuri, rogoric mTlianad
enobrivi sistema.
bilingvizmis ganxilvisas erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rasac
xSirad ayeneben mSoblebi da
maswavleblebi, aris bavSvis mier
ori enis erTmaneTSi areva.
`hinglisuri~ (hindi da inglisuri),
`espinglisuri~ (espanuri da
inglisuri), `tex-mesi~ (texasuri da
meqsikuri) da `uelinglisuri~
(uelsuri da inglisuri) xSirad
gamoiyeneba frazebad bavSvebis mier
enis arevis xazgasasmelad. Tumca,
aRsaniSnavia, rom enebis areva Tu
erTi enidan meoreze gadarTva
SesaZlebelia garkveul situaciebSi
misaRebi da normaluri iyos.
aRsaniSnavia, rom monolingvalebs
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT
erTi enidan meore enaze gadarTvis
procesisadmi da isini amas aRiqvamen
naklad da orive enis arcodnad. arc
bilingvalebi aRiqvamen bolomde
pozitiurad am process da xSirad
bodiSsac ixdian erTi enidan meore
enaze gadasvlisTvis, Tumca
aRsaniSnavia, rom enebis gadarTva
aris mniSvnelovani lingvisturi
instrumenti. es procesi ar aris
SemTxveviTi da gaazrebuli da
logikuri azrovnebis Sedegia.
bilingvalisTvis erT-erTi enaa
mTavari ena, romelzec sworad agebs
gramatikul konstruqciebs Tu
winadadebis wyobas; am enas
matricul enasac uwodeben. Zalian
cota bilingvali axerxebs ori enis
gancalkevebiT gamoyenebas, xolo Tu
ra gzebiT xdeba enebis areva, Zalian
rTuli da gansxvavebulia. grosenma
(1992) gamijna `monolingvuri reJimi~
(roca bilingvali iyenebs erT enas
monolingval TanamosaubresTan) da
`bilingvuri reJimi~ (roca bilin-
gvali aris bilingvalebis garemoc-
vaSi da SeuZlia erTi enidan meore
enaze gadarTva). `monolingvuri
reJimis~ drosac ki bilingvalebi
xSirad gadaerTvebian meore enaze
winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe. erTi
enidan meore enaze gadarTvas
ganapirobebs enobrivi unari,
arsebuli situacia da konteqsti,
mosaubresTan arsebuli urTierTo-
bebi da mosaubreTa statusi (beikeri,
2010), Sesabamisad, enobrivi kodebis
Secvla ar aris mxolod ling-
visturi sakiTxi, aramed asaxavs
mniSvnelovan socialur urTierTo-
bebsa da Zalauflebis gadanawilebis
process.
daskvna /diskusia.
daskvnis saxiT warmogidgenT
,,translingvizmis'' fenomens da
masTan dakavSirebul magaliTebs,
romelic calsaxad miuTiTebs
bi/multilingvizmis upiratesobaze.
msoflioSi arseboben Semoqmedebi,
romlebsac aqvT unari, daweron
nawarmoebebi erTze met enaze. isini
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
45
SeiZleba CaiTvalon msoflio
literaturis saocrebebad. aseT
Semoqmedebs ZaluZT, rom sakuTari
Semoqmedeba gamoxaton mravalfero-
vani verbaluri sistemis saSualebiT,
isini Tavisuflebi arian im
kulturisa da TviTmyofadobisagan,
romelic maT kulturaSi TavisTavad
Zevs. sakiTxis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis,
warmogidgenT msoflio donis
Semoqmedebs.
jon miltonze (me-17 saukune,
inglisi) ambobdnen, rom sanam
mxedvelobas dakargavda, mas
evropisTvis xelmisawvdomi yvela
wigni waukiTxavs yvela enaze rac ki
gamocemula im epoqaSi. CvenTvis aseve
cnobilia, rom is werda ara mxolod
inglisurad, aramed laTinurad,
berZnulad da ebraul enazec. ,,rac
12 wlis gavxdi, mere ar maxsovs
SuaRamemde davwoliliyavi loginSi,
erTTavad vmecadineobdi~...''aseTi
bejiTi mecadineobisa da gansakuT-
rebuli lingvisturi niWis wya-
lobiT man pataraobaSive srul-
yofilad Seiswavla laTinuri da
berZnuli, xolo cota xnis Semdeg -
franguli, italiuri, ebrauli,
qaldeuri da siriuli. mas
moixsenieben, rogorc udides
inglisel avtorsa da polemikoss.
vladimer nabokovi rusi -
amerikeli mwerali, moRvaweobda
1899-1977 wlebSi, pirveli nawar-
moebebi dawera rusulad, Tumca
sayovelTao aRiareba, rogorc pro-
zaikoss, inglisur enaze dawerilma
romanebma moutana. nabokovis
sayovelTaod cnobili namuSevari
inglisur enaze aris ,,lolita~'
(1955), kritikosebi xSirad uwodeben
am romans me-20 saukunis
umniSvnelovanes nawarmoebs. aristok-
ratiul ojaxSi dabadebulma
nabokovma ruseTSi gaatara bavSvoba
da yrmoba, ojaxis wevrebi
rusulad, frangulad da ingli-
surad saubrobdnen, amitom igi
bavSvobidan mieCvia sam enaze
metyvelebas. Dwarmatebis miRwevaSi
bi\multilingvizms misTvis xeli
namdvilad ar SeuSlia.
SeuZlebelia, rom translingviz-
mis konteqstSi ar ganvixiloT cno-
bili irlandieli mwerali, poeti da
dramaturgi, samuel beketi (1906-
1989), romelic paralelur reJimSi
qmnida Sedevrebs frangul da in-
glisur enaze. Bbeketis savizito ba-
raTia 1952 wels dawerili piesa
,,godos molodinSi~. 1969 wels beke-
ti nobelis premias iRebs litera-
turaSi.
ingliseli mwerali da inglisuri
literaturis klasikosi jozef ko-
nradi (1857-1924) warmoSobiT polo-
neli iyo, Tumca, polonuris garda,
Tavisuflad flobda inglisur,
frangul da rusul enebs.
gadmovinacvloT saqarTveloSi
da gavixsenoT saxelganTqmuli poeti
ieTim gurji (1875-1940), romelic iyo
saxalxo meleqse da lotbari, Zveli
Tbilisis aSuRuri poeziis saukeTe-
so warmomadgeneli. ieTim gurji
leqsebs Txzavda qarTul, somxur da
azerbaijanul enebze.
saqarTveloSi moRvaweobda eTni-
kurad somexi poeti da meleqse
saiaTnova (1712-1795); is ganTqmuli
iyo Tavisi leqsebiT da kamanCeze
dakvriT. saiaTnova gaxldaT erekle
II-is karis musikosi da momRerali.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
46
dRemde moRweulia saiaTnovas Seqm-
nili daaxloebiT 200 simRera, Tumca
mas aTasobiT simRera unda hqonoda
Seqmnili. Mmisi simRerebis umravle-
soba qarTul, somxur da sparsul
enebzea Seqmnili.
globaluri samyaro SegviZlia
warmovidginoT, rogorc enaTa samya-
ro. Tumca enis mniSvneloba yve-
lasTvis erTnairi ar aris. Tu enas
ganvixilavT, rogorc komunikaciis
saSualebas, romelic gamoiyeneba
telefonis, internetis, video kon-
ferenciebisTvis, maSin enobrivi mra-
valferovneba aqtualurobas kargavs,
radgan enis, rogorc komunikaciis
saSualebad warmodgenilia erTeuli
globaluri enebi. magram Tu enas
warmovidgenT, rogorc specifikur
sistemas, romlis saSualebiTac xde-
ba kulturis gadmocema, cxovrebis
asaxva, maSin ena ufro met datvirT-
vas iZens. zogierTi mkvlevari va-
raudos, rom msoflioSi gavrcele-
buli 6000 enidan 21 saukuneSi nax-
evari ver gadarCeba (anderhili, 2009).
aseTi prognozebis gamo lingvisti-
kaSi terminic ki damkvidrda romel-
ic ,,ekolingvistikis~''saxeliT aris
cnobili, marTlac Tu mecnierebi
zrunaven garkveul mcenareTa da
cxovelTa jiSebis gadarCenaze, ra-
tom ar SeiZleba, rom enebis xelSe-
wyoba moxdes. mravalenovneba aris
Zala da resursi. amitom mSoblebs
da maswavleblebs ar unda eSinodeT
mravalenovani ganaTlebis, Tundac
Cven mier CamoTvlili mwerlebis
magaliTidanac kargad Cans, rom or
da met enaze ganaTleba ara Tu
zRudavs enis Semswavlels, aramed
mravalmxriv aviTarebs da umdidrebs
msoflmxedvelobas.
zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebis gan-
xilva kidev erTxel miuTiTebs im
faqtze, rom ena zogadad urTulesi
fenomenia da enis aTviseba da Ses-
wavla ufro metia, vidre mxolod
sityvebis da winadadebebis daswavla.
enobriv ganviTarebasTan dakavSire-
buli sxvadasxva socialuri, biolo-
giuri da individualuri faqtorebis
ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan
rodesac adgili aqvs moswavlis an
individis Seferxebas enobrivi
TvalsazrisiT, mizezebi veZioT Ca-
moTvlil faqtorebSi, gaviTvalis-
winoT bilingvuri mexsierebis Tavi-
seburebani da lingvisturi darR-
vevebis mizezad ar aRviqvaT mxo-
lod bilingvizmi.
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centris'' 2010 wlis qarTuli versiis gamocema.
gleitmani, 1984 _ Gleitman, L., Newport, M., & Gleitman, H. (1984). The current status of the motherese hypothesis. Journal of Child Language 11, 43-79.
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endriu, 2008 _ Andreou, G.,Andreou, E., Vlachos, P.(2008), Individual Differences in Second Lan-guage Learning among University Students. In : Language Development:Learning and Dsorders. 2008, pp.145-162.
eigsti, 2008 _ Child Maltreatment: Effectson Gramatical and Lexical Aspects of Language acquisi-tion. In: Language Development: Learning and Dsorders. 2008, pp.99-117.
kelmani, 2003 _ Kellman, S.G., Switching languages: translingual writers reflect on their craft. ouensi, 1996 _ Owens, R. 1996. Language Development. USA: Macmillan heredia, 1996 _ Heredia , R.R. Bilingual Memory: A Re-Revised Version of the Hierarchical Model
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Irina Bagauri
Bilingual Memory and Factors, which Influence the Language Develompent Processes
ABSTRACT
The present article aims to introduce to the readers social, biological, cultural and other factors, which influence child’s and adult’s language development. The second part of the article describes the issue of ,,Bilingual Memory’’ and the relationship between first and second languages in this context. The issue of ,,code- switching’’ and ,,code- mixing’’ proc-esses is analysed in the third part of the article. The final part of the article is devoted to the worldwide phenomenon ,,Translingualism’’. The multilingual writers are presented and discussed in the context of ,,Translingualism’’ in this part of the article.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010
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