.
., 't' ..
Sampling, Analysis and Data Evaluation of Precipitation at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 1978- 80
Biological Station St. Andrews, N.B., EOG 2XO
August 1981
Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1023 . ~
of Canada Gouvernement du Canada and Oceans P~hes et Oceans
Canadian Technical Report of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences l02l
August 1981
SAHPLING, ANALYSIS, AND DATA EVALUATION OF PRECIPITATION AT
ST. ANDREWS, BRUNSWICK, CANADA, 1978-80
by
D. B. Sergeant, V. Zitko, and L. E. Burridge
Fisheries and Environmental Sciences
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Biological Station
St. Andrews, New Brunswick EOG 2XO
This is the one hundred and thirty-eighth Technical Report from
the Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B.
ii
Ninister of Supply and Services Canada l9Bl
Cn t • No. fs 'l7 -6/l 021 lSSN 0706-\l.\57
Correc[ citation for thi·-; publication:
D. ~., V. Zitko, and E. Burridge. !981. Salilpling, analysis, and data evalua at St. rews, ""w Brunswick, C-anada, !978-80. Can. Tee • Rep. Fish.
}pitai +
iii
ABSTRACT
Sergeant, D. B., v. Zitko, and L. E. Burridge. 1981. Sampling, analysis, and data evaluation of precipita-tion at St. Andrews, New Brunsv;ick, Canada, 1978-80. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. !023, iii p.
Previous, short-duration studies in southeastern New Brunswick indicated that the precipitation is geometric mean 3. 84 in 1977 and • 61 in 1976). Few inorganics in the had been measured.
this study, conducted June-October 1978 and during July !979-July 1 , each precipitation event was sampled (total 123). ition to pH and volume, conductivity and the concentrations of Ca, ~~. Na, S04, NOz + N03, total P, l'.'H4, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, and Fe were determined during June-October 1978.
The geometric mean pH's were 4.45 and 4.23 in the 1978 and 1979-80 studies, respectively. Of the 123 samples taken during 1978-80, 26% had pH between 3.0-4.0, 43% between pH 4.0-4.5, 22% between pH 4.5-5 and 9% between pH 5.0-6.0, with one value greater than pH 5.6. The fall and winter values tended be higher than the spring and summer The concentrations of the major ions were low except for which was 22. mg/L in one The concentration Cu, ?:n, Cd, Mn, and Fe were 0. 3-11. 5.8-87.6, O.l-3.59, O.l-62.'i, 3-12.7, and 1.4-143.0 , respectively. The origin and air parcel trajectory for each !978 precipitation event showed a correlation between the direction of the trajecL'r and the acidity of the precipitation. Lower pH values were associated with events approaching from the south through southwest. Correlations among the precipitation characteristics are discussed.
July-August data for 1976-80 indicate no trend of pH values. All data for June 1978-July 1980 annual decrease of 0.18 pH units, but the correlation coefficient is only 260.
Key words: Acid rain, pH, major ions, heavy metals
Sergeant, D. B., V. Zitko, and L. E. Burridge. 1981. Sampling, analysis, and data evaluation of precipita-tion at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 1978-80. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1023, iii+ o.
Des etudes de courte duree menees anterieurement dans le sud-est du les precipitations etaient acides (moyenne geometrique 3,84 en
iques avaient ete mise en evidence dans les precipitations. juin ii octobre 1978 et de 1979 a 1980, des echantillons ont ete precipitation 123 au du et du volume, a determi.ne la tions de Ca, Mg, /\a, K, Cl, NOJ, P tota:, Nll4, , Zn, f'..d, Pb,
Lors des etudes de res pee ti vemen t. Le pH
de !979-1 , la moyc>nne geometriqlle du 123 echantillons preleves entre et 1
et valeur depassant 1,6. valeurs de a
de l'ete. Les concentrations des ions faibles, a qui se chiffrait a 22,6 dans un echantillon. Les concentrations respectivement entre 0,3 et 5!; 5,8 et 87, 0,1 et 3,59; let 62,5; 0, <'xaminanc l'origine et la trajectoire des particules atmospheriques lors etnbll une correlation entre la direction la trajectoire l'acidite plus faibles de pH ont ete rattachees aux precipitations du sud par
tre les caracteristiques des precipitations sont examinees.
Le les
pour juillet-aoOt de !980
n'
ion , Zn, Cd, e t 12 , 7; e t l, 4 mg I L.
chaque precipitation de 1978, on la precipitation. Les
le sud-ouest
pour 0,18
du pH,
Pyro-
Some of bt:::cau:::;e
the '"'Che specific
Hied tlca t
for determinamajor cations and
graphite tubes \<lere t.ksed~ depending on the Appropriate standards
in Table 5,
per to validate analyses
no analytical problems~
coulri not be validated
-l-
the precipitation received in this area of eastern Canada over
CONDUCTIV
tivity was D.easured in sample R8 vated level heavy zetals 5
(Le. observed sample"
indusHolland, Sweden,
val 1es were higher (10-100 nthP.r
the' St. rr,ean value~
The valt1es for St.
(:1g)
and mean :1re for Hubbard Brook, rural areas (Table 13 •
Shiomi
14 indicate the ficantly different (Granat 1972). It is, the isolated Whitehorse value.
other ~)arameters, the ~1g
RB and are elevated~ and 7 mg/L, were not
literature examined.
" Andrews 1978 values compare best \•lith (1972) values for the coastal r11ral and
rural scenarios (Table 15). At the same
{l/l \.'' /
an order of magnitude lower .S. values, but Sable Island sea spray, contributing Na
-2-
CHLOR Ill~ ( CJ )
, other
~o corr~ction for sea salt contribt!tin•l to our data formed on some differences were
• Andrews lil) best Nith 1 5 (1972) continental
, witl1 the Brook data Likens and the ~-Y~-~oH*-Tenn. data of Coghill and 1974) ~ Based on these S01, data and the
Table 8, it~ appears that St.
CADHIUM (Cd)
(l
low.
States.
inn nt
same idity
inn be l727.H
locations (Table 19).
in the literature. we found
of S Carson,
' ' at. s
s both values ;;re
~t:W
Brunswick and ~ova Scotia locations, .'}t
value observed this
St .. Andrews are noticeably lower. The mea:-1
found was significantly previously Zitko and Carson
LEAD
The mean value for order magnitude as Brunswick locations, t imes !;'hit e horse va1 mean tration d
St. Andrews is the same
samples for other ~ew ts three
1973 cone en-.)
indica-increase in atmospheric ion~
Pb input must be due to long-range tr~nsport rainout.
areas receive higher Pb For example, at Pasedena, California, a Pb value of 663 pg/L was recorded in Holland daily and samples were the 200 range. one 62 .. 5 indicates an nrbdn or industrial
tn t:h0 prec pitatton nnd is similar to thP Nont<H1f', ~ .. H .. vHLles.. Tht~ hr•st mdtC'll ,ls fAr .1s
va 1 ues
-3-
to
COPPPK
i~ OliT area (Zitko and Carson, unpuhl~)~
32
XETEOROLOGY
I' - J
0' ~)
Ber
~ J. 7
+ 0~18
+ O~Ol2[Cl
+ 0.05[
ACKNOHLE DG:1ENTS
reg resin rng/L).
, i\ES, for trajectories, Hessrs ..
for preparing the figures, . J. Hurley for typing the
editing the
REFERENCES
report intensive 976. Atmospheric
, Atmospheric Environment Ontario, 5T4.
l97E.. experimental watershed Annual report, 1976-77, p. 23. Dept. Resources, Forest Branch, Freder-ic ton~
~, H~ Wiebe, and R. S. Stevens~
Sor;;e measuremeltts of air quality and Joh;1,
4.
of
Water) Air,
unexploited
Water
Specific conductance and natural 339-343.
act i v:tt ion
-4-
Cogbill, 1_... G. E .. Likens~ 1974 .. Acid
!0; 133-1 37.
foresL, New Wate-r Resour, Res .. 4: l.llS-1126.
re ..
, and z. 1979. vicinity a base
metal smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada. Sci • !3: 15 3-1522.
Granat, L. 1972. On reL<tion between pH and the chemical composition in atmospheric precipitatimo. XXIV, 6: 550-560.
Grey, ~ and M. 1. ... Jensen~
sulfur in air polluti.ono iOOQ
1972. Bacteriogenic Science 177:
stripping Thesis~
Jacobson, S .. , L ..
of
• Heller, and at a site within
Atmospheric bulk precipitation Environ~ r:sn .. Rep.
Waters Directorate, Quality
Environ .. Sci .. Tt"chnol.
-\c ij States.
Likens, 1975 preci.pi understanding of phenomenon~
Conf. on EBerging Environmental Precipitation, Held etc., ~~IS
York, Region II.
of A.c id
EPA,
lq
• L':
Olson, , R. Berry, and G. Pettit. 1976. The atmospheric environment service background air pollution monitoring network report for 1975. Internal Rep. ARQS 1-76, Atmos. Environ. Serv., Dow:1sview, Ontario, p. 40.
!977. Acid precipitation - impacts SNSF -
FA 2 26
Pack, D. J. Ferber, • L. K. Telegadas, J. K. Angell, W. Hac hta,. 197 8. He teorology
and L.
transport~ Atmos.
979. in bulk prec ipiand
11: 78-91. Schlesinger, W. H., W. A. Reiners, and D. S.
Knopman. 1971+. Heavy metal concentrations and deposition in bulk precipitation in Hontane
New Environ. Pollut.
Scott, 978. The o cloud water and the production of sulfate~ Atmos. Environ,. 12: 917-921.
Sergeant, sulfate
Sha1.;, R. W. Canado..
B., and V. Zitko. 1978. pH and data of rainwater July to August 1977
Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B • • Serv. HS Rep. 1468, 6 p.
1979. Acid precipitation in Atlantic Environ. Sci. Technol. 13: 406-411.
K. i-1. Kuntz. !973. Great Lakes chemistry, Part !: Lake Ontario l . Great .,
Slanine1, • , G. Van Raaphorst, H. L. Zijp, A. J. Vermeulen, and C. A. Roet. 1979. An evaluation the chemical composition of precipitation sampled with identical collectors on a
Environ. Chem. 6: 67-8 •
Smith, F. B., and R. D. Hunt. !978. Heteorological aspects of the transport of pollution over long distances. Atmos. Environ. 12: 461-477 •
. , I. R. Campbell, L. ll. Tepper, Lingg. inurn the
and human heal tb. Environ. Health 8: 3-95.
Struempler, \1. 1976. Trace metals in rain and snow during !973 at Chadron, Nebraska. Atmos. Environ. 10: 33-37.
Wiltshire, J. F. 1979. The long-range transport of atmospheric acids: a sulfur budget for Nova Scotia. EPS-5-AR-79-8, • 114.
Wolaver, T. G. !972. The distribution natural and anthropogenic elem~nts and comJlCJunds in precipitation ac.ross Theory
ta models. P!l-24! , North
-5-
Wolff, G. T., P. J. Lioy, H. Golub, and • S. Hawkins. 1979. Acid precipitation in the New York metropolitan area: its relationship to meteorological factors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13: 209-212.
-6-
Table l. Geometric mean pH recorded at St. fu~drews and vicinity, 1975-80.
Geometric mean Study period pH Reference
Hay-l1ar. 975-76 4.18 Zitko & Car son, July-Aug. 1976 4. 61 Sergeant & Zitko July-Aug. 1977 3.84 June-Oct. 1978 4.45 This study July-Aug .. 1978 4.06 July-July 1979-80 4.23 July-Aug. 979 4. 32 June-Oct. 979 4.ll Fall 197 9 4.27 Hinter 1979-80 4.49 Spring 1980 4.15 Summer 1979-80 4.13
Table 2. Concentration ranges of ions in precipitation recorded at St. Andrews, June-October 1978.
Ion
Ca Ng K
Cl
Cu Zn Cd Pb Hn Fe
Range (mg/L)
<0.10 - 0.40 <0.10 - 0.80 <0. - 0.30 0. ' "•
40 - 3. 50 <1.00 -22.6 0.004- o. 98
<0.01 - l. 8 0.01-2.3
0.3- 51.0 5.8- 87.6 0.1- 3.59 o. 1- 62. 5 0.3- 12.7 1.4-143.
-7-
Table 3. 197 8 rainwater data.
measureda R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
Day d 174 179 180 182 185 192
Vulume precipitation 136 215 110 1000 255 510 pil-S t ~ Andrews (pH units) 3. 98 4.29 4. 51 4. 92 4. 94 3. 97 nH->ionc \-!.().B. (pH units) 3. 90 4.10 4.50 4.80 4.80 3. 90
ti v1ty-Honc ton (pS IE/ em) 67.0 39.0 32.0 9.7 16. 67 .o .lmdrews (pSIE/ em) 55.6 32.1 31.1 11.6 15. 57.1
.100 .200 .200 <.100 .100 < •
• 100 <.100 < • • 700 .400 .500 1.300 .600
Cl .700 .400 3.500 .800 2. 500 .900 6.20 l.OO 1.00 6.20
.015 .009 .004 (mg/L) .100 .650
0 32. 44. 3 l 87.6 59.3 55.7 31.5 23. 36.8
.30 .24 .38 .ll .33 2 .8 14.0 7.4 l.O 3.2 26.9
3.80 5.60 4. 90 1. 60 1. 5. 50 32.5 34. 1 30.3 109.0 8.0 71.0
2. 4.3 1.5 .0 5.6 8.9
R7 R8 R9 R10 Rl Rl2
199 205 209 214 217 239 prec ipi ta tion mL) 170 290 205 43 370 55 A.'1drews (pH units) 4.43 3. 57 3.84 3. .06 5.24
B. units) 4. 3. 3. 90 4. 5. tivity-Honcton (uS IE/ em) 23. l .0 !6.
Conductivity-St. A.rtdrews (pS IE/ em) 14.7 200. 71.4 142.9 18.5 Cs ..400
7.500 8.000 .300 .100 .15(1
l. .800 2.
22.60 6. 3.70 2.00 .020
) (mg/L) 1. 800 l. 000 .010 .400 2.300 .500 .065
7.3 25.5 18.0 16.9 26.7 58.6 44.9 22.1 3.59 .92 .60 .33 7.1 62.5 32.2 2 3.70 12. 5.00 2.
24 .0 80.5 .5 2. 5. 3.3 .8 5.0
----
-8-
J. . ) ------- -~~--------·-
Parameter measureda Rll Rl4 Rl5 Rl6 Rl7 Rl8
-------------------------------------
250 252 2S4 255 256 128
Andrews (pH units) 3.88 4.22 4.41 4.60 4.10 5.06 ton W.Q.B. (pH units) 4.10 4.10 4. 30 4. 50 4.CO 5.
Conduct i vit y-Honc ton (pS IP~/ em) 43.0 44.0 39.0 20.0 58.0 8.4 Condnc ti vity-St. Andrews Cps IE/ em) 45.5 53.4 35.0 21.9 58.6 11.3
.100 .200 .100 <.100 .100 <.100
.100 .120 .150 <.100 <.100 <.lOO
.200 .100 .100 .300 .200 .100
.200 1. 800 .800 .900 .500 • 500 • 500 3.000 .700 • 300 .BOO
4.40 4. 30 2.20 2.20 5.00 1.00 .O!Ob .006 .009 .001, .006
(mgiL) • 360b .600 .590 .020 .illO .070 .210 <.200 .080 .005 >.200
4 .. ) .9 1.7 3.0 5.0 18.5 13.9 9.4 12.6 5.8
.1il 3 .06 .12 .03
.4 17.7 18.4 16.7 3.4 2.20 3.40 • 50 2.80 l.
17.3 16.0 2!.7 !2.8 .4 iTti"i'l prec ipi tat ion 6.6 19.8 .0 36.0 12.8 8.0
-----
Rl9 R2l R22 R23 R24
275 278 279 280 289 297 precipitation (mL) 840 1000 49 1000 1000 315
units) 5.28 5.23 4. 87 5.03 5.09 4. 52 B. (pH units) 5. 10 .00 .oo .00 .00 .oo
15.0 .0 34.4 13.2 20.6 12.5 15.5 35.
.100
.200
.100 1. 600 2. 500 l. 30
.007
.070
.030 .5 14.9 • 5 .3 12.0 .o 42.0 .0 7.4 18.2 .03 .27 .00 .01 .16 .6 4.8 1.0 .1 !3.8 .so 3. 30 .30 .60 2.
5. l 10.4 9.3 2.6 9.0 14.3 26.0 1.2 26.8 58.4 8.
aindicates that the sample volume was depleted before analysis could be performed for this parameter. Samples R20-24 were not sent to HID for analysis.
high NOx and NH4 values; reason unknown.
bottle nutrients showed Total Pat 005 mg/L as only compound greater detection limit.
dRelntive to December 11, 1977.
9-Ju St. And
Volume precipitation
, N •• prec
Day no.a (~T>) pH
ZS/07 /79 558 790 Ol 9 578 530 02/08/7 579 820
580 90 584 335 • 12 590 100 • 59 591 1090 4.84 592 330 4. 597 Overflow 4. 50 598 83 5.88 605 340 3.74 607 570 4. 53 612 450 4.36 6i5 Over flow 5.03 619 277 4.
3.95 632 Overflow 68 637 202 640 Overflow 77 642 4. 70 64 7 4.55 649 930 4.33 653 330 656 10 3.83 663 667 Overflow 45 668 575 674 Overflow 676 68 677 168 682 Over flow
242 684 .37 689 270 3. 690 660 3. 695 115 3. 696 750 .42 706 567 4. 58 709 78 4.
43 713 126 4.24 7!6 788 • 53 717 118 4.91 744 42 3.79 751 247 4.06 753 271 779 73 7 786 550 790 72 796 210
-·---- ----------
ive December 3 '
977.
extremely acidic precipitation.
ion collection.
ll/03/80 14/03/80 !7/03/80c 18/03/80 19/03/80 2 3
30/04/80 Ol/05/80 05/05/80c 08/05/80 09/05/80
02 03/06/80 04/06/80 05/06/80
21/06/80 23/06/80c 2 7/06/80 30/06/80
09/07/80 l4/07/80c 18/07/80 21/07/80 22/07/80 23/07/80
Volume prec ipi tat ion
Day no .a (mm)
120 4. 1080
804 850 807 960 5.26 808 108') 5. 809 817 230 4.23
i 270 829 832 722 4. 58 835 260 836 51 837 322 838 650
319
845 849 74 850 1070 ~ c 58 852 181 .08 856 595 859 120
255 867 870 478 884 203 885 74 886 950 887 36 888
890 898 975 903 ~52
905 75 909 78
2 405 5 5 9
921 926 1030 9~~ L/ 65 933 635 934 935
937
____ , ______
-10-
Table 5. Graphite furnace analysis conditions for determination of heavy metals in rainwater.
Atomization Drying temperature Charring temperature temperature
Element °C and time (s) °C and time (s) •c and time (s)
Mn 175 5 900 20 2550 8 Cu 170 20 600 10 2700 6 Fe 180 20 900 10 2700 6 Zn 180 20 '300 20 2500 6 Cd 170 20 300 25 2100 6 Pb 120 12 650 10 2200 6
Table 6. Quality control data on NBS Standard Reference Material 1643 (Trace Elements in water) which was run ·nth precipitation samples.
Element
Cd Cu Fe Pb Mn Zn
Concentration ng/g NBS
8 + 16 + 75 + 20 + 29 + l 65 +
Concentration ng/g determined on NBS standard
7. 16.6 77.0 19.3 27.9
11 0. 1 ( 68. oa)
azero intercept of linearly regressed Zn curve was at 42.0 ng/g. Substracting 42.0 ng/g from the determined value yields the 68.0 ng/g
for the standard and is proximate to the certified value.
Table 7. Comparison of 1979-80 monthly pH's at St. Andrews, Saint John, and Acadia Forestry Experimental Station, N.B.
Composite pH Acadia Arithmetic mean Composite Forestry Experimental
>!onth pH St. Andrews pH Saint John a Station
August 197 9 4.4 4.2 September i 979 4.5 4.3 Oc tohe>r 979 4.4 .2 November !979 4.1 4.2 4.3
1979 4 .. 4 5.5 .4 1980 I .,
4.L 6.9 4.5 February 1980 4.4 5. 1 4.8 March 1980 4.6 6. 1 4.6 April !980 4.2 5.8 4.3 May 1980 4.0 4.3 4.0 June 1980 4.1 4.5 4.2
aFrom CANSAP data sheets.
pH comparison data.
;d. Noord Holland
' Rr .. hJiz Expt .. Forest S jOdngen, S1..;ed en Truro, N.S ..
Brook, Island, N.S.
Brook, .. H .. Ithaca, N.Y. Aurora, N .. Y~ Northeastern U.S. N-Y~ Metropolitan area Sydney, Australia Sweden, Station 23 Pl Belgium, Station 526 France, Station 703
Yonkers, K~Y~
Saint John, N.B. Saint John, N.B. Saint John, N.B. Sable Island, N.S. Halifax Coastal, N.S.
Rural, S. Shelburne, N.S. Halifax Urban, N.S. Sydney Urban, N.S. O.S.A. Lake (La Cloche Htns.)
.s Lake (La Cloche Htns.)
.K. (7 non-urban sites) Saint John, N.B.
ik, N.S .. land, N.S.
Hhitehorse 1
Yukon St. Andrews, N.B. St. rews, N.B. St. Andrews, N. B. Nashwaak, St. Andrews, N.B.
Date
1963-74 !973-75 Apr. 197 5 !965-66 1975 1970-71 1970-71 1970-71
1975-76 1975-76
1972-73 1974 Nov. 22/73 July 15/74 July 18-20/74 1975-77 1972-73 1972-73 1975-78 1972-73 1972-73 1972 1972-73 1972-73 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 ! 977-78 1975-76 1976
1978
-11-
pH
4.04-7.10 7 -6.8
4. 4.0-4.5
.28-6.55 4.03 3. 98 4.02 4.0-4.2 4.28 4.0-5.5 4. 66 4. 42 4.80 4. • 79-5. 4.05-4. 9
.1 (3.1.-4.9) 3.68-4.06 3.9-5.4 3.4-4. 33
.79 5. 5.1
• 55 4.3 5.2 3. 4.3 3.5-5.9 3. 9-6.1 4. 1-5.8
• 3-4. .o
5.8-7.2 4.22 4.61 3. 3.72-6. 4. 45 (3. 5-5.
aData from the European Atmospheric Chemistry Network.
bGeometric mean ..
Reference
Slanina et Lewis & Grant Likens i 975 Granat 978 Shaw 1979 Fisher et
9
Olson et al. 1976 Likens & Bormann 974 Likens & Bormann 1974 Likens & Bormann 1974 Overrein 1977 Wolff et al. 1979 Scott 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat !972 Liljestrand Cogbill &
Anlauf et Anlauf et al Wiltshire 1979 Wiltshire 1979 14iltshire 1979 Wiltshire 1979 !Hltshire 1979 Hil tshire 1979 Beamish l 97 4 Beamish l 97 4 Cawse 1974 Anon. 1979 Anon. l Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. !979 Zitko & Carson, linpuhl. Sergeant & Zitko 1978 Sergeant & Zitko 978 Anon. l This study
9. tivity comparison data.
Location
2 Ki N Sweden, Station 23 Pl SW Belgium, Station 526 u .Frar,c(::, Station 703 Lz·t Yonkers, N .. Y ..
' Saint John, Saint John, Charlo, N .. B ..
Date
Summer 1970-76 1973-75
1974 Nov. 22/73 July 5/74
18-20/74 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978
-12-
Conductivity (pmho or pSIE/cm)
54 28 12 45 37 19 47. 7(6.8-162)
42-70 53-210 37 32 22
126 17
.79
Reference
Kuntz Granat 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Jacobson et al. l 976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anon. 1979 Anon. 197 9 Anon. 979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 This study
--------------------- --------------------------
comparison
Locat. ion
Basin Holland Coastal Rural, S. Coastal Urban, U.S. Continental Rural, U.S. Continental Urban, U.S. Hubbard Brook, N.H.
, Sweden Pasadena, California Sweden, Station 2 Ki N Sweden, Station 23 Pl SW Belgium, Station 526 u France, Station 703 L'l
u.s.
N.ll. N.
Charlo, Ke j imku j i k, S .. Sable Island, N.S. Whitehorse, Yukon Nashwaak, B .. St. Andrews, N.B.
Date
Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Daily
1964-1974 975
1976-1977
1972-1973 Nov. 22/73 July 5/74
18-20/74 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1973-76 1978
---~----------- -----
Concentration NH4 (mg/L)
0.61 62
1. 7-64.6 0.031-0.072 0.03-0.99 0.03-().13 o.o3-o.zo 0.22 0. 55 0.56 .005-0.87) 0.10 0.82 0.43 0.26 0.19-0.42 0.5-2.8 l.l-3.1 0.7-2.4 0.218 0.272 0.084 0.056 0.260 0.08
10 (0.005-2.3)
Reference
Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Wolaver l 972 Holaver 1972 Wolaver 1972 Wolaver 1972 Likens 1975 Granat Liljestrand & Morgan Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Cogbill & Likens 974 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anon. 979 Anon. l 979 Anon .. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon .. 1979 Anon. 1978 This study
Table
Erie Lake Ontario Basin Hubbard Brook, N.H. Sjoangen, Sweden Hubbard Brook, K.H.
Inland, N .. S .. Pasadena, California Sweden, Station 2 Ki N
comparison data.
Date
Summer 970-76 1970-71 1964-74 1973-75 1964-1966 1975 1976-1977
, Station 23 Pl SW , Station 526 u
France, Station 703 u~ N.Y.-N.H.-Tennessee, U.S. Yonkers, N .. Y$
1972-73 197 4 Nov. Saint N.B.
N.B. B.
Sahlc< fs Land, N .. S.
, Yukon , N. B.
St. Andrews,
Table Total
Location
Lake Erie
p
Basin
' N.B.
Kejimkujik, N.S. Sable Island, N.S. Hhitehorse, Yukon Nashwaak, N.B. St. Andrews, N.B.
comparison
Summer 1970-7
1977-78 1978 1976-/8 1977-78 1973-76 1978
data.
Date
970-76
1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1973-76 1978
-13-
• 53 L47 0. 99 0.0-3.0
2-l. 4.65 .68-1 7.
.31 1.98 2.23 1. 98 1.24-3.27 4.4(<1-44 .0)
8-2.7 2.4-3.6
7-12.3
• 242 0.201
226 -1.72
252 (.::O.Ol-1.
Total p
0.060 0.139
-. 175 0 5 (0. 004-0.
Reference
Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 973 Likens 1975 Granat !978 Fisher et al. 968 Olson et al. 1976 Liljestrand & Morgan 1978 Granat 1972 Granat !972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Cogbill & Likens 1974 Jacobson et al. 1976 Anlauf et al .. 1976 Anlauf et al. 976
et al. 976 l
Anon . 197 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. !979
1979 This study
Reference
!978 Shiomi & Kuncz 973 Anon. !979 Anon. i 979 Anon. 1979 Anon. !979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1978 This study
13,. ison data.
Locacion
Basin
Coas~Rl Rura!, C.S.
Sweden, Station 23 PI SW Belgium, Stat 526 u France~ Station 703 L~
s.
~ .. s.
Date
1970-76 1970-71 Monthly
1963-1974 1973-1975 1976-!977
!972-1973 1972-73
1977-78
1976-78 1977-78 1978
-1
Ca (mg/L)
3.43 5.04 1.04-6.5 0.06-0.32 0.10-0. 7l 0.26-2.47 0.60-4.02
16 0. 52 0.19 -1.7) 0. 64 0.84 l. 32 0.68 0.20-0.83 0.13-4. 6a 0.46 0.37 0.09 0.69 0. 97 0.137 (LO.l0-0.40)
Reference
Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Wolaver 197 2 \.;olaver 1972 Wolaver 97 2 Wolaver 1972 Likens 197 5 Granat 1978 Liljestrand & Morgan 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Cogbill & Likens 1974 Cawse 1974
Anon. 979 Anon. 979 Anon. !979 Anon. 1979 This study
range, we dropped out their top value contamination problem.
49. as possibly being in error,
ison data.
Locc:it ion
Pasadena, CBlifornia Sweden, Station 2 Ki N
23 Pl SW
Charlo, Ke jimkujik, S~
Sable Island, S. Whitehorse,
• Andrews,
Date Mg (mg/L)
Summer 1970-76 57 i 82
1963-!971; 0.04 1973-1975 0.17 1976-1977
1972-1973 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978
0 • 80 ( 0 • 004 -0 • 7) 0. 12 0. 36 0.36 0.39 0.03-0.13 O.lil 0.06 0.03 1.84 0.12 0. 21 5 ("'- 0. 10-8. 0)
Reference
Kuntz 978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Likens 1975 Granat !978 Liljestrand & Xorgan 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 972 Cogbill & Likens 974 Anon. Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 979 This study
Holland Coastal
Basin
Orban) Rural, .S. Urban, .S.
Brook, , Svmden
Pasadena, California S-weden, Station 2 Ki N Sweden, Station 23 Pl SW
, Station 526 u France, Station 703
.H.-Tenn., .s.
sites)
Charlo" N.,B ... Kejimkujik, N.S.
Island, N. , Yukon
St. Andrews,
data,.
Date
Daily Monthly
1963-74 1973 -75 1976-77
1972-73
972-73 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978
Table 16. K Comparison data.
Lake t .. rie
' Continental Urban, Brook, N.H.
SjOangen, Sweden Pasadena~ California Sweden, Statton 2 Ki
, Station , Sta
idelberg, Germany John, N.B.
Charlo, N.B. Kejimkujik, N.S* Sable Island, .s.
tehorse, Yukon St. Andrews, N.B.
s. s.
Date
Summer 1970-76 1970-7 l
1963-74 ] 973-75 1976-77
1972-73 197 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978
-15-
2.69 51-30.5
L 9-16.2 .5-2.43
0. 2 35
0. 58 (0. 02-8. 97 30
• 96 0. 97
.92 05-0. 76
.4-1.8)
( mg/L)
12 37
09-0.29 0.07
2 0.08 (0.007-l. 84)
.09
Reference
Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Slanina et al. 1979 llolaver l 972 llolaver 972 l~olaver 972 I.Jolaver 972 Likens 1975 Granat Liljestrand Granat i 972 Granat 1972
Horgan 1978
Granat 1972 Granat 972 Cogbill Likens 1974 Bogen Cawse Anon,. Anon. Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 This study
Reference
Kuntz 1978 Shiomi &
Granat Liljestrand Granat l Granat 972 Granat !972 Granat 972
Bogen Anon. 1979 .Anone ! 979
Anon ... 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 979 This study
----·
1973
& Morgan 197 8
1974
Ta blC> l 7. comparison data.
Location
Lake Erie L2k2 Ontario Basin Holland
s.
' s.
Conti~ental Rural, C.S. Continental Urban, U~S.
Hubbard Brook~ X~H. SjOangen, Sweden Pasadena, California
Yonkers, K .. Y,
N .. S .. Whitehorse, Yukon St. Andrews, B.
Date
Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Daily Monthly
1965-7 4 1973-75 1976-77
!972-73 1971; July 15/74 July 18-20/74 l97l 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 1978
-16-
Cl (mg/L)
l.ll 1.60
.2-73.8 4.3-!2.4 0.9-4.39 0.05-2.38 0. 16-l. 08 0.18-2.36 0.47 0. 6L
.03 (0.04-l .33)
.39 3.48
• 9~ • 13
0.15-0.47 l.2 (<:.l-7) O.l-1.8
l-4. 0 1.5 1.2
9 0.3
27.8 0. 59 l. 2'l
Reference
Kuntz l 97 8 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Slanina et al. l 97 9 Wolaver 972 Wolaver 1972 Wolaver 1972 Wolaver 197 2 Likens 1975 Granat 1978 Liljestrand & Morgan 1978 Granat 972 Granat 1972 Granat 972 Granat !972 Cogbill & Likens Jacobson et al. !976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. !976 Bogen 1974 Anon. 979 Anon. Anon. l 9 Anon. !979 Anon. !979 This study
-17-
Table !8. S04 comparison data.
Location
Lake Erie Lake Ontario Basin Holland Coastal Rural, U.S. Coastal Urban, U#S~
Continental Rural, u.s. Continental Urban, U.S. Hubbard Brook, N.H. Sjoangen, Sweden Shelburne, N.S. Hubbard Brook, N.H. Sable Island, N.S. Pasadena, California Sweden, Station 2 Ki Sweden, Station 23 P 1 SW
, Station 526 France, Station 703 L~
.Y.-N.H.-Tenn., S. Yonkers, N.Y. Saint John, K.B. Saint John, N.B .. Saint John, N.B. Sable Island, N.S.
OSA
, N.S. Cloche Mtn.)
(La Cloche Mtn.) Saint John, N.B. Charlo, N.B. Kejimkujik, N.S. Sable Island, N.S. Whitehorse, Yukon St. Andrews, N.B. St. Andrews, N.B. St. Andrews, N.B. St. A."'1drews, N.B.
Date
Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Daily
1964-74 1973-75 Apr. 975-1964-66 1975 1976-77
1972-73 1974 Nov. 22/73 uncorr. July 15/74 July 18-20/79 1975-76 1972-77 1972 1972-73 1977-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78 May 1975-~lar. 76 1976 1977 1978
so 4 (mg/L) Reference
Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Wolaver 1972 Holaver 972 Wolaver 1972 Wolaver 1972 Likens 1975 Granat 1978 Shaw 1979 Fisher et al. 1968 Olson et al. 1976 Liljestrand & Morgan 1978 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Granat 1972 Cogbill & Likens 1974 Jacobson et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 1976 Anlauf et al. 197 6 Anlauf et al. 1976 Wiltshire 1979 Wiltshire 1979 Beam ish 197 4 Beamish 1974 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 979 Zitko & Carson, unpubl. Anon. 977 Sergeant & Zitko 1978 This study
-18-
Table 19. 504 deposition rates at several locations (wet precipitation only).
Location 504 deposition
g/ha/mo
St. Andrews, N.B. Canadian Haritimes
(Nay 1977 -Har. 97tl) Labrador/east Newfoundland Maniwaki, Que. Europe Sable Island, N.S. (1975-77) Shelburne, N.S.
(Apr. 1975-Apr. 1978) Halifax coastal, N.S. 1972-73 Halifax urban, N.S. 1972-73
1728
2200-3200 1800 2000
1000-5000 1900
2756 2725 6408
Table 20. Cd comparison data (N.D. - non-detectable).
Location
Chicago (South side), Ill. Gary-(East Interchange)Ind. LaPorte, Indiana Lake Erie Lake Ontario Basin
OSA Lake, LaCloc he Htns. Montane, N .. H .. Chadron, Nebraska U.K. (all sites) Saint John, N.B. Charlo, N.B.
s.
/u1drews,
Date
June 28/68 June 26/68 June 26/68 Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Monthly 1972-73 1971 1973 1972-73 1977-78 1977-78
Cd (mg/L)
193.2 43.0 24.6 1.0 L
7-11.0 .c.O.
0.1-2. 3 0.26
<0.3-43 2 2
8 2 0.57
Reference
This study
Shaw (1979)
Wiltshire (1979)
Reference
Harrison 1970 Harrison 1970 Harrison 1970 Kuntz 1978 Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Beamish 197 4 Schlesinger et al. 1974 Struempler 1976 Cawse 1974 Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Anon. 979 Anon. 979 Anon. 979
St. &~drews, N.B.
1976-78 1977-78 1970-71 1978 0.164 (N.D.-3.59)
Zitko & Carson, unpubl. This study
21 ~ Pb data.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Chicago, Illinois Gary, Indian a LaPorte} Indiana
""d""'"'<>, Cal OSA Lake (LaCloche Mtn.) OSA :.;;ke (1,aCloche Mtn.)
Sable Whitehorse) Yukon
cews, N.B. • Andrews,
June 26/68 June 26/68 June 26/68 Summer 970-76 1970-7 Daily
1976-77 1972 1972-73 i 971
1978 1976-78 1977-78 1970-7
2,, "-• Cu comparison data.
Location
Illinois iana
, Indian a
Holland OSA Lake (LaCloche 1-ltn.)
(LaCloche Mtn.) Nebraska in S,. sites)
Kejimkt1jik, N.S. Sable Island, N.S~
se, Yukon Andrews,
St. Andrews, N.B.
Date
Summer 1970-76 1970-71 ~1onthly
197 2 !972-73
1966-67 1972-73
7-78 1977-78 1978 1976-78 197 1970-7
Concentration )lg/L
45.3 24.5 20.9
20.0 28-235 52-200
(3. 7-663 23. 25.0 4-67.7
"-4.3
.7-l
5 2 2. 77 6. 59 (O.l-62.
entration _,ug/L
5.0 9.
.5
3 2 5
12
2-52
5. 87 ( 0. 3-51 •
Harrison Harrison 1970 Harrison Kuntz Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina al. 979 Slanina et al. 979 Liljestrand Morgan 1978 Beamish l Beamish 1974 Schlesinger et al. l q:o4
Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979 Zitko & Car This study
Re fe
Beamish Beamish Struempler
'
970
unpubl.,
! 973 l 979
Lazarus et al. 970 Cawse Anon~
Anon. Anon. !979 Anon .. 1979 Anon. !979 Zi tk.o , unpuhl.,
s
23. comparison data.
Location
Erie Ontario
Holland Pc.sadena.}
Date
Summer 1970-76 1 "!70-7 1 Monthly 1976-77
1972-73
1972-73 7-78
1977-78 1978 1976-78 1977-78
24 comparison data.
25. comparison data.
Location
Erie Lake Ontario Holland GSA Lake, LaCloche t1tns.
Lake, LaCloche M.tns. Chadron, Nebraska 32 Stns. in S.
sites) John, N.
Charlo, N .... Kr:- Hmk11·Hk ~--·...; -·····-...~- .. }
Sable Island, N.S.
Date
Summer 1970-76 1970-71 Monthly 1972
2-7 3 1973 1966-67
972-73 1977-78 1977-78
1976-78 7-7R
J
-20-
Concentration
2.0 34.0 10.33-7.2 20.1 (1.4-128.5) 15.0 30.0
130-1 1750
63-2700 21 15
7 47
4 45
'·
Concentration Zn
62.0 80.0
103-730 25.0 39.0 10.0
107 18-380 10 10
9 9 7 35.6
Reference
Kuntz l Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al. 1979 Liljestrand & Horgan 1978 Beamish 974 Beamish 1974 Sorenson et al. 1974 Bogen 1974 Cawse 1974 Anon. 979 Anon. l 97 9 Anon. 1979 Anon~ 979 Anon. 1979
Reference
Shiomi & Kuntz 1973 Slanina et al, 1979 Beamish 197 4 Beamish 197 4 Struempler 1976 Lazarus et al, 1970 Cawse Anon. 1979 Anon. 1979
-21-
Table 26. Comparison heavy metal deposition rates at several locations.
Deposition in g/ha/mo St. Andrews N.B.
Zitko & Carson Heavy metal 1978 study 197la
Zn 16.5 31.0 35. Fe 9.2 3.9 128. ?h 3.4 2.3 8.6 Cu 3.0 5 .. 6 1.6
1 .. 2 7. Cd 0.5
aunoublished. bcaiculated from Pilegaard (1979) for 7 km from steelworks. cstruempler (1976).
Chadron, Nebraska, USAc
3.3
.6 • 5
0.1
dcalculated from Franzin et al. (1979) assuming distance of 4-5 km from smelter.
Flin Flon, Manitoba,
1176 161 33.4 89.2
7 .1 3.6
Table 27. Tabulation of correlation coefficients calculated during examination of 1978 rainwater data.
Dependent variable
pH pH pH pH pH pH
pH pH pH NO Cl pH
pH
pH pH pH pH
Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity
Pb Pb
Cu Cu Pb
Independent variable(s)
Ca
so '
Cl Ca Mg Na K
NJX, Na, K
Mg, Na'
NOX N:"-11.
Ca '
Ca,
Correlation coefficient
0.99731 0.88957 0. 66045 0.79176 0. 60302
pH, volume prec ipi ta tion 0.73925 pH, mm prec ipi ta tion o. 73561
Fe Mn Pb 0.95973 Zn 0.47310 Pin 0.88356 Fe o. 71329 Fe 0.73493 Fe 0.58625 Zn • 73544
Fe, M.n 0.88857
Quebec
Gulf of SLlawrence
in llrunswiek and
·. ~----____l ____ l~-~--J.._ ________ l ___ _L_ .. __ L_ --~--~
550 750
nH of precipitation verstlS time (relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978-80 sampling periods - trend line is sho'..m.
950
2 00 ,-----------,.----------------- - .... ___ .... _
170 195 220 245 270 295 Time (Days)
-22-
100
E 75 E
c 0
.. ~50
Fig .. time sampling
25,----
195
195
220 245 T1me iDoys)
220 245
{Days
270
270
2 9 5
versuti 1978
295
Fig~ 5. concentration versus time relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978 sampling period -trend line is show~.
X
0
z
2 r----.. --
QLJ-L-L-LJ-L-~~~_L.
170 195 220 245 Time (Days)
270 295
z:
December trend ltne
(Do y s)
concentration versus time (relative to 1977) for the l97B sampling period -
Fig. 8. Cu concentration versus time (relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978 sampling period -trenci line is shown.
T
' {Days)
time to sampling period -
-23-
25
195 220 T1me
245 270 295
Fig. 10. Pb concentration versus time (relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978 sampling period -
line is shown.
Fig. ll. Mn concentration versus time (relative to December 31, 1977) for the 1978 sampling period -trend line is shown.
i 50 ,------------------- ------·-·------- --·----
Time
Cd concentration versus time (relative to , 1977) the 1978 sampling period -is shown ..
1978 1978
October 27, 1978
-2.4-
Fig. 14. with the prior to
N
+A +
- . + + + + +
Correlation of various parameters air parcel trajectory computed for the precipitation event;
E
measured 2-3 d
+ indicates a value higher than a set criterion for the parameter investigated and hypothesis proposed and therefore agreement with the hypothesis;
-indicates a value contrary to the hypothesis. For example, the hypothesis for pH is that storms approaching from the south through west quadrant should be of low pH (~4.2) and those from the northwest through east quadrant should be of high pH (>4.5). See text for discussion of values between pH 4.2 and 4.5.
Criterion for S04, conductivity, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd were 2.5 mg/L, 15 pS/em, lO, 10, 2, 10, 25, and 0.2 pg/L, respectively.
Appendix 18vel, tlon event Service of
tories 85G Mb prior to
the Atmospheric Environment canada, Atlantic Region,
A- 1 .AHy, B- 4 J\.-i}, c- 11 1978 0- 16 1978 E- 24 F- 28
parcel trajectories the 850 Mb 1978, for 2-3 prior to the precipitacomputed by the Atmospheric Environment
Environment canada, Atlantic
-25-
, cipitation event, Environment Region,
computed by of EnvirJ>nmen t f;anada, c
,~-
C- 6 Oct.,H178 D - 7 Oct., 1978 E- 'l60cL,1978 f- 24 Oct., 1978
Air trajectories at the 850Mb tober l , for 2-3 d prior to the precipi-
event, computed by the Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada, Atlantic Region.
-26-