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SEEKING INFORMATION- helps to define and refine your research
topic
- skimming (reading quickly to get thegeneral or main ideas)
- scanning (going over a text to locate a
specific item/detail)
- decide if the material fits your research
needs
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There are 2 types of information:
1. Primary Information: the firsthand gathering of unpublished data
Sources: Interviews, surveys andobservation.
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2. Secondary Information :
sources of information that are alreadypublished
Sources: Books, Periodicals, Encyclopedias,
Dictionaries, Handbooks, Almanacs,
Index/Directories, Government publications,
Electronic databases, Websites, Internet
discussion groups and newsgroups,
conferences.
SEEKING INFORMATION
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PLAGIARISM Using information from a
secondary source without citing
the source and giving credit tothe author. By doing so, it leads
the reader to believe that the
words are your own. It is anunprofessional and unethical
behavior.
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HOW TO KNOW WHEN YOU ARE
PLAGIARISING ? Any material, ideas, results, or comparison are
taken from another source and not referenced
appropriately.
Materials taken from one source are referenced as
another source to confuse the reader and make
the work appear original.
Materials are taken as a direct quote from another
source and not indicated in quotation marks withinyour work.
The words of the original author are replaced by
synonyms, but the structure and content remains
largely unaltered.
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How to Avoid Plagiarism?
2 ways:
Quotations Citations(for both, APA format is adopted)
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APA Style: Two Main
Concerns Reference
Page Parenthetical
Citations
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APA Style: Reference Page A list of every source that you
make reference to in your
essay.
Provides the information
necessary for a reader tolocate and retrieve any
sources cited in your essay.
Each retrievable source cited
in the essay must appear onthe reference page, and vice
versa.
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APA Style: Reference Page
Shell Shock 12References
Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern memory. New
York: Oxford UP.
Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women, war, and
madnessis there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser
(Ed.), The New Historicism (pp. 132-151). New York:
Routledge.
Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the
central nervous system. The Lancet, 55(2), 331-38.
Showalter, E. (1997). Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and modern
media. New York: Columbia UP.
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APA Style: Reference Page
Most citations should
contain the following
basic information:
Authors name
Title of work
Publication information(date, publisher, place
of publication etc.)
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APA Style: Some Examples of
Reference Book
Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam:
Combat trauma and the undoing ofcharacter. New York: Touchstone.
Article in a Magazine
Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days.
The New Yorker, 40-45.
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APA Style: Some Examples of
Reference Web page
Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot
button. Roughcut. Retrieved October
28, 1998 from http://www.roughcut.com.
A source with no known author
Cigarette sales fall 30% as California taxrises. (1999, September 14). New York
Times, p. A17.
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APA Style: Some Examples of
Reference
A newspaper article
Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Masterteachers whose artistry glows in private.
New York Times, p. B2.
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QUOTATION Quoting means to repeat another
source word for word, using
quotation marks.
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QUOTATIONHandling Quotes in Your Text Authors last name, publication year, and page number(s) of
quote must appear in the text
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequentlyentails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance ofhallucinations and other intrusive phenomena(p.11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a delayed,uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations andother intrusive phenomena (Caruth, 1996, p.11).
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CITATIONWhen Should You Use Parenthetical
Citations?
When summarizing facts and ideasfrom a source
Summarizing means to takeideas from a large passage ofanother source and condensethem, using your own words
When paraphrasing a source Paraphrasing means to use the
ideas from another source butchange the phrasing into yourown words
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Handling Parenthetical Citations
CITATIONRecently, the history of warfare has been significantly
revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and
Tate (1997) to include womens personal and cultural
responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist
researchers now concur that It is no longer true to claim that
women's responses to the war have been ignored (Raitt &
Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's
experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the
masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975)and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing
that his study treated memory and culture as if they belonged
to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of
institutions (p. 6).
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Handling Parenthetical Citations
Sometimes additional information is necessary . . More than one author with the same last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
Two or more works in the same parentheses(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997)
Work with six or more authors
(Smith et al, 1998)
Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
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Handling Parenthetical
Citations If the source has no known author, then use
an abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: California Cigarette Tax DetersSmokers
Citation: (California, 1999)
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Keys to Parenthetical
CitationsReadability
Keep references brief
Give only informationneeded to identify the
source on your reference
page
Do not repeat
unnecessary information
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Where can you go for additional
help with APA documentation?
Purdue University Writing
Lab
Grammar Hotline:
(765) 494-3723
Check our web site:http://owl.english.purdue.edu
Email brief questions:[email protected]
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/