September 23, 2004 1
Fuji ElectricUltrasonic Flowmeters
September 23, 20042
Introduction
Ultrasonic waves travel in the same manner as light or microwaves, however being elastic waves, they can propagate through any substance whether solid, liquid & gases. And by utilizing the properties of ultrasonic waves clamp on flowmeters with unique feature of being able to measure fluid flow in the pipe externally was developed.
In 1975, Fuji Electric introduced its first ultrasonic flowmeter and since then Fuji Electric USFMs have been very successfully in many applications both domestically and internationally.
September 23, 20043
Contents
1. Why use ultrasonic flowmeter?
2. Who needs ultrasonic flowmeter?
3. What’s unique in Fuji’s ultrasonic flowmeter?
4. References
5. Application notes
September 23, 20044
1.1 ) Why use ultrasonic flowmeter?Benefits of A NON-INTRUSIVE sensor (CLAMP-ON type) Cost saving Easy maintenance (No moving parts) No pressure loss No plugging/clogging No corrosion No leakage
IT IS AN IDEAL SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS OF ORDINARY INTRUSIVE/SPOOL PIECE TYPE OF FLOWMETERS.
Differential Pressure, Magnetic Flow, Turbine, Coriolis & Etc.
September 23, 20045
1.2 ) Why use ultrasonic flowmeter?Wide operating conditions more than your expectationsTemperature : -40 ~ +200 °CPipe Diameter : Ø13mm ~ Ø6000mmFlow Velocity : 0.3 ~ 32m/s (High turndown ratio) Measured Fluid : Sound conductive fluids even with bubbles.Accuracy : ±0.5 ~ 1.0%Response Speed : 0.5second
September 23, 20046
1.3 ) Why use ultrasonic flowmeter?Check if you have right choice of flowmeter on line! Ultrasonic Electromagne
ticDifferential Pressure
Vortex
Measuring Media
Fluid
Gas X X
Vapor X X
Slurry X X X
ApplicationControl
Monitor
Supply X X X
Operating Condition
Temperature -40 to 200 °C -20 to 120 °C -40 to 600 °C -10 to 200 °C
Pressure - -1 to 2MPa -0.1 to 42MPa 5MPa
Pressure loss None None Yes Yes
Rangeability Large Large Large Large
Installation Condition
Bore 13 ~ 6,000mm
2.5 ~ 300mm 25 ~ 3,000mm 4 ~ 100mm
Upstream/Downstream
10D/5D 5D/2D 10D/5D 7D/3D
Piping works Not Required Required Required Required
Explosion proof X X
Performance
Accuracy 0.5 % of rate
0.5 % of rate
2.0 % of FS 1.0 % of rate
Velocity range -32 to 32m/s 0 to 15m/s - 0.3 to 4m/s
September 23, 20047
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
25mm
50mm
80mm
125mm
200mm
300mm
400mm
500mm
700mm
900mm
1200m
m
Pipe(Φ)
(US$)
MAGFLOWUSFM
1.4 ) Why use ultrasonic flowmeter?Cost Comparison
September 23, 20048
2.1 ) Who needs ultrasonic flowmeter?Increasing demands by 11% per year through 2001 (Forecasted by ARC, USA Advisory Group)
Government regulation requires reporting the amount of discharged fluid from plants. (Especially in Chemical + Refining + Wastewater)
Improving efficiency of plant operation needs measuring flow rate of the process which is not measured currently.
September 23, 20049
2.2 ) Who needs ultrasonic flowmeter?Applications Pulp & Paper Chemical Plants Power Plants & Generating
Facilities Water Service & Sewage
Treatment Semiconductor Manufacturing Plating & Finishing Operations Food and Beverage Process Building Maintenance Pumping Efficiency Leakage Detection
September 23, 200410
2.3 ) Who needs ultrasonic flowmeter?
3.9
3.7
254.2
1.3
3
7.5
9.5
1.4
11.1
10.419.1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Other
Sewer Monitoring
Influent & Effluent
Check Metering
CEM
Stack Monitoring
Custody Transfer
Utilities
Leak Detection
Nonconductive Liquids
Process Control
Process Monitoring
(%)
Total 36,900 units sold in 1996
Shipments Worldwide By Applications
September 23, 200411
2.4 ) Who needs ultrasonic flowmeter?
6.2
3.8
36.8
7
1.1
5.7
2.6
5.8
13.3
10.2
7.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Other
District Heating
Water & Wastewater
Power
Metals & Mining
Pulp & Paper
Pharmaceutical
Food & Beverage
Chemical
Refining
Oil & Gas
(%)
Shipments Worldwide by Industry since 1996
September 23, 200412
3.1 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFMFull Range Line-Up Of Fuji Electric USFM!
Fixed Type For Monitoring & Control (Model FLV/W)
Fixed Multi-Channel (Model FLH/W)
Portable Type For Checking (Model FLC/D)
Open Channel (Model FLH/X)
M-Flow Low Cost Version (Model FLS/R)
September 23, 200413
3.2 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFMFuji Electric’s USFM Family
Time Delta Ⅱ(FLV/W) Portaflow-X (FLC/D)
Open Channel (FLH/X)Multi Channel (FLH-
3)M-Flow
September 23, 200414
3.3 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFMSuperior Measurement Performance by High Speed Digital Signal Processing(MPU: DSP-Digital Signal Processor- Texas Instruments 32bit)
Basic principle = Transit time differenceHigh accuracy (0.5%) & quick response (0.5second)Broad measuring range (0.3~32m/s)Real time auto temperature and pressure compensation Auto calculation for unknown sonic velocity Advanced anti-bubble measurement (Up to 12% volume)
September 23, 200415
3.4 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFMBasic Principle = Transit Time Difference Type
Upstream SensorOscillator Wedge
Pipe
θfDQ
τ/2 τ/2
T1
T2
DownstreamSensor
Cross-sectional areaAverage velocityon cross section
Average velocity on propagation path
•Q : Flowrate•D : Inner pipe diameter•K : Conversion factor
of average velocity•θf: Incident angle into liquid
•T1, T2 : Transit time•T0 : Transit time between sensors
when flow is at rest(≒(T1+ T2 )/2)
•τ : Transit time in pipe walls & sensors
ΔT=T2 - T1
(Note)Ultrasonic waves are carried with the motion of fluid.
Q = x xx
Clamp-on sensors Transit Time Difference Method Principle Expression
πD2 1 D ΔT
4 K sin2θf (T0-τ)2
September 23, 200416
Reynolds Number :Non-dimensional figure to determine flow
profile V x D
Re = ν
Conversion factor of average velocity :– Turbulent flow (Re≧5000)
2n+1K = n = 2.1 log Re-1.9 2n ,
– Laminar flow (Re≦2300) 4
K = 3
3.5) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFM
V : Average velocityD : Inner diameterν: Kinematics viscosity
Flow Profile Compensation
1.4
102
1.3
1.2
1.1103 104 105 106
Turbulent flow(Trapezoidal)
Laminar flow(Parabolic)
K
Laminar flow
Transition region
Turbulent flow
Re
Flow profile :
Enough straight pipe length should be taken so that laminar flow will be well developed.
September 23, 200417
3.6 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFM
-5
0
5
10
15
0 5 10 25 50 100
FLC
Product C
Flow (%)Accu
racy(%
of
rate
)
High accuracy (0.5%) & quick response (0.5second)
Flow (%) Standard Output (%) Accuracy (% Of Rate)FMQ FLC Product C FLC Product C
0 0.06 -0.01 0.06 -0.01 0.065 5.18 5.17 5.82 -0.19 12.36
10 10.17 10.13 10.84 -0.39 6.5925 24.60 24.62 24.46 0.08 -0.5750 50.41 50.42 51.04 0.02 1.25
100 95.91 95.93 98.74 0.02 2.95
Pipe: Ø80mmPipe material: SGPRange: 0~2m/s
Comparison Test Data in Actual Flow
September 23, 200418
Principle Expression:
πD2 1 D ΔT Q = 4 K sin2θf (T0-τ)2
πD2 1 Cf ΔT = 4 K 2 sinθf T0-τ(Cf: Sound velocity in measured liquid)
Compensation for liquid temperature & pressure change– Physical Phenomena:
– Real time compensation (Applied For Patent)
Calculation of propagation path and fluid sound velocity every output cycle
3.7 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFMReal time auto temperature & pressure compensation
Upstream SensorPipe
θfD Q
τ/2 τ/2
T1
T2
DownstreamSensor
Cf
Effect of temperature & pressure change
Fluid temperature& pressure change
Change of Cf
Change of θf & τ Output change
Measured values T1 & T2
Successive calculation of Cf , θf & τ Compensated output
x x x
xxx
September 23, 200419
Sound Velocity of Water
Sound Velocity Vs Water Temperature(Extracted From Steam Tables )
Note:In general, the
dependenceof sound velocity to fluidtemperature and/or pressure is not well
knownexcept for a few liquids, such as water and sea
water.
September 23, 200420
3.8 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFM
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 50 100 150 200
Time(Minutes)
Erro
r (%
Of Rat
e)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Tem
pera
ture
( ℃)
FLCProduct CTEMP.
Real time Auto Temperature & Pressure Compensation Comparison Test Data For Temperature Effects
September 23, 200421
3.9 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFM
Digital sampling of received signals :– Ultrasonic Oscillator ・・・・ 2MHz For Small Sensor
1MHz For Large Sensor– Sampling Rate ・・・・・・・・・・ 16MHz
Synchronized summation of received signals :– Normal propagation
– Interrupted propagation
Received signal :
t
v
Received signal :
Digital data of received signals :
t
v
In case of analog system measurement failure will occur
t
vEnough level can be achieved for signal processing.
Summed 128 or 256 times for one output
flowbubble
flow bubble
Nothing!
Advanced Anti Bubble Measurement (Up to 12% Volume)
September 23, 200422
3.10 ) What’s Unique in Fuji’s USFM
RESULTS OF BUBBLE IMMERSION TEST (New Time Delta UFM)
1.20.4 0.03 0.02 0.02
12.0
7.0
4.0
1.5 1.00
2
4
6
8
10
12
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Flow Velocity (m/ s)
Perm
issi
ble
Air
Volu
me-
rate
(vo
l%)
Traditional typeNew type
Advanced Anti Bubble Measurement (Up to 12% Volume)
September 23, 200423
Common Features Fuji’s USFM Series
• High accuracy & quick response
• Compact & lightweight
• Excellent air bubble resistance (Advanced ABM)
• Excellent temperature characteristics (New sound velocity measurement)
OFFERED BY 32BIT DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
September 23, 200424
Wet Calibration
1. Weighing method
2. Volumetric method
3. Comparative method
September 23, 200425
Wet Calibration
• Measure the Mass of Water Flowed into Primary Weighing Tank for certain period.
• Compare the Indication of USFM and Mass of Water.
Weighing method
Primary Volumetric Tank
Water
Upper Tank
Stop Valve
ThermometerUSF to be calibrated
September 23, 200426
Wet Calibration
• Measure the Level of Water Flowed into Primary Volumetric Tank for certain period.
• Compare the Indication of USF and Volume of Water.
Volumetric method
Level Meter
Water
Upper Tank
Stop Valve
ThermometerUSF to be calibrated
Primary Volumetric Tank
September 23, 200427
Wet Calibration
• Measure the Flow Rate by Primary Flowmeter for reference.
• Compare the Indication of USFM and the Primary Flowmeter
Comparative method
USF to be calibrated
Primary Flowmeter
Stop Valve
September 23, 200428
Wet Calibration
• Volumetric methodWith 2.5 to 300mm Ø pipes (1 to 12 inch Ø)with primary tank inspected by Japanese Authority of Measurement.
• Comparative methodWith electromagnetic flowmeter calibrated within ±0.2% FS.
• For larger bore pipes than 300mmDry calibration based on the wet calibration for 300mm pipe according to Japanese Standard JEMIS032.
Fuji’s USFM calibration (Upon request) by
September 23, 200429
References Australia Bangladesh Brunei Indonesia Japan Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam All countries
Please kindly click on the individual country to view customers database.
September 23, 200430
The End