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SIKLUS SEL
Suryana, S.Si. MP.
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Figure 12.1
Kontinuitas kehidupanDidasarkan atas reproduksi sel atau pembelahan sel
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100 m
(a) Reproduction. An amoeba,
a single-celled eukaryote, isdividing into two cells. Eachnew cell will be an individualorganism (LM).
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Organisme multiseluler tergantung pada pembelahansel untuk:
Perkembangan (dari sel yang terfertilisasi)Pertumbuhan
Repair
20 m200 m
(b) Growth and development.This micrograph shows asand dollar embryo shortlyafter the fertilized egg divided,forming two cells (LM).
(c) Tissue renewal. These dividingbone marrow cells (arrow) willgive rise to new blood cells (LM).
Figure 12.2 B, C
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Semua organisme kompleks
berasal dari a single fertilizedegg.
Melalui pembelahan sel, jumlah sel meningkat
Sel kemudian terspesialisasidan berubah menjadifungsinya masing2
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Tipe pembelahan selMitosis:
Growth, development & repairAsexual reproduction (yields identical cells)Occurs in somatic (body) cells
Meiosis:Sexual reproduction (yields different cells)Occurs in specific reproductive cells
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Phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase2. Prometaphase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Pembelahan sel menghasilkan sel anak yangsecara genetik identik
Sel harus menduplikasikan material genetiknya Before they divide, ensuring that each daughter cell
receives an exact copy of the genetic material, DNA
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Distribution of Chromosomes DuringCell Division
Pada persiapan cell division, DNA bereplikasi dankromosom memadatTiap chromosome yang terduplikasi memiliki duasister chromatids, yang berpisah selama cell divisionSentromer merupakan daerah ceking darichromosome yang terduplikasi, diaman duachromatids terikat dengan dekat
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Figure 12.1
prophase
1X
metahase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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Cell division results in genetically identicaldaughter cells
Sel menduplikasikan material genetik sebelummembelah, utk memastikan bahwa tiap sel anakmenerima copy DNA dengan tepat
A cells endowment of DNA (its geneticinformation) is called its genome
Molekul DNA dalam sel ter-pack menjadikromosom
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Setiap spesies eukariot memiliki sejumlah tertentukromosom pada nukleusSel somatik (nonreproductive) memiliki 2 setkromosom
Gamet (reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) memiliki jumlah kromosom setengah jumlah kromosom selsomatikKromosom eukaryotik terdiri dari kromatin, sebuah
komplex DNA dan protein yang memampat selamapembelahan sel
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0.5 m
Chromosomeduplication(including DNAsynthesis)
Centromere
Separation
of sisterchromatids
Sisterchromatids
CentromeresSister chromatids
A eukaryotic cell has multiplechromosomes, one of which is
represented here. Beforeduplication, each chromosome
has a single DNA molecule .
Once duplicated, a chromosomeconsists of two sister chromatids
connected at the centromere. Each
chromatid contains a copy of theDNA molecule .
Mechanical processes separatethe sister chromatids into twochromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells .
Figure 12.4
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Pada pembelahan sel, fase mitosis bergantiandengan interfase
Pada tahun 1882, ahli anatomi Jerman Walther Flemming mengembangkan pewarna untuk
mengamati kromosom selama mitosis dansitokinesisBagi Flemming, terlihat sel tumbuh membesar Sekarang dapat diketahui banyak peristiwa kritisterjadi selama tahapan siklus sel
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Fase-fase dalam siklus selSiklus sel terdiri dari
Fase mitosisInterphase
INTERPHASE
G1 S(DNA synthesis)
G2
Figure 12.5
Interphase G 1 phase S phase G 2 phase
The mitotic phase mitosis cytokinesis
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Mitosis terdiri dari 5 phasesProphasePrometaphase
G2 OF INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE
Centrosomes(with centriole pairs) Chromatin
(duplicated)
Early mitoticspindle
Aster
CentromereFragmentsof nuclearenvelope
Kinetochore
Nucleolus Nuclear
envelope
Plasma
membrane
Chromosome, consistingof two sister chromatids
KinetochoremicrotubuleFigure 12.6
Nonkinetochoremicrotubules
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Metaphase AnaphaseTelophase
Centrosome atone spindle pole
Daughterchromosomes
METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
Spindle
Metaphaseplate Nucleolus
forming
Cleavagefurrow
Nuclearenvelopeforming
Figure 12.6
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The mitotic spindle mikrotubul yang mengontrol pergerakan kromosom
selama mitosis
Spindle muncul dari sentromer spindle microtubules
asters
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Perakitan spindle microtubules dimulai dari sentrosom- microtubule organizing center Sentrosom bereplikasi membentuk dua sentrosomyang bermigrasi ke kutub yang berlawanan, danspindle microtubules tumbuh dari sentrosom
Aster (a radial array of short microtubules) muncul daritiap sentrosom
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The Spindle
Spindle memiliki struktur seperti web terbuat darimicrotubule . Sangat penting pada mitosis karenamengatur kromosom untuk berada pada posisi yangbenar
Mitotic center
Microtubule A cell at metaphase a spindle
S i dl i b l
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Some spindle microtubulesBerikatan dengan kinetochores chromosomes
CentrosomeAster
Sisterchromatids
MetaphasePlate
Kinetochores
Overlappingnonkinetochoremicrotubules
Kinetochores microtubules
Centrosome
ChromosomesMicrotubules0.5 m
1 mFigure 12.7
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Chromosomes attached to spindleduring nuclear division
T ki d f i t b l
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Two kinds of microtubulesKinetochore microtubules : berikatan dengan
kinetochores chromosomes dan menggerakkan kromosom ke
daerah metafaseNonkinetochores: overlap satu sama lain tetapi tidak
berikatan dengan chromosome
1 m
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Pada anafase, sister chromatid berpisahDan bergerak sepanjang kinetochore microtubulesmenuju arah berlawanan ujung sel
Spindlepole
Kinetochore
Figure 12.8
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Initiation of Anaphase
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Nonkinetechore microtubules fromopposite poles
Overlap and push against eachother, elongating the cell
In telophaseGenetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of thecell
The microtubules shorten by depolymerizing attheir kinetochore ends
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Pada sel hewanCytokinesis terjadi oleh proses yang disebut cleavage,membentuk sebuah a cleavage furrow
Cleavage furrow
Contractile ring of microfilaments
Daughter cells
100 m
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)
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Pada sel tumbuhan, selama cytokinesisTerbentuk plat sel (cell plate)
Daughter cells
1 mVesiclesformingcell plate
Wall of patent cell Cell plate New cell wall
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)Figure 12.9 B
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Purpose of Interphase to duplicate cell contents;90% of the cells growth cycle
Purpose of Mitosis to divide the genetic materialinto exact two halves
Purpose of Cytokinesis to divide all other contents
(except nucleus) into two cells
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In binary fission The bacterial chromosomereplicates
The two daughter chromosomes actively moveapart
Prokaryotes (bacteria andarchaea) reproduce by a type
of cell division called binaryfission
LE 12-11_1
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Origin of replication
Cell wall
Plasmamembrane
Bacterialchromosome
E. coli cell
Two copiesof origin
Chromosome replicationbegins. Soon thereafter,one copy of the originmoves rapidly toward theother end of the cell.
LE 12-11_2
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Origin of replication
Cell wall
Plasma
membraneBacterialchromosome
E. coli cell
Two copiesof origin
Chromosome replicationbegins. Soon thereafter,one copy of the origin
moves rapidly toward theother end of the cell.
Replication continues. Onecopy of the origin is now ateach end of the cell.
Origin Origin
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A comparison of mitosis and meiosis
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A comparison of mitosis and meiosis
A comparison of mitosis and meiosis: summary
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A comparison of mitosis and meiosis: summary
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