Drugs & Society
SOC 204
Chapter 1 Drugs in Perspective
Happy first day! How are you?
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B. I feel nervous.
C. I feel overwhelmed.
D. I feel blah.
Why are you taking this class?
A. Going into criminal justice.
B. Going into social service (psychology, social work, counseling)
C. I have personal experience with addiction
D. My advisor told me to.
Going in
to cr
imin
al just
ice.
Going in
to so
cial s
ervice
...
I have p
ersonal e
xperie
n..
My advis
or told
me to
.
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Introductions
Fill out your answers to the questions.
Partner up with someone.
Discuss the first three questions.
Find someone new and discuss the
next three questions.
Find someone new and discuss the
last four questions.
In your last partnership, prepare to:
Introduce yourselves to the group.
Share one insight you had from discussing
the questions.
What do you hope to learn in this class?
Expectations
Syllabus
Writing Assignments
Discussion Assignments
Attendance
Group Project
Extra Credit
Quizzes
Confidentiality
Canvas
Clickers
In this class, late homework:
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B. Gets a zero
C. Is turned in via Canvas
Michelle’s office hours are:
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B. 8:30-9:30 am
C. 10:30-11:30 am
D. Whenever she’s in
For class discussions:
A. I participate on
Canvas
B. I must do written
prep work and
participate
C. I participate during
class
I part
icipate
on C
anvas
I must
do w
ritte
n pre
p wo..
I part
icipate
durin
g class
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If 80% of the class gets a clicker question
right, each person earns an extra credit
point.
A. True
B. False
True
False
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Definitions
We define a drug as any substance that alters
one’s ability to function emotionally, physically,
intellectually, financially, or socially
A psychoactive drug is a substance that has the
capability of altering mood, perception, or behavior
Definitions
Misuse
Unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or
over-the-counter drugs
Which of these is not an example of drug
misuse?
A. Mixing drugs
B. Taking medication with
food
C. Taking double the
prescribed dose
D. Saving or using old
medications
Mixi
ng dru
gs
Taking m
edicatio
n with
...
Taking d
ouble th
e pre
scr..
.
Savin
g or u
sing o
ld m
edic...
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Definitions
Abuse
Intentional and
inappropriate use of a
drug resulting in
physical, emotional,
financial, social or
intellectual
consequences.
Dependency
Chronic Use
Socially Acceptable vs
Deviant
Which of these is NOT an example of drug
abuse?
A. Taking medication in the morning
B. Crushing pills to smoke them
C. Buying someone’s prescription medication
D. Taking a drink in the morning to cure a hangover
Taking m
edicatio
n in th
...
Crush
ing p
ills t
o smoke
...
Buying s
omeone’s
presc
r...
Taking a d
rink in
the m
o...
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Definitions
Addiction/Dependency
Physical Dependence
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Psychological Dependence
Cravings
Preoccupation
Which of these is NOT a sign of
dependency?
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B. Withdrawal
C. Cravings
D. Drunkenness
Definitions
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
V
Substance Use Disorder
Mild
Moderate
Severe
A psychiatrist can diagnose someone with
addiction according to the DSM-5.
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B. False
Definitions
Any definition is limited and is influenced by one’s
experiences and background – and is arbitrary
Drugs Around the World in 80 Minutes
Historical Perspective
A historical perspective on drugs provides insight
into the role that drugs have played over time
The problem with drugs/alcohol….
The problem with the previous slide is:
A. There are no
statistics
B. It doesn’t say
where the info
came from
C. Correlation does
not equal
causation
D. All of the above There a
re n
o statis
tics
It doesn
’t sa
y where
the ..
.
Correlatio
n does n
ot equ..
All of t
he above
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Alcohol
Beverages may have been fermented intentionally as early as about 10,000 BC
Early Egyptians, Hebrews, Chinese, Greek, and Romans were fond of alcohol
Egyptians developed distillation, which produces a higher alcohol content than fermentation
The Irish, Scots, Dutch, Russians, and French all developed characteristic alcoholic beverages
Alcohol
Alcohol played a significant role in early US history:
Alcohol was used as a preservative
Yeast in beer and wine supplied important nutrients
Rum was a central commodity in the slave trade
Farmers made more money from whiskey than from grain
Excise tax on whiskey sparked the
Whiskey Rebellion
Temperance Movement developed
in the 1830s
1919: national prohibition legislation
went into effect; repealed in 1933
Alcohol
Marijuana
Marijuana has been cultivated for its fiber since 8000 BC
Chinese Emperor Shen Nungprescribed marijuana for many aliments 4,700 years ago
Marijuana was used in India for festive and religious purposes by the 2nd century BC
Greeks, Romans, Persians and Assyrians all used marijuana for medical purposes
Marijuana
In the 13th century, Marco Polo recounted how hashishiyyaterrorized people while under the influence of hashish
Marijuana seeds and leaves dating back to 500 BC were found near Berlin, Germany
Napoleon’s troops returned to France with hashish, and soon after other Europeans began using marijuana
Marijuana
Use of marijuana was noted in the
Americas in 1545
English settlers grew marijuana
(hemp) to make clothing, rope, linens,
and blankets
By the late 1800s numerous reports
detailed cannabis use for many medical
reasons
In the early 1900s, marijuana was used
primarily by Hispanics in the Southwest
and by Blacks in ghettos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbjHO
BJzhb0
Marijuana has been used in all of the
following ways except:
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B. Religious use
C. To treat
depression
D. For its fibers
Narcotics
The term narcotics is used interchangeably with the terms opiates or opioids
Opiate refers to opium and the derivatives of opium
1500 BC: Egyptians used opium for medical purposes
Narcotics
The Poppy Papavar
somniferum
A 6,000 year old
Sumerian tablet
referred to the
opium poppy as the
“joy plant”
https://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=r1md
n-5E-Ao
Narcotics - Opium
Opium was a staple in ancient Greece and Rome
In the Arab world, opium was widely used because the Koran forbids alcohol use
Opium was the central factor in a war between the Chinese and the British governments
Medical uses of opium became widespread in Europe in the 16th century, when laudanum was developed
Narcotics – Morphine & Heroin In 1805, the active ingredient in opium was identified and
called morphine
During the Civil War, morphine dependency was so common that it was called soldier’s disease
An estimated 1 million Americans were dependent on morphine and other narcotics by the end of the 19th century
In 1874 a “wonder drug” was developed to relieve pain and treat morphine dependency – it was called heroin
Opium was once legal and readily available
over-the-counter.
A. True
B. False
True
False
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Which of these is a naturally occurring part
of the opium plant?
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B. Codeine
C. Heroin
D. OxyContin
Opinion: Is caffeine a drug?
A. No, it’s legal
B. No, it’s harmless
C. I’m not sure
D. Yes
E. Yes, and I’m
addicted
No, it’s
lega
l
No, it’s
harm
less
I’m n
ot sure Yes
Yes, an
d I’m
addicted
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Coffee
One of the earliest written references to coffee dates back to 900 AD in Arabia
The Chinese used caffeine almost 5,000 years ago
The Koran condemned coffee and banned its use
In the 1600s coffeehouses – called “penny universities” –became centers for learning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sobkZZGeCh0
Cocaine
People were chewing coca
leaves prior to the rise of the
Incan Empire, as early as 3000 BC
The first verified use of coca has been traced to a
gravesite in Peru from around 500 AD
When Spaniards conquered the Incas, they realized
the importance of the coca leaves to the natives
In the 19th century, a French chemist developed a
popular red wine which included active ingredients
from coca leaves
Cocaine
Early proponents of cocaine included Sigmund Freud, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Originally, Coca-Cola contained cocaine, and was promoted as a “Nerve Stimulant”
Cocaine became a popular recreational drug in the 1970s
Variations that were smoked emerged: first freebase, then inexpensive crack cocaine
The earliest known use of cocaine was:
A. In Coca-Cola as a
“nerve stimulant”
B. In ancient Greece
in red wine
C. By smoking it
D. Chewing coca
leaves by the
Incas
In C
oca-C
ola as a
“nerv
e ...
In ancie
nt Gre
ece in
red ..
.
By smokin
g it
Chewin
g coca
leaves b
y t..
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Amphetamines
Amphetamines, first synthesized in 1887, enlarge
nasal passages, raise blood pressure, and stimulate
the CNS
During World War II, troops used amphetamines to
overcome fatigue and increase their endurance
Benzedrine was available over-the-counter in 1932
for treating asthma and nasal congestion
Methamphetamines appeared
in the 1960s
Amphetamines are:
A. Depressants
B. Pain killers
C. Stimulants
D. Hallucinogens
Depress
ants
Pain ki
llers
Stimulan
ts
Hallucin
ogens
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Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Barbiturates
Barbituric acid, a class of drugs that have
depressant effects
Barbital, a sedative-hypnotic drug used to treat
anxiety and nervousness; the original barbiturate
Nonbarbiturate Sedatives
Bromides, sedatives used to treat epileptic convulsions
Chloral hydrate, induces sleep
Paraldehyde, used with severely disturbed mental
patients
Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Minor tranquilizers, or
antianxiety agents
Meprobamate, also used for
treating psychosomatic conditions
Benzodiazepines such as
Librium and Valium
Inhalants
Solvents, gases, and aerosols
Nitrous oxide (lauhing gas)
Ether, developed for medical
purposes
Medical uses of depressants include all of
the following EXCEPT:
A. Relieving anxiety
B. Inducing sleep
C. Increasing
attention
D. Controlling
seizures
Relievin
g anxiety
Inducin
g sleep
Incr
easing atte
ntion
Controllin
g seizu
res
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Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs - Inhalants
Inhalants are among
the first drugs used by
young children
Huffing
Sudden death
syndrome
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=Avcz9Z1
ekcM
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that
induce perceived distortions in time and
space
LSD, derived from a fungus
Psilocybin, found in certain mushrooms
Peyote, contains mescaline isolated from cactus
Jamestown weed, derived from Datura plant
LSD originated from ergot fungus,
which grows on grain, and causes
the condition ergotism
Hallucinogens:
A. Distort the senses
B. Are usually from
plants
C. Have been used to
access the
unconscious in
therapy
D. Are thought to
enhance creativityDist
ort th
e sense
s
Are u
suall
y from
pla
nts
Have been u
sed to
acc
ess...
Are th
ought to e
nhance ..
.
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Tobacco
Tobacco was first used by Mayas around 600 to 900
AD
Shortly after Columbus came to the New World,
tobacco was introduced into Europe
Portuguese sailors established tobacco trade with
China, Japan, Brazil, India, Africa, and Arabia
Sir Francis Bacon described the
addictive quality of tobacco
Tobacco
Smoking became popular in England, but was banned in many other parts of Europe
In China the penalty for anyone dealing tobacco was decapitation
Tobacco figured prominently when the US was colonized, and helped finance the Revolutionary War
In the early 1900s, smoking tobacco was less popular than chewing and snuffing it
Tobacco
The cigarette habit spread throughout Europe during the Crimean War
Cigarette use in the United States rose in the 1880s, when the cigarette-making machine was patented
Cigarette smoking was a man’s activity, and smoking was illegal for women and young people in many states
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