Social Impact Assessment Social Impact Assessment (SIA)(SIA)
Tools and Techniques in SIA for Infrastructure Development
Projects
SIA: Setting the SceneSIA: Setting the Scene• SIA emerged as a field of social science during 1960s – SIA emerged as a field of social science during 1960s – realized EIA inadequate for addressing social issue.realized EIA inadequate for addressing social issue.
• Since 1970s adopted SIA for addressing social impacts.Since 1970s adopted SIA for addressing social impacts.
• For resettlement projects, SIA has evolved basically-For resettlement projects, SIA has evolved basically-
– To identify project-affected people– To find measures to mitigate negative impacts, and– To compensate irreversible losses following a
participatory process
SIA ActivitiesSIA Activities
• Identify affected parties,
• Facilitate and Coordinate participation of stakeholders,
• Collect baseline data,
• Provide an in depth review of the local cultural contexts,
• Predicts likely impacts and how stakeholders will respond,
• Assist in evaluating alternatives,
• Assist in site selection,
Cont…Cont…• Recommend mitigation measures
• Develop coping strategies to deal with non-mitigatable impacts,
• Advise on appropriate institutional and coordination arrangements for all parties, and
• Assist in devising an d implementing monitoring and management programs.
Managing ImpactsManaging Impacts
• Avoid
• Minimize
• Mitigate
What is SIA?What is SIA?SIA is a process of identifying:SIA is a process of identifying:
• Intended and unintended Social impacts(+ & -) of Planned interventions,
• Social change processes invoked by those interventions, and
• In an infrastructure projects, SIA determines whether a RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN is required.
Means/Process of SIAMeans/Process of SIA
• Social Screening,
• Consultation Meeting with stakeholders,
• Cadastral Survey
Categories of Social ImpactsCategories of Social Impacts
• Household Assets (land, house, trees & animals),
• Access to common property resources,
• Livelihood (way of subsistence, culture and
relations),
• Local economy
Conti…Conti…
• Cultural Resources (tangible and intangible),
• Social Capital (mutual help, institutions),
• Vulnerability (Exclusion).
Type of ImpactsType of Impacts
Direct Resettlement and livelihood restoratioon
Indirect Induce Mitigation and change in local economy/ecosystem,
Permanent Land acquisition and Discipline,
Temporary Noise during project constructions
Physical Housing & land loss
Economic Jobs: business.
Timing of ImpactsTiming of Impacts
• Project Designing
• Project Construction
• Project Operations
SIA Building BlocksSIA Building Blocks
• Baseline,• Alternative Analysis for Site,• Define ZOI• Consultation Process• Identify Cultural Resources• Identification of Vulnerable People/Groups• Identification of PAPs and SPAPs• Socio-economic Profile of SPAPS• Stakeholders Identification
1. Baselines1. Baselines• Define the Pre-project situation
• Each project will require different information (baseline), depending on expected impacts,
• Number of beneficiary population (district, VDC, Project area)
Baseline Cont…Baseline Cont…
• Possible positive and negative impacts of the project,
• Other related information.
2. Social Screening (SS)2. Social Screening (SS)
• Project preview (short note)
• Number of beneficiary population (ZoI),
• Number of affected people (direct and indirect)
• Identification of SPAP and PAP
SS cont…SS cont…• Identification of legal owners, squatters or
encroachers, and other category of land tenure arrangements,
• Key economic indicators on local economy and HHs,
• Severity of impacts on land, structures and common property
3. Cadastral Survey3. Cadastral Survey
• Identification of actual land donors (title holders),
• Identification of non-title holders,
• Initiation of land ownership transfer process
The 5 Ws of SIAThe 5 Ws of SIA• Why?: Manage Risks & Mitigate Impacts
• Where?: Project area of influence
• When?: As early as possible.
• Who?: Directly affected people & other stakeholders, and
• What?: Negative Impacts and opportunities.
Activities of SIAActivities of SIA
• Identify affected people/parties
• Facilitate & coordinate participation of stakeholders
• Collect baseline data
• Provide an in depth review of local cultural contexts.
Activities of SIA Cont…Activities of SIA Cont…
• Recommend appropriate mitigation measures,
• Assist in site selection,
• Assist in evaluating alternatives
• Predicts likely impacts and how stakeholders respond,
Activities of SIA Cont…Activities of SIA Cont…
• Develop coping strategies to deal with non-mitigatable impacts
• Recommend appropriate institutional and coordinate arrangements for all parties,
• Assist in developing & implementing monitoring and management programs.
Alternative AnalysisAlternative Analysis
• Compare different options to achieve the same goal
• Compare impacts (social, economic and environmental and so on)
• It is a key tool to minimize negative impacts and maximize positive impacts.
Definition of Area of ImpactsDefinition of Area of Impacts
• Identification of project area and ZoI
Project
•Direct impact area
•Indirect impact area
Vulnerable PeopleVulnerable People
• Project influence is not equally distributed to all in a given population
• Gender, ethnicity, age, economic variables may determine different degree of impacts
• Poverty lines may help in determining vulnerable people
SIA MethodsSIA Methods• Socio-economic survey,
• Land tenure surveys & mapping exercise,
• Focus groups discussions,
• Key informants interviews, and
• Analysis of secondary information
Socio-Economic ProfileSocio-Economic Profile
• Profile of livelihood losers,
• Profile (hh) of SPAPs, and
• Other related information as require by the project.
Cultural ResourcesCultural Resources
• Physical cultural resources
Burial places
Worshiping places and
Sacred forest and locations.
Cultural Resource Cont…Cultural Resource Cont…
• Intangible cultural resources
Customs,
Ritual Practices
Sense of attachment to place
Structure of SIA ReportStructure of SIA Report• Executive summary,• Background• Description of the project• Methodology• Stakeholders analysis & cunsultations• Analysis of Impacts (direct & indirect)• Alternative analysis• Socio-economic profile of ZoI• Other related data, maps, documents and so on.