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IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR CORRECTIVE
CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION NETWORKS
HVDC Doctoral ColloquiumPorto, June 2010
DR. CARLOS E. UGALDE-LOO
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Contents
Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) in Power Systems
What is SSR?
IEEE First Benchmark Model (FBM) for SSR studies
Results (IEEE FBM)
A Benchmark Model adapted for the GB (BM-GB)
Modelling modifications to FBM
Results (BM-GB)
Use of Fixed-Speed Induction Generators (FSIG) to damp SSR
Modelling modifications to BM-GB
Results (FSIG)
Future Work
Assessment of possible sources of SSR in the GB network: the Quadrature Booster (QB)
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What is SSR? Definition:
is an electric power system condition where the electric networkexchanges energy with a turbine generator at one or more of the
natural frequencies of the combined system below the synchronous
frequency of the system.
Dynamic phenomenon.
Any system condition providing the opportunity for the exchange ofenergy at a subsynchronous frequency:
o Natural modes of oscillation
o Forced modes of oscillation
Why should we study the SSR?
Consequences: the Mohave Generating Station case (1970 and 1971).
It mainly occurs in series capacitor-compensated transmission systems.
The GB transmission system will consider onshore reinforcement
through fixed-capacitors.
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What is SSR? The series capacitor-compensated transmission line
Consider a simple RLC series connected branch where:
Applying the Laplace transform to the voltage and impedance
The current in the branch is given by
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What is SSR?Define:
1. The undamped natural frequency:
2. The damping ratio:
3. The damping rate:
4. The damped frequency:
The Inverse Laplace transform of the current is given by
where
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What is SSR?
In the current response, there are two different frequencies:
A sinusoidal component at the frequency of the driving voltage;
A damped sinusoidal component at a frequency depending on the
network elements (R-L-C), where
For a 3-fnetwork, phases b and c will have the two frequencies present in their responses but with
different coefficients on the transient response component.
These kind of currents flow in the stator windings of the generator. The
physical process in which they are reflected into the generator rotor can bedescribed mathematically by the Parks transformation.
o The 50Hz(or 60Hz) component appears, as viewed from the rotor, as a DC
current.
o What about the transient components at the frequencyf2?
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What is SSR? The Parks transformation matrix is defined as:
Applying it to 3-fcurrents will lead to terms such as . If qis definedin terms of the base frequency of the machine as
Thus
Currents of frequency w2 are transformed into currents of frequencies containing
both the sum and difference of the two frequencies.
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What is SSR?
The difference frequencies are called SUBSYNCHRONOUS FREQUENCIES.
Subsynchronous currents inject energy into the rotating mass of the shaft.
Produce shaft torques on the turbine-generator rotor.
Cause rotor oscillations at subsynchronous frequencies.
The presence of subsynchronous torques on the rotor causes concern
because the turbine-generator shaft itself has natural modes of oscillation(typical of a spring mass system). The shaft oscillatory modes are at
subsynchronous frequencies.
Should the induced subsynchronous torques coincide with one of the
shaft natural mechanical modes of oscillation, the shaft will oscillate at
this natural frequency, sometimes with high amplitude. This is called
shaft stress & fatigue
o SUBSYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE
failure
possible damage
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What is SSR? Types of subsynchronous oscillations in series capacitor compensation:
Induction generator effect (purely ELECTRICAL PHENOMENON)
At subsynchronous current, the rotor resistance is negative (seen from the armature), while the
network has a positive resistance to these same currents.
If the negative resistance of the generator is greater than the positive resistance of the network
at the system natural frequencies, there will be sustained subsynchronous currents, causing the
self-excitation of the electrical system electrical oscillations of intolerable level.
Torsional interaction (resulting in SSR coupling between ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL)
The induced subsynchronous torque in the generator is close to one of the torsional naturalmodes of the turbine-generator shaft.
Rotor oscillations build up, which induces armature voltage components at sub and
supersynchronous frequencies. The induced subsynchronous frequency voltage is phased to
sustain the subsynchronous torque.
If the torque equals or exceeds the inherent mechanical damping of the rotating system, the
system will become self-excited.
Transient torques (resulting in SSR coupling between ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL)Result from system disturbances which cause sudden changes in the network, and thus changes
in currents that will tend to oscillate at the natural frequencies of the network.
If any of those subsynchronous network frequencies coincide with one of the natural modes of a
turbine-generator shaft, there can be large peak torques (proportional to the magnitude of the
oscillating current). Currents due to short circuits can produce very large shaft torques both
when the fault is applied and when it is cleared.
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What is SSR? Induction generator effect
Iffn Rnet RLC circuitwith negative resistance.
This causes self-excitation causing electrical oscillations of intolerable levels.
SOLUTION: Increase network resistance and decrease resistance of generator
rotor circuits (damping windings)
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What is SSR? Torsional interactions
Subsynchronous currents inject energy into the rotating mass of the shaft.
If the subsynchronous component of rotor torque is close to a torsional natural
mode of the turbine-generator shaft, torsional oscillations can be excited.
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IEEE First Benchmark Model for SSR Studies
Origins
The IEEE First Benchmark Model (FBM) was created by the IEEE Working Group
on Subsynchronous Resonance in 1977 for use in computer program
comparison and development.
NAVAJO PROJECT (US):ARIZONA, NEVADA & CALIFORNIA
892.4MVA generators
500 kVtransmission line
60Hzfrequency
Navajo-McCullough line
parameters radial circuit.
Series capacitor-compensated
transmission line connecting asynchronous generator to a
large system.
Only one interaction between
the machine and the network.
SIMPLICITY!
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IEEE First Benchmark Model for SSR Studies The turbine-generator shaft model
The network model T
Shaft inertias and spring in p.u. on the generator
base (892.4 MVA)
Inertia Inertia
constant H[s]
Shaft
section
Spring constant
K [p.u. T/rad]HP turbine 0.092897
HPIP 19.303
IP turbine 0.155589
IPLPA 34.929
LPA turbine 0.858670
LPALPB 52.038
LPB turbine 0.884215
LPBGEN 70.858
Generator 0.868495
GENEXC 2.82
Exciter 0.0342165
Network impedances in p.u. on
the generator base (892.4 MVA)
Parameter Positive seq. Zero seq.
R 0.02 0.50
XT 0.14 0.14
XL 0.50 1.56
XSYS 0.06 0.06
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IEEE First Benchmark Model for SSR Studies The generator (non-reduced order) model
Two damper windings in the q-axis and one in the d-axis are included in the
rotor. A field winding is considered in thed-axis.
T
Synchronous machine parameters (base 892.4 MVA)
Parameter Units [ p.u.] Parameter Units [ p.u.] Parameter Units [ p.u.]
Xd 1.79 d0 4.3 s Xmd, Xmq 1.666, 1.58
Xq 1.71 q0 0.032 s Rfd, Xfd 0.011, 1.7
Ra 0.0015 d0 0.850 s Rkd 0.0037
Xd 0.169 q0 0.050 s Xkd 1.666
Xq 0.228 d 0.40598 Rkq1 0.0053
Xd 0.135 q 0.02556 Xkq1 0.695
Xq 0.2 d 0.11333 Rkq2 0.0182
Xl 0.13 q 0.04386 Xkq2 1.825
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IEEE First Benchmark Model for SSR Studies Some calculations
The Navajo McCullough line considers a 70% of series compensation. This provides
a total impedance of
where 0.35p.u. corresponds to a 70% compensation of the 0.50p.u. inductive
reactance of the transmission line. The undamped natural frequency is given by
This will be reflected in the following supersynchronous and subsynchronous
frequencies:
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Some calculations
The state-space representation of the linearised system (shaft, generator and
network model), has the form
The eigenvalueslare defined as the
solution of the matrix equation
The system is of 20th order with 10
eigenvalues having frequencies in
the subsynchronous range and close
to the imaginary axis. The system is
unstable.Notice that the predicted network
resonance frequency (110 rad/s) is
near that of two pair of unstable
eigenvalues.
IEEE First Benchmark Model for SSR Studies
Eigenvalues of the IEEE FBM
Eigenvalue
number
Real part
[s1]
Imaginary
part [rad/s]
Imaginary
part [Hz]
1, 2 +0.0785 127.1556 20.2374
3, 4 +0.0782 99.7088 15.8692
5, 6 +0.0409 160.3899 25.5268
7, 8 +0.0023 202.8631 32.2867
9, 10 0.0000005 298.1767 47.4563
11 0.7758
12 0.9480
13, 14 1.2180 10.5951 96.6162
15, 16 5.5411 136.9774 21.8006
17, 18 6.8096 616.5325 98.1228
19 25.4112
20 41.2955
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Results (IEEE FBM) PSCAD Implementation
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Results (IEEE FBM)
PSCAD Implementation: 70% series compensation
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Results (IEEE FBM)
PSCAD Implementation: no series compensation
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A Benchmark Model adapted for the GB (BM-GB)
Modelling modifications to FBM
Key parameters are modified to make the system relevant to that of GB. The
main purpose is to be able to reproduce the SSR phenomenon.
2800MVA generators
400 kVtransmission line
50Hzfrequency
Series capacitor-compensated
transmission line connecting a
synchronous generator to a
large system.
Only one interaction between
the machine and the network.
SIMPLICITY!
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Results (BM-GB)
PSCAD Implementation
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Results (BM-GB)
PSCAD Implementation: 70% series compensation
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Results (BM-GB)
PSCAD Implementation: no series compensation
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Use of Fixed-Speed Induction Generators to damp SSR
Modelling modifications to BM-GB
A fixed-speed induction generator (FSIG) based wind farm is added to the
network to assess the its ability to damp subsynchronous oscillations
2.5MVA induction generator
units
400 kVtransmission line
50Hzfrequency
Series capacitor-compensated
transmission line connecting a
synchronous generator to a
large system. Induction generators connected
to simulate the effects on the
system of a wind farm.
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Results (FSIG) PSCAD Implementation
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Results (FSIG)
PSCAD Implementation
1 FSIG unit (70% comp.)70% compensationNo compensation
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Results (FSIG)
PSCAD Implementation
100 FSIG units (70% comp.)10 FSIG unit (70% comp.) 300 FSIG units (70% comp.)
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Future Work
Assessment of possible sources of SSR in the GB network: the Quadrature
Booster (QB)
The QB consists of two transformers: one in shunt and one in series. The shuntunit provides a variable voltage from a fully tapped secondary winding to the
primary winding of a transformer, which secondary is connected in series with
the line. The connection causes the 90 degree phase shift.
It injects a voltage into the network to cause a circulating current. This
increases the power flow in some lines and reduces it in others, allowing the
operator to balance flows.
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Questions?