S ti l t l fS ti l t l fSpatial tools for aquaSpatial tools for aquaand plaand pla
Dr. José AguDr. José Agu
AquacultuAquacultuAquacultuAquacultuFAO, RoFAO, Ro
PART 2. Spatial planning applicatioPART 2. Spatial planning applicatio
Training Workshop on site selection, aTraining Workshop on site selection, amanagement for coastal marinemanagement for coastal marine
M’Diq (Morocco), M’Diq (Morocco),
lt it l tilt it l ticulture site selection culture site selection anninganning
ilarilar--Manjarrez Manjarrez
ure serviceure serviceure serviceure serviceome, Italyome, Italy
ons in aquaculture to identify AZAsons in aquaculture to identify AZAs
allocated zones for aquaculture and site allocated zones for aquaculture and site e aquaculture (WGSCe aquaculture (WGSC--SHoCMedSHoCMed) )
44--7 February 20137 February 2013
ConteConte
•• Aquaculture potential aAquaculture potential a•••• Site selectionSite selection•• CarryingCarrying capacitycapacity•••• Case study the Case study the PhilippinPhilippin
entent
nd zoning nd zoning
nesnes
Guidelines for site selectioGuidelines for site selectio
Phase 1. Scoping• definition of the ecosystem boundary
scales)• Identify over riding policy legislation (er
ser
s
• Identify over‐riding policy, legislation (regulations (such as ecosystem qualitystandards).
Phase 2. Site selectionholders
keho
lde
keho
lde
• Site selection based on site selection cbuffers to sensitive ecosystems
Phase 3. Carrying capacity estiwith stakeh
with
sta
kw
ith s
tak
y g p y• Identify and prioritise key carrying cap
ecosystem and social)• Identify models and indicators for carr
(production, ecosystem and social)• Undertake decision support analysisnsultation
lta
tion
wlta
tion
w
• Set sustainable carrying capacity and uproduction for licensing purposes
Phase 4. Monitoring and review• Regular monitoring and evaluation
Con
Con
suC
onsu
• Regular monitoring and evaluation• Periodic review and adjustment
on and carrying capacityon and carrying capacity
(spatial, social and political
(such as land and sea rights) and(such as land and sea rights) and y standards, water quality
ation
rmat
ion
rmat
ion
criteria, exclusion zones and
imation ble inform
abl
e in
for
ble
info
r
pacity issues (production,
rying capacity analysis
Best availab
w t ava
ilab
t ava
ilab
use as basis for setting maximum
w
B
Review
Bes
tB
est
Data needs for aquacData needs for aquacmanagementmanagementgg
CHARACTERISTICS POTENTIAL ZO
Main purpose Plan strategically for development and eventual management
Regulate deminimize coconflicting ucomplementland and wa
Spatial scope: Administration
Global to National Levels 1 and
Spatial scope: Ecosystems Main environments EcosystemSpatial scope: Ecosystems Main environments (freshwater, brackish, marine)
Ecosystem
EAA Scale Global Watershed o
Executing entity Organizations operating globally; National aquaculture departments
National, state/provincgovernmentaquaculture
Data needs Basic, relating to technical and economic feasibility,
Basic enviroand economand economic feasibility,
growth and other usesand econom
Resolution Low Moderate
Results obtained Broad, indicative Directed, mod il ddetailed
culture development and culture development and
ONING SITING CARRYING CAPACITY
evelopment; ompeting and ses; maximize
Reduce risk; optimize production
Sustain culture; protect environment/ecosystem
tary uses of aterd 2 sub-national Farm or farm clusters Farm or farm clusters
Portion of ecosystem Aquaculture ecosystemPortion of ecosystem Aquaculture ecosystem
or waterbody Farm Farm to watershed or waterbody
cial/municipal ts with responsibilities
Commercial entities Regulating agencies
onmental, social mic sets
All available Data to drive modelsmic sets
High High
oderately Specific, fully detailed Moderately to fully detailed
Part 1. Aquaculture pPart 1. Aquaculture pq pq ppotential and zoningpotential and zoningp gp g
Climate change
Handisyde et a
Vulnerability –emphasis on food securityy
Overall Vulnerability
al., 2008
ContinentalContinentalLinking GIS with externaLinking GIS with externa
Uses initial site selection
Then uses the “POND” model to calculate growth andcalculate growth and yields/year at a target weight
Tilapia, Catfish & Carp
Aguilar-Manja
al models:al models:
arrez & Nath, 1998
National scaleNational scaleSouthwest Southwest Bangladesh AquaBangladesh Aquag qg q
Note multiple outputs from same Note multiple outputs from same Can be traded of using Multi Ob
Tilapia CarpTilapia Carp
S
aculture potential:aculture potential:pp
e datasete datasetbjective Land Allocation (IDRISI)
C bCrab
Salam et al., 2003
Transboundary issues
Movements of aquatic species
Jenness, Dooley, Aguilar-Manjarrez & Riva, 2007
P l ti d it i L k V ltPopulation density in Lake Volta megabasin
Fish farming poFish farming poBangladesh, China, Bangladesh, China, CamCamg , ,g , ,
otential in otential in meroonmeroon and Malawiand Malawi
Fish farming poteFish farming poteential in Ghanaential in Ghana
TenerifeTenerife
Issues addressed
- Beaches - Water sports - Location of tourist resources- Viewshed (visibility)
- Tourist resources, beaches d h t l )and hotels)
Punta del Hidalgo
Santa Cruz Puerto de la Cruz
Punta del HidalgoBajamar
El Pris
Guimar
T B ll
Playa Paraiso
Las Americas
Los Gigantes Puerto Santiago
Las Galletas
Ten-Bell
Costa del Silencio
Los CristianosEl Medano
Zoning or allocation of space is a mechaAquacultuAquacultu
aquaculture development to avoid conflifisheries, spawning and nursery areas) aregulation
CameroonCameroonPlanning to identify potential areas forPlanning to identify potential areas forPlanning to identify potential areas for Planning to identify potential areas for aquacultureaquaculture
anism for more integrated planning ofre zoningre zoningicts with fisheries (e.g. sensitive wildand other sectors as well as its better
Regulatory measures to control the developmentRegulatory measures to control the developmentChinaChinaRegulatory measures to control the development Regulatory measures to control the development of aquaculture of aquaculture
AquacultureAquaculture zoninzonin
OBJECTIVO: Desarrollar una
Dirección Nllos potencsobre la macuicultura
OBJECTIVOS E1.1. DesarrollarDesarrollar
georreferencgeorreferencusouso territoriaterritorianacional,nacional, incincacuáticasacuáticas adad
2.2. GGenerarenerar unaunadelimitendelimiten yy cccultivocultivo dede eemarinas)marinas),, utut
3.3. TransferirTransferir lalatécnicostécnicos dedecondicionescondicionesqueque fueranfueranqueque fueranfueranzonificaciónzonificación
ngng in Uruguayin Uruguay
a herramienta de consulta que permita a laNacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA) y ai l i d d i i á idciales interesados tomar decisiones rápidasmejor localización de emprendimientos de
a.ESPECIFICOS:
unun sistemasistema dede informacióninformación ambientalambientalciadociado (SIG)(SIG) incorporandoincorporando informacióninformación ambiental,ambiental, dedealal yy sociosocio--económicaeconómica existenteexistente parapara todotodo elel territorioterritoriocluyendocluyendo áreasáreas continentalescontinentales yy laslas franjasfranjas costerascosterasdyacentesdyacentes..
aa zonificaciónzonificación acuícolaacuícola nacionalnacional (ZAN)(ZAN) enen lala cualcual seseclasifiquenclasifiquen zonaszonas dede acuerdoacuerdo concon susu aptitudaptitud parapara elelespeciesespecies acuáticasacuáticas (dulceacuícolas,(dulceacuícolas, estuarinasestuarinas yyilizandoilizando parapara elloello unun enfoqueenfoque ecosistémicoecosistémico..
aa tecnologíatecnología yy conocimientosconocimientos desarrolladosdesarrollados aa losloslala DINARADINARA dede modomodo dede queque loslos mismosmismos esténestén enendede operaroperar elel sistemasistema yy hacerhacer laslas actualizacionesactualizaciones
nn necesariasnecesarias;; yy difundirdifundir loslos resultadosresultados dede lalann necesariasnecesarias;; yy difundirdifundir loslos resultadosresultados dede lalaacuícolaacuícola nacionalnacional (ZAN)(ZAN) aa loslos potencialespotenciales usuariosusuarios..
Ejemplos de cEjemplos de c1. Cartografía de base para tierra y franja costera acuática2. Divisiones político–administrativas3. Padrones4. Demografía5. Usos de la tierra y franja costera6. Red vial principal7. Red hidrográfica nacional8. Principales cuencas hidrográficas9. Topografíap g10. Zonas inundables11. Tipo y composición de suelos12. Producción acuícola actual13. Biodiversidad14. Áreas protegidas14. Áreas protegidas15. Distribución de especies acuáticas amenazadas16. Temperatura media estacional/anual del aire17. Temperatura media estacional del agua (ríos,
arroyos,lagos, lagunas, embalses y franja costera)19 Precipitación media estacional19. Precipitación media estacional20. Evaporación 21. Profundidades medias de cuerpos de agua y franja
costera22. Tipo de sustrato de fondo 23 Régimen de mareas23. Régimen de mareas24. Régimen de olas
criterios criterios 23. Vientos medios estacionales24. Salinidad media estacional 25. Concentración de nutrientes26. Distribución estacional de fitoplancton en
franja costerafranja costera27. Distribución espacial de floraciones algales
nocivas (serie histórica)28. Descarga y concentración de contaminantes 29. Minería30 Plantas de toma y tratamiento de aguas OSE30. Plantas de toma y tratamiento de aguas OSE31. Distribución de la radiación solar32. Modelo digital de terreno (alturas y
pendientes)33. Productividad vegetal terrestre media anual 34 Localidades Urbanas34. Localidades Urbanas35. Localización industrial36. Viviendas del programa MEVIR37. Emprendimientos con Autorización
Ambiental38 Categorización del suelo según planes de38. Categorización del suelo según planes de
ordenamiento territorial39. Valor de la tierra40. Legislación y reglamentación aplicable
Part 2. AquacultuPart 2. Aquacultuqq re site selectionre site selection
Site selection is the process of selec
Site seSite sep
environment by examining environmadministrative, social, economic andorder to set up an aquaculture proje
ChilChil fi h /fi h /l lil li M i Sh iM i Sh iChile Chile –– fish cages/fish cages/longlinelongline Mexico Shrimp Mexico Shrimp
Thailand fish cagesThailand fish cages China China ––longlineslonglines
cting a certain space in the
lectionlectiong p
mental, technical, legal, d other related aspects in ect
It l d tIt l d tdd Italy ponds sturgeonItaly ponds sturgeonpondsponds
ss seaweedseaweed China China –– fish pens/pondsfish pens/ponds
Case study: Case study: Bahía Bahía de de Potential for culture of mussels, oys System focus
salinity
wave height
SepetibaSepetiba, , BrazilBrazil::sters and shrimp
shrimp
oyster
Scott, 2004
More complex 2D moMore complex 2D moMore complex 2D moMore complex 2D mo Western Isles, Scotland
Multi-site & Multi-component
Large area : 14 25m resolution Large area : 14.25m resolution (pansharp-ETM+)
Free-standing models: DA
TA
ProtecteAreas
Endanger
Species
Site suitability (physical factors)
Biodiversity impacts
PRIM
AR
Y Species Sen
to Aquacult
Habitat an
Species Distri
Commercy p Waste dispersion impacts Viewshed analysis
CommercFisheries
del sets:del sets: Development Managementdel sets:del sets:
PRIMARY DATA
Integration
Cage SuitabilityModel
Cage SuitabilityModel
Wave Climate Currents Bathymetry Sediment Type
BiodiversityModel
Waste Dispersion
Model
MARINE FISH CAGE SITESELECTION
BiodiversityModel
Waste Dispersion
Model
MARINE FISH CAGE SITESELECTION
Bathymetry
C t
PR
d
red
s
Viewshed Model
Viewshed Model
Currents
RIM
AR
Y DA
TA
nsitive
ture
nd
bution
cial
Hydrological
Processes
PRIMARY DATA
cial s
DEM VIEWPOINTS
Hunter, 2008
Biodiversity and fish faBiodiversity and fish fayy
Some key biodiversity areas in the Western Isles
Do fish farms enhance Do fish farms enhance biodiversity?
Would biodiversity be even better without fish farms?
How do we investigate How do we investigate the interactions?
H
arms:arms: Development Management Integration
Hunter et al., 2007
A li ti f f i i lA li ti f f i i lApplication form for provisional Application form for provisional approval to establish commercial approval to establish commercial aquaculture project in Omanaquaculture project in Oman
Description of the project site (location, area of culture, etc)
Proposed project (species, culture system, etc).p p j ( p , y , ) Marketing Operations (management) Investments Community service Environment Finance Technical expertize
SelecciónSelección ddInland aquacultureInland aquacultureqq
Land availability Topography Water temperature Water quality
W t Q tit Water Quantity Water access rights Soil chemistry and structure Adjacent land uses Proximity to supporting infrastructure Access to roads Climatic disturbance Population density Distance from other fish farms Access to electricity Environmental constraints Access to main markets Availability of fertilizer or agricultural by-produ
de de criterioscriteriosMarine cage aquaculture
Distance from shore (ports) Water depth Water temperature Availability of shelter Availability of shelter Distance from competing water activities Water quality Turbidity and suspended solids Distance from other cage farms Distance from other cage farms Prevailing wave heights Availability of inputs Predators
ucts
Case study: SpainCase study: SpainObjetivo general: identificación de zonasidóneas para el desarrollo de la acuicultura marina en Andalucía.
Objetivos específicos- Generar una base cartográfica de
referencia para la posterior ordenación de la actividad en lasordenación de la actividad en las zonas marítimas en estudio.
- Identificar en el ámbito espacial de estudio, es decir, en la franja costera y zonas de marismas de Andalucía, los usos administrativos y actividades que en el mismo se desarrollan.
- Analizar la compatibilidad de la actividad acuícola con lasactividad acuícola con las actividades y usos identificados.
- Localizar las zonas idóneas para la acuicultura marina y realizar una propuesta de zonificación.
Production functions for fienvironmental monitoring inenvironmental monitoring in
Criterios GoodCoastal exposition PartialCoastal exposition PartialWave height (m) 1 to 3Water depth (m) >30Water current speed (cm/s) >15Pollution level LowPollution level LowMax. temperature (˚C) 22 - 24Min. temperature (˚C) 12Salinity (average)(L’) 25 – 27S li it fl t ti (L’) <5Salinity fluctuations (L’) <5Dissolved oxygen (%) 100Turbidity/suspended solids LowSediment type Sand/graveW t l ifi ti Oli t hiWater classification OligotrophiFouling LowPredators No
ish cage site selection and the Mediterranean Sea Spainthe Mediterranean Sea, Spain
Medium BadSheltered Non shelteredSheltered Non-sheltered
<1 >315 - 30 <155 - 15 <5
Medium HighMedium High24 -27 >27
10 <815 -25 <155 10 >105 - 10 >10
70 - 100 <70Moderate High
el Mixture MudM t hi E t hic Mesotrophic Eutrophic
Moderate HighFew Abundant
Part 3. CarryiPart 3. Carryiyying capacitying capacityg p yg p y
More complex 2D moMore complex 2D moMore complex 2D moMore complex 2D mo Western Isles, Scotland
Multi-site & Multi-component
Large area : 14 25m resolution Large area : 14.25m resolution (pansharp-ETM+)
Free-standing models: DA
TA
ProtecteAreas
Endanger
Species
Site suitability (physical factors)
Biodiversity impacts
PRIM
AR
Y Species Sen
to Aquacult
Habitat an
Species Distri
Commercy p Waste dispersion impacts Viewshed analysis
CommercFisheries
del sets:del sets: Development Managementdel sets:del sets:
PRIMARY DATA
Integration
Cage SuitabilityModel
Cage SuitabilityModel
Wave Climate Currents Bathymetry Sediment Type
BiodiversityModel
Waste Dispersion
Model
MARINE FISH CAGE SITESELECTION
BiodiversityModel
Waste Dispersion
Model
MARINE FISH CAGE SITESELECTION
Bathymetry
C t
PR
d
red
s
Viewshed Model
Viewshed Model
Currents
RIM
AR
Y DA
TA
nsitive
ture
nd
bution
cial
Hydrological
Processes
PRIMARY DATA
cial s
DEM VIEWPOINTS
Hunter, 2008
Biodiversity and fish faBiodiversity and fish fayy
Some key biodiversity areas in the Western Isles
Do fish farms enhance Do fish farms enhance biodiversity?
Would biodiversity be even better without fish farms?
How do we investigate How do we investigate the interactions?
H
arms:arms:
Hunter et al., 2007
Fine resolution:Fine resolution:GIS and waste dispersaGIS and waste dispersaGIS and waste dispersaGIS and waste dispersa
1m resolution
Includes: Includes:– Hydrography– Particle sinking
ratesrates– Bioperturbation– Tidal cage
movement
Perez et al, 2003; C
al:al:al:al:
Corner et al., 2006
Development Management Integration
Case study: Sanggou WaCase study: Sanggou Wa
Area: Area:
MeaMea
Pacific oyster:Pacific oyster: 150 000 t y150 000 t y--11
Chinese scallop: Chinese scallop: 5 000 t y5 000 t y--11
Kelp:Kelp: 84 500 t y84 500 t y--11
Japanese Flounder:Japanese Flounder:12 000 t y12 000 t y--11
www.biaoqiang.orgwww.biaoqiang.org
Japanese Flounder:Japanese Flounder:12 000 t y12 000 t yFugu:Fugu: 12 000 t y12 000 t y--11
Total value:Total value: 150150--200 MUSD200 MUSD
g gg g
an, northeast China an, northeast China
Issues addressed- holistic assessment of
aquaculture on the basis of people, planet and p p pprofit
- good example of integration of spatial data across different scientific
- di i li- disciplines; - novel because it
combines models running at widely different
- time and space scales for
140 km140 km22 (mean depth 8 (mean depth 8 m)m)
Fully salineFully salinean temperature: 12 ºCan temperature: 12 ºC
time and space scales for different ecosystem components
- Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)
BivalvesBivalves KelpKelp
Fi hFi hFish cagesFish cages
Case study: Norway
AkvaVis expert system
Source:Source: ErvikErvik A, Døskeland I, A, Døskeland I, HagebergHageberg A.A., Strand, Ø., and HansA.A., Strand, Ø., and Hans
www.akvavis.nowww.akvavis.no
Issues addressed- Norwegian fjords, site selection- Estimating environmental status and
carrying capacitycarrying capacity- Applied for mussel and finfish farming- Three modules share the same
databases but apply information for different purposes
- Siting module identifies potential farm sites, simulates carrying capacity
- Management module compiles information needed by the authorities for aquaculture managementfor aquaculture management
- Application module promotes efficient application and ensures that all relevant information is provided
sen P.K. 2011sen P.K. 2011
The role of strategic environThe role of strategic environnmental impact assessmentsnmental impact assessments
Mariculture PaMariculture Pasite selectisite selecti
The PhThe Ph
Patrick WPatrick WAkvaplanAkvaplan--
ark zoning and ark zoning and ion criteriaion criteria
ilippinesilippines
WhiteWhite--niva ASniva AS
Zoning criteria Zoning criteria –– fafa
Oceanographic data Oceanographic data • Bathymetry (marine charts) • Bathymetry (marine charts) • Exposure • Exposure • Winds • Winds • Waves • Waves
C rrentsC rrents• Currents • Currents
InfrastructureInfrastructure• Roads• Roads• Roads• Roads• • HarbourHarbour and other landing and other landing facilitiesfacilities
• Towns/cities• Towns/cities Towns/cities Towns/cities• Electricity supply, potable • Electricity supply, potable water, etcwater, etc• Coastguard stations• Coastguard stations
actors to consideractors to consider
Potential conflictsPotential conflicts• Marine protected areas• Marine protected areas• Security/military areas• Security/military areas• • HarboursHarbours, navigation, navigation• Sensitive habitats or species • Sensitive habitats or species
( t tl b di b h )( t tl b di b h )(e.g. turtle breeding beaches)(e.g. turtle breeding beaches)
SocioSocio--economic issueseconomic issues• Fishing communities• Fishing communities• Fishing communities• Fishing communities• Tourist areas• Tourist areas
Aquaculture zonAquaculture zon
Source:Source: Patrick WhitePatrick White
ing processing process
Definition of the ecosystemDefinition of the ecosystemm boundary (base map) m boundary (base map)
Population densityPopulation density
Municipal watersMunicipal waters
Coastal roadsCoastal roads
PortsPorts--harbourharbour
BathymetryBathymetry
Sensite areasSensite areas
Watersheds/streamsWatersheds/streams
Wave modelWave model
CriteriaCriteria for for ff
Suitable depth– 15 to 50 m
Infrastructure– Road preferable less then 1 k
Excluding factorsExcluding factors Wave
– More then 1 m height Rivers Rivers
– Large river 3 km, other river 1 Sensitive areas
C l f 300– Coral reef 300 m away
fishfarmingfishfarming
km away
1,5 km
BathymetryBathymetry
RoadsRoads
WindsWinds
River buffersRiver buffers
Coral buffersCoral buffers
Results Results
Areas of interestAreas of interest
Areas of interest Areas of interest -- Calauag, PCalauag, PPhilippinesPhilippines