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Strangers Invade the West
An Apache boy at Bosque Redondo, c. 1864-68New Mexico State Monuments. Sarah Winnemucca
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California Indians c. 1769
• Small, politically autonomous groups• Little prior trade contact with Europeans
-> no guns or horses
• Spain uncontested in the area-> Indians couldn’t ally with other Europeans against Spain
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Santa Barbara mission founded 1784. Photo: Library of Congress.
Neophytes =Indians whoconverted toChristianity
By 1821: 21,000 neophytes in 21 missions
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The end of the mission system
• 1821 Mexican independence from Spain. Indians granted Mexican citizenship.
• 1833 Missions disbanded– Friars limited to religious role– Farms privatized• Half was supposed to go to neophytes• Corruption -> most went to large ranchers
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1848: < 20,000 non-Indians in California
By 1852: approx. 250,000 non-Indians
20,000 Chinese arrived in
1852.
7 men for every woman in 1852.
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Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (1850)
• Facilitated exploitation:– Indians convicted of crime, including vagrancy,
could be contracted out to whites– Indian children could be removed from their
families to become apprentices to whites
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native population of California
• 1492: 310,000• 1820: 200,000• 1846: 150,000• 1870: 30,000• 1900: 15,000 (out of 1.5 million)• 2000: 330,000 (out of 33.9 million)
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• Cochise, leader of Chiricahua Apaches• General O.O. Howard• General Gordon Granger • Two versions of the same speech or two
different speeches?