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UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO
FACULDADE DE ECONOMIA, ADMINISTRAÇÃO ECONTABILIDADE
DEPARTAMENTO DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO
SSÉÉR R IIEE DDEE WWOOR R K K II N NGG PPAAPPEER R SS WWOOR R K K II N NGG PPAAPPEER R N Nºº 0033//002211
STRATEGIC AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES OF
SERVICE CLUSTERS IN SAO PAULO - BRAZIL
JOSÉ LUÍS NEVESFEA-USP
WASHINGTON FRANCO MATHIASFEA-USP
Este artigo pode ser obtido no site:www.ead.fea.usp.br/wpapers
Os comentários, críticas e sugestões devem ser enviados ao e-mail: [email protected] ou [email protected]
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COVER PAGE
1 – Title: Strategic and entrepreneurial opportunities of service clusters in Sao Paulo - Brazil
Track: Management Strategies and Global Competitiveness
2 – Authors:
I – José Luís Neves.
I.1 – Mestre em Administração, pelo Depto. de Administração da FEAUSP.
I.2 – Rua Dona Marianita, 67 – São Paulo, SP.
Brasil. 04317-170
I.3 – Tel.: 55 (11) 3177 4544
I.4- Fax.: 55 (11) 3177-4576
I.5– E-mail: [email protected]
I.6– Preferred last name: Neves
II -Washington Franco Mathias
II.1-Professor Doutor do Departamento de Administração da FEAUSP.
II.2 - Rua Lupércio de Camargo, 52. Apt. 91. São Paulo, SP.Brasil. 01409-020.
II.3 - Tel.: 55 11 38190137
Ii.4 - Fax.: 55 11 30646893
II.5 - E-mail: [email protected]
Ii.5 – Preferred last name: Mathias.
3 – Key Words: entrepreneurship, clusters, globalization
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Strategic and entrepreneurial opportunities of service clusters in Sao Paulo - Brazil
Abstract
Spontaneous, induced by government or imposed by the competitive process, far-reaching economic changes in the urban
landscape of Sao Paulo, Brazil have taken place as part of the globalization process. Emergence of service clusters seems to
be the result of new functions and uses of physical spaces that follow such changes. They bring up issues such as the types
of services that will be benefited and what are the sustainable competitive advantages for the parties involved. This paper
reviews aspects of recent experiences in this domain and make some recommendations to promote participation of
companies and institutions in this endeavor.
Clusters of services
Global cities1 function as a complex network of services based on systematic interaction and on a specific form of
articulation between territory and people.
The emergence of service clusters with their capability to multiply effects and offer well paid jobs is pointed out by Galvão
(2003). This fact points to the relevance of regional development strategies of regions that supply services with highly
specialized talent and employ sophisticated technological resources.
Increasing demand for financial and specialized services in addition to the new transnational service networks is clearly
noted in global cities, especially in developing economies recently included in the world financial network. A diminishedregulatory role of government authorities may be observed together with the tendency to separate city and state as political
and economic domains. In this context, a greater demand is perceived for more qualified labor with steadily raising
incomes.
Ribeiro and Marques (2002) considered that services with a strong component of knowledge have become more important
at the OECD countries. Telecommunications, finance, insurance and business services as the greatest users of technology
and their survey indicates that these sectors represent 18% of the total aggregate value of these countries. Taking only
services with a strong component of knowledge that cannot be transacted (the case of education and health), knowledge
intensive services represent about 29% of the total aggregate value of the OECD zone.
1 New York, London, Zurich, Amsterdam, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Sydney, Hong Kong, Buenos Aires, Taipei, Mexico City,and Sao Paulo among others.
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Physical space as a category of analysis
A superficial view of the globalization phenomenon might suggest that physical space tends to loose importance and only
the most qualified workers are of interest to globalization (Sassen, 1997). However, closer investigation discloses the
importance of physical space (only with new uses) and of a greater demand for less-qualified professionals (secretaries,
loaders, attendants, operators, and drivers).
Capital currently makes use of the city (more precisely, of the geographic location and it’s competitive advantages) as if it
were a commodity. Although new communication techniques connect distant places more quickly, this does not subtract
from the importance of the physical space. On the contrary, denationalization of urban space and search for profitability
force specific uses of the physical space (for storage and transport activities, for instance but also for other purposes) that
follow their own inherent rationale, different from that of three or four decades ago. Globalization has brought about new
strategic territories revealing a new dimension of the world economic system. The national border has lost importance,
while other expanses of space in which productive activities materialize have gained it.
As Capital, labor has also been internationalized. Cities of the world have emerged as strategic centers for an array of
diverse cultures. Workers arriving from various parts of the world and immigrant members of many ethnic groups are
evidence of a liberalized geography. This occurs because a class of international workers is working in global environments.
The conventional view of transnational economic undertakings is usually based upon a duality of opposing national and
international interests. Indeed, the fact that economic relations have extended far beyond national frontiers implies a certain
reduction in the sovereignty of the state. This demonstrates that there are forces involved requiring another economic pointof view for their understanding. The issue is not to merely extend the scope of the object of geographic economics by
stating that it has become supranational. Denationalization of what we understand as national territory is underway. Ribeiro
and Marques (2002), find in Europe a return of power to communities and regions striving to improve their international
competitive position. This is coupled with a new definition of functions of the state and a modification of the inputs for
production of wealth related to a time before globalization.
Sassen (1991, 1997, 1998) has sought to redeem the importance of including physical space in the assessment of economic
globalization in relation to the complex assemblage formed by the cities. Although discussion of globalization usually takes
place between the nation and the world, important sub-national components exist. This is especially true if we consider that
some are more engaged in globalization than others. For Romão (1998) one of the important effects of globalization is
associated with the allocation of funds to the space and the shaping of productive environments that favor acquisition of
competitive resources and keep up a high level of competition. Scott (1998), Putnam (2000), Krugman (1991a, 1991b,
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1991c) and Porter (1993, 1999) among others, are authors that have called attention to the importance of the new geographic
and economic organization.
The importance of physical space in globalization resides in a geography of centralization surpassing national frontiers and
traditional geopolitical limits typical of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Here a transnational space is organized in
accordance with the demand for capital in the productive system. A global grid of strategic territories in the format shaped
by world cities acting as important business and finance centers has been formed. They are centers of concentration of
power and of command.
Ribeiro and Marques (2002) say that the rediscovery of space and territory as important economic factors comes from the
awareness that differences of economic performance in different regions rely on certain assets (knowledge, qualification,
institutional and organizational structures). Innovation is encouraged where there is a concentration of specialized inputs,
services and resources required for this purpose.
The authors say that when referring to regions where productive activities traditionally take place two important distinctions
must be made:
- dynamism linked to the concentration of activities based upon knowledge which are in great demand worldwide,
with a control of knowledge and technologies that lead to new forms of creation and fabrication of accepted
products; and
- development of intense relations of a scientific, technological and economic nature between regions in which
“important nodes of competitive, production, integration and commercialization networks of the same worldoperators” are located.
A new division of labor is underway within nations because the more traditional activities involving less knowledge tend to
move out of the national space in a declining economic movement.
The occupation of space is invariably linked to the type and stage of technology available. If we consider that companies
and agencies undeniably exist, it is because on the one hand new technologies permit to manage the joint operation of units
dispersed geographically and on the other hand because they also encourage centralization and nearness of businesses and
institutions with similar activities. .
The new Economic Geography imparts a distinct vigor to economic growth. The logic of transformation involved became
suitable to the moment and became incorporated in view of the technological strides that enabled communication at
distance, better organization of management information and fast migration of capital.
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Implications for the service segment
The global cities promote a continuous and growing evolution of their productive structure while the importance of the
factors ruling their competitive advantages is shifting. In developed countries this has decreased the importance of
traditional industries supplying saturated markets those that grow through innovation of the product. Creation of added
value is increasingly tied to the role played by knowledge and its impact on productivity and ability to expansion of capital.
The service sector and industrial segments that produce greater added value are the standout performers.
These characteristics go together with substantial investments in the big city centers, sometimes as a part of renewal
oriented by government authorities and at other times spontaneously where the government acts as coadjutant and
facilitator.
For Sassen (1997) the large cities of the world are a stage which clearly discloses the manifold aspects that make up what
we understand as globalization. It is here that these activities take on real and geographically outlined shape in addition to
its conflicts based on extensive economic advantages together with large losses for groups of people.
Today despite greater dispersion of economic activities, globalization is not limited to this. The redefinition of physical
space functions is usually accompanied by the need for infrastructure and a heterogeneous, complex and specialized set of
industrial services which provide support. Lack of these elements is an obstacle to the expansion of global cities. Similarly,
unbalanced evolution of the economy (for example, rapid growth over a short period of time for any productive segment
which suppliers fail to follow up) also generate distortions (in this case, greater demand in a segment of not elastic offer,
which may lead to increases of prices or a supply crisis).For Ribeiro and Marques (2002), adjustment of developed economies to the globalization process tends to take place due to:
- concentration of the productive structure on services and industries producing higher added value;
- automation and increased flexibility of the production resources;
- sophistication of the financial segments;
- investments in infrastructure that promote internationalization (telecommunications, audiovisual, air transport),
occasionally in detriment to conventional investments (road, railroads);
- emphasis on investment on environmental quality and historic heritage; and
- development of services of an interpersonal nature (education, health, gymnastics, creative activities, landscaping)
more protected from international competition.
The process of building large global financial centers capable of providing sophisticated services customarily benefits the
complex activities of finance and advanced services. They require regulatory framework, to a large extent brought about by
the market with some not always decisive, participation of government authorities.
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As such it is possible to speak of transnational law or a set of rights and responsibilities that go beyond national limits. They
do however translate into the rules of each country which should be in consonance.
Competitiveness of the cities
Increasingly the global cities compete with one another. Financial services, for example, have greater mobility than before.
Together with deregulation of the markets and in a context of advanced communications and internet networks such
mobility has contributed to increase the intensive competition among global cities for financial activities.
Competitive strategy depended on comparative conventional advantages such as easy access to natural resources and low
cost labor, but currently the formulation of strategies includes aspects of location which have assumed a new role. Romão
(1998) gives examples of some of these allied with the so-called dynamic competitive advantages of outsourcing to third
and fourth parties, infrastructure, research institutions, specialized human resources, a certain complexity of the productive
basis, favorable business environment, etc.
For Ribeiro and Marques (2002), the productive structures of the developed economies have evolved strongly towards out-
sourcing, intensified use of technology and an increasing dependence on knowledge. Under these circumstances three
elements induce activities, especially those of competitive markets, to agglomerate in cities or metropolitan areas:
- local availability of a set of human resources with diverse levels of qualification and of professional competencies
needed to operate on a high level of quality and in the presence of qualification and research institutions permitting
to update of these professionals rapidly to adjust them to the market and technological transformations;- an association of activities that complement one another, be it along the same productive chain, or oriented toward
the same functions, creating a basis of competencies permitting adjustment to new technologies or to markets and a
more rigorous exploitation of business network potentials.
- presence of dissemination channels for information and accumulated knowledge (technological, organizational,
about markets or regions) as well as easier access to international networks for exchange of merchandise,
information and investment.
Survival of the global city with its success as a strategic territory depends on high productivity, state of the art technology,
modern communication means and on strengthening of international exchanges. This dependence makes them somewhat
fragile and has its cost. According to Sassen (1997):
(...) What the city is for international business people: it is a city whose space consists of airports, top level
business districts, top of line hotels and restaurants, a sort of urban glamour zone. On the other hand, there is the
difficult task of establishing whether a city that functions as an international business center does in fact recover
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the costs involved in being such a center: the costs involved in maintaining a state-of-the-art business district, and
all it requires, from advanced communications facilities to top level security.”
Another question is the direction taken by the growth of the service segment related to their degree of sophistication and
economic implications. This process may either take the noblest form (creation of lasting companies with a high potential to
expand and innovate) or a degenerate form (creation of vulnerable companies and jobs in low productivity segments with a
reduced growth potential).
The form of development undertaken by the segment of services is influenced by two types of factors. There are those that
favor the growth and significance of advanced services and those that contribute to the expansion of traditional services that
require lesser qualifications and management capabilities.
Properly carried out, prevalence of the first type may mean, for the segment as a whole, greater ability to generate surplus
profit, reinvestment, and expansion of the productive units, more productivity, and better quality employment.
Brazil and the globalization process
Brazilian economy has been losing industrial jobs in an accelerated way. After two decades of poor growth, the Brazilian
economy was opened up to the global competition in a process begun in 1990, with a deregulation movement followed by a
privatization of the state owned companies. But the impact of globalization was felt only after inflation was lowered down
as a consequence of the stabilization plan known as the “Real Plan”. As demand began to catch speed due to the absence of
the “inflation tax”, imports began to grow and the industrial producers were forced to improve their production processthrough better productivity. This meant fewer jobs in the industrial sector.
The Wall Street Journal2 points to the global characteristic this job reduction has assumed, in a 20 economies analysis
during 1995/2002 period, with a loss of 22 million jobs loss (11% decrease). In the same period the industrial production
has shown a growth of 30%. Brazil, with a loss of 20% of industrial jobs is the country with the greatest impact. The causes:
gains due to technology, competitive forces provoking a better efficient frontier in the factories and a better output per
worker.
Farid(2003) and Pastore (2000), two Brazilian researchers point to this same direction, as the economy is in an adjustment
process due to external crises and the greater productivity of the industrial sector.
State of Sao Paulo: creation of jobs and entrepreneurial activity
2 HILSENRATH, Jon E., BUCKMAN, Rebecca(2003).
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Sao Paulo state it has been characterized by an industrial sector that is generating less jobs and that the demand for
placements has partially been met by the service sector. A pertinent question is what can be done for this movement to
generate a maximum number of good quality jobs (permanent and highly productive) and the highest possible level of
income.
As the outcome of the dispersion of Brazilian industry that began in the seventies participation of the Sao Paulo State
industry has decreased in the national total. This decrease in relative participation does not mean that industrial activity has
retracted, indeed in absolute terms a growth has been noticed if the decade of the l990s up to 2001 is considered. These
shifts have taken place in a framework of technological renewal where traditional segments adhered to a more sophisticated
technology. Fewer jobs were offered by industry accompanied by3:
- specialization of the Sao Paulo industry in capital and technology intensive activities with the out-sourcing of those
previously performed inside the factories and adopting labor saving technologies4;
- modernization of traditional sectors with a suppression of jobs and
- displacement of labor intensive companies to regions of lower labor cost.
On the other hand, services have expanded their representation with lower costs for the generation of workplaces. The more
advanced service segments show significant expansion. As the participation of industry dropped from 52.0% of the state
gross product in 1985 to 39.9% in 1999 service participation rose from 41.6% to 55.5% at the same time.5
Graph 1 – Level of Industrial Employment in the State of Sao Paulo – June/1994 to August/2003Index base: June/1994 = 100
3 See SISE – SISTEMA DE INFORMAÇÕES E ANÁLISES ECONÔMICAS (2002 ).
4 The presence of more modern industry demanded, on the other hand, the offer of sophisticated services of informationscience, distribution, logistics, personnel training, consulting, etc.;
5 Idem, ibidem.
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Table 1 – Level of Industrial Employment in the State of Sao Paulo – Percentage Variation and Number of Jobs
Year Percent
Variation
Jobs
(Absolute
numbers)
1995 -6.67 -142,995
1996 -7.53 -149,305
1997 -6.14 -113,104
1998 -7.74 -133,330
1999 -3.64 -59,106
2000 1.71 27,416
2001 -2.02 -32,437
2002 -4.43 -68,944
Jan-03 0.02 359
Feb-03 0.01 75
Mar-03 0.56 8,504
Apr-03 -0.20 -3,054
May-03 -0.18 -2,743
Jun-03 -0.30 -4,564
Jul-03 -0.08 -1,213
Aug-03 -0.26 -3,940
Source: FIESP/CIESP (2003).
Studies made by Unicamp6 comparing the cost of jobs created by large industry with those of small entrepreneurs show that
the latter are some 11 times smaller. Such jobs may differ in terms of quality, permanency, technical demands and
6 A position opened in the new facilities of Renault, General Motors and Mercedes-Benz do Brasil cost on the average ofR$ 350 thousand; small entrepreneurs open up to eight work places with an investment of R$ 250 thousand. See SISE –SISTEMA DE INFORMAÇÕES E ANÁLISES ECONÔMICAS (2002).
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productivity. It seems reasonable to affirm that policies oriented to small companies may provide a greater social benefit
over the short term that those directed to large size companies.
A phenomenon related to this is the significant and growing quantity of the micro and small companies in the country. The
following tables show that they represent 99% of the total of companies. They are responsible for 44.7% of the total jobs,
not considering the people occupied in the informal sector.7 There are about 14.4 million people in the country involved in
some type of activity related to businesses. This ranks the country as seventh in entrepreneurial activity in the world.8 A
survey of the circumstances shows that in their majority they are induced predominantly by necessity and not by a business
opportunity for someone, who could act as a third party’s employee. In Brazil this situation is more frequent than the world
average. In France, to mention an illustrative example, entrepreneurs by necessity are practically non-existent.
7The number of people occupied by the informal sector was of 12,870,420 according to data of the IBGE, of 1997.
8 GEM – Global Entrepreneurship Monitor – 2002.
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Table 2 – Entrepreneurial activity due to opportunity and entrepreneurial activity due to necessity – Brazil, world
average and France
Entrepreneurial activity due to
Opportunity
Entrepreneurial activity due to
Necessity
Brazil 42% 55%
World average 61% 37%
France 97% 0%
Source: GEM (2002)
Table 3 – Distribution of the number of companies in Brazil
Micro and small Medium Large Total
Industry 550,112 8,170 1,661 559,943
Commerce 2,045,185 4,609 2,684 2,052,478
Services 1,486,825 10,336 14,761 1,511,922
Total 4,082,122 23,115 19,106 4,124,343
99.0% 0.6% 0.5% 100.0%
Source: IBGE (2002).
Table 4 – Distribution of the number of jobs in Brazil
Micro and small Medium Large Total
Industry 3,522,689 1,636,721 2,465,939 7,625,349
Commerce 5,457,983 311,642 1,076,120 6,845,745
Services 4,629,485 715,689 10,641,999 15,987,173
Total 13,610,157 2,664,052 14,184,058 30,458,267
44.7% 8.7% 46.6% 100.0%
Source: IBGE (2002)
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Lessons from recent experiences
The future of global cities will depend on their ability to develop competitive advantages and to create an ambient favorable
to the emergence and evolution of clusters endowed with innovative abilities and with superior standards of productivity.
They must be to a great extent allied with the use of advanced technology and the offer of differentiated products and
services.
The fact that they are near or organized in networks allows the companies and agencies to enjoy common information and
knowledge, to combine and recombine joint actions, make agreements, share costs and promote wide ranging actions able to
produce common benefits.
Suzigan, Garcia and Furtado (2002) mention certain types of problems often faced by clusters. They require support
measures and may be schematically grouped as follows together with suggestions born of successful practices. In an effort
to summarize a set of recommendations are presented below:
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Table 5 – Groups of problem faced by clusters, observations and related actions
Group Observation Examples of actio
1. Location, logistics and
infrastructure
Transport cost and conditions, communications and access to
markets, urban infrastructure and roads to relevant markets
Act to resolve infr
politics(federal and
2. Presence of support
institutions
Can increment competitive capability, including the supply of
services directed toward technology and the development of
products
Stimulate the crea
technology and de
professionals), inc
support; create cen
seminars, celebrate
participate in fairs
3. Action of local
government authorities
City and state governments may compensate important deficiencies
in the support and supply of services to the companies, producing
positive externalities
Create institutions
companies of the c
centers
4. Spirit of cooperation and
ease to coordinate
actions
Despite cultural traits that may cause complications, there are cases
of successful organization of centralized purchasing, creation of
centers for technology and for professional training
Stimulate the cont
leadership, to org
technology cente
formation of assoc
local leading comp
5. Innovation and Expenses in general are small and exceptional. The organization of Stimulate innovat
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development of products research and development departments and contracting of
specialized professionals must stimulate innovative activities.
research and deve
specialists
6. Access to information
about products and
market tendencies
There are successful cases of sharing expenses with periodic visits
to development and market research centers.
Stimulate creatio
concerning tende
processes and prod
7. Quality Shared activities with institutionalized coordination may contribute
to the training of labor and management of quality programs.
Create an awarene
lectures, to educa
programs for the c
8. Existence of technical
services and specialized
professionals
Group initiatives may overcome the need for specialized
professionals, for example, in the design of products, engineering,
systems, marketing, research, etc.
Joint contracting
engineering and sy
the creation of spec
9. Adequate financing and
terms
Public finance agents are usually avoided or ignored. The problems
are related to high interest rates, requirement of guarantees,
insufficient grace and amortization periods, difficulty to access
specific lines of credit and lack of information.
Offer policies fo
solidarity includin
from the conventio
Source: Adapted from SUZIGAN, GARCIA & FURTADO (2002)
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One of the characteristics of global cities is that they offer favorable conditions for the emergence and growth of
competitive clusters. In the case of the city of Sao Paulo, in order to foster development of clusters in global cities, Levy
(2000) and also Romão (1998) state the importance of partnership between government, private sector and community
leadership. The potential wealth of a city should be viewed as a variety of community actions to be articulated even among
the poorer strata of the population.
As such, to promote the growth of a cluster means to identify promising niches, to understand their activities, to
comprehend the type of interaction between the agents and to promote their integration. Furthermore, there may be
collaboration in establishing a strategy taking into account the group of agents with their complexity, their interests and
potential as well as the allotment of responsibilities among them; related to the expansion of this group and the achievement
of good results in their activities.
This is the organization of interlinked networks of companies and institutions operating together that serve as a
counterbalance between the local and national political spheres. It aggregates the coordination of efforts, the joint use of
resources and promotion of practices as well as a culture favorable to innovation, to the entrepreneurial activity and to
international quality standards (Romão, 1998).
With respect to nurturing conditions for the flourishing of service clusters, some of the most frequent practices that have
been highlighted are:
• diagnose niches of needed specialized services, their history and tendencies for the purpose of choosing the most
promising alternatives;
• encourage creation and development of service companies that include high technology;
• foster alternative forms of organizing productive activity, cooperatives, associations, companies networks,
disseminating knowledge about the creation and management of such institutions;
• create or modify laws and regulations that facilitate the creation and operation of small service companies;
• encourage proximity of supplier facilities and of those requiring their services, by analysis of localized demands;
• create and foment partnership mechanisms between companies, authorities, research institutes, universities and
representation agencies, including forums for the discussion of pertinent subjects;
• promote laws that ease and induce the schooling of people with a profile and qualifications adjusted to the
demands of the local service sector, including the direct support to the existing teaching institutions and
encouragement of new ones;
• favor the use of mechanisms for agreement and rapid resolution of disputes among agents;
• promote the use of instruments of micro-credit and financing to solidarity groups of companies; and
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• promote the sharing of assets and the practice of joint activities to dilute costs.9
Conclusions
The advance of service segments takes on a specific form with certain trends. These are the prevalence of state of the art
technology and sophisticated services related to the need of the agents joining efforts to achieve greater productivity. From
this continuous movement arises a greater capability to adjust to the global movement of the economic system when the
choice of location is similar to the choice of commodity production.
The issue of geographic locations has gained momentum since global cities are required to have a structure permitting
control at a distance, minimum security and organization conditions and a complex network of auxiliary services so that the
agents may operate properly.
In such a framework, global cities offering good conditions for the development of service clusters will create advantages in
the competition among themselves.
Scrutiny of the recent historical and economic context of the service activities discloses that albeit in the City of Sao Paulo
industry does not show signs of decadence it has generated less jobs while those generated in the service sector are more in
evidence. The country as a whole, including the Sao Paulo State exhibits a high incidence of entrepreneurship by necessity,
which together with under-employment signals a lack of capability of the system as a whole to generate sufficient and
adequate occupation for the local population. In such a framework, and in view of the growth potential of the service sector,
the support of initiatives for entrepreneurship connected to highly representative clusters of the service activities has
become mandatory.Progress of service clusters in global cities will rest heavily upon the conviction of the preeminence of the economic agents’
interests that favor and ease their operations. In developed economies this conviction surmises at least the existence of a
reasonable fiscal burden and the warranty of minimal institutional conditions to grant safety to the investment decisions by
the transnational agents.
REFERENCES
FARID, Jacqueline (2003) Industrial jobs 0,9% less in 2002. O Estado de São Paulo journal, Feb 20th. URL:
http://www.estado.estadao.com.br/editoriais/2003/02/20/eco053.html.
FIESP/CIESP(2003) Nível de emprego industrial: Estado de São Paulo – Depecon/GPC, Gerência de Pesquisas e
Cadastro.URL: http://www.fiesp.org.br/pesqpont.nsf/0/1296B15034721FB303256A31006E6CE6?OpenDocument.
9 List adapted from Romão (1998) and SEBRAE (2003).
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GALVÃO, Olímpio J. de A. (2003) Especialização flexível, firmas inovativas e novos espaços industriais: algumas lições
da experiência internacional . URL: http://www.race.nuca.ie.ufrj.br/nuca-wp/papers/sep/mesa11/olimpio.doc .
GEM - GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR (2002) GEM 2002 Global Report .
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