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Electromagnet
Strength
1109
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TableofContents
ProjectAbstract.…........................................................................................pg.3
Question/Problem&Hypothesis……………………………………………….pg.4
BackgroundResearch.…………………………………………………………...pg.4
ExperimentMaterials……………………………………………………………..pg.7
ExperimentProcedures…………………………………………………………..pg.8
ExperimentVariables.…………………………………………………………….pg.8
DataTable…………...…………………………………………………………….pg.9
Analysis………..…………….……………………………………………………..pg.9
AnalysisGraphs/Charts…………………………………………………………..pg.10
Conclusion…………..……………………………………………………………..pg.11
BiblicalPrinciple.…………………………………………………………………..pg.12
Appendix(photographs,etc.).…………………………………………………….pg.13
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..pg.1417
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Abstract
Thepurposeoftheprojectistoseehowthestrengthofanelectromagnetis
affectedbytheturnsofthecoilaroundthecore.Thehypothesisisthatthemorecoilsin
theelectromagnet,thestrongeritwillget.Thisexperimentwasdonebyusingcopper
wire,largenails,ducktape,paper,pencil,paperclipsandaDbattery.Thefirstattempt
toattachtheelectromagnet’scopperwiretoa9voltbatterydidnotcreateamagnetic
field.Sincethe9voltbatterydidnotwork,asizeDbatterywassubstituted,whichwas
successfulandamagneticfieldwasgenerated.Itwasobservedthatthemorecoilsof
wireusedintheelectromagnetthemorepowerfultheelectromagnetbecameandthe
morepaperclipswereattractedtothenail.
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Questions&Hypothesis
Myprimaryquestionis:Howtomakeanelectromagnetstronger?
Myhypothesisis:Iftherearemoreturnsinanelectromagnetcoil,thenitwill
becomemorepowerfulandattractmorematerial.
BackgroundResearch
Theelectromagnetwasinventedin1824byWilliamSturgeon.Sturgeonwasa
physicistthatcreatedmanyusefulinventions.Forexample,hewrappedsomecopper
wirearoundahorseshoeshapedpieceofironandsentelectricalenergythroughitto
createamagneticfield(EncyclopediaBritannica,2020).Thiswasthefirstknown
electromagnet.Whenanelectromagnet’scoilhasnothinginbetweenthecoilsitis
calledanaircorecoil(Butlerwinding,2020).Today,electromagnetsareineveryday
objectsliketoasters,refrigerators,computers,iPads,clocks,phones,ovens,printers,
robots,airplanes,boats,cars,radios,coffeemachines,andmanyothercommon
devices.
Manymetalsaremagneticandcanbeusedtomakeanelectromagnet.Ironis
thebestcorematerialtouseforanelectromagnet(MetalMarket,2020).Othermetals
thatarealsomagneticincludesteel,zincandnickel.Nonferrousmetalslikealuminum,
copperandgoldarenotmagnetic(Bitsite,2020).Electromagnetsneedspecificmetals
tomakethemworkcorrectly.
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TheEarthisagiantelectromagnetbecauseelectriccurrentsgothroughthe
earth’scoreandradiatebackupthetwopoles.ThecenteroftheEarthismainly
liquidizedironwhichformsapatternfromtheheat(NASA,2020).Thispatterncalled
geodynamoiswhatcausestheEarthtohavemagneticproperties.However,theearthis
notconsideredtobeastrongmagnet.TheEarth’smagneticfieldhelpstoprevent
disasterssuchassolarstorms(NASA,2020).TheEarth’smagneticfieldisimportantto
usforsurvival.
Thepolesinanelectromagnetcanbereversedwithoutmovingthemagnet.
Reversingtheelectriccurrentorthedirectionthattheelectricitypassesthroughthe
magnetcausesthepolestobereversed(NASA,2020).Iftwoelectromagneticwaves
collide,thebalanceofelectricandmagneticenergywillbeoffbalance.Accordingto
NASA,theEarth’spolesareslowlyreversingwhichwilleventuallycausecatastrophic
changes.Thelasttimethishappenedwasover700,000yearsago(NASA,2020)
Therearethreetypesofelectromagnets:resistive,superconductor,andhybrid.
Resistiveelectromagnetsusecopperwirestoproduceaweakmagneticfield.
Superconductorelectromagnetsuseelectricitythroughacopperplatetomakeverycold
temperatures.Superconductorsaremuchstrongerthanresistiveelectromagnets.
Hybridsareacombinationofbothresistiveandsuperconductormagnets(IMA
International,2020).
Permanentmagnetswilllose1%ofitsmagneticstrengthoveraperiodof10
years.Itwilltakeabout1000yearstoloseallofitsmagnetism.Theworld’ssmallest
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magnetscangenerateupto45.5teslas.Oneteslaisequalto10,000gauss.A
refrigeratormagnetisabout10gaussor0.00005tesla(Sciencing,2017).
MRIormagneticresonanceimagingispossiblebecauseofaverystrong
electromagnet(HowStuffWorks,2020).Thistypeofelectromagnetis0.5to3teslain
strength.MRImachinesareusedtodiagnosemanytypesofillnesses.Thisisdoneby
imagingtheorgansandtissuesofthehumanbody.TheMRIusesthemagneticpulseto
aligntheprotonsinaperson’sbody.Thenitmoves90180degreesanddetectsthe
changesintheprotonstodecipherifitsbone,tissueorotherorgans(HowStuffWorks,
2020).MRIshavehelpedtosavemanyhumanlives.
Thereareadverseeffectsassociatedwithelectromagneticfields.Theyinclude
headaches,anxiety,suicide,depression,andfatiguetomentionafew(WHO,nodate).
Newelectromagnetsarealsofoundinmanyhouseholddevices.Prettymucheverything
connectedtoanelectricaloutlethasanelectromagnet.Thisincludestoasters,
refrigeratorsandwashers.Electromagnetsimpactusinmanyways.
Automobileshavemanyelectromagnetstohelpthemfunctionproperly.
Automaticlocksareoneexampleofelectromagnetsusedinacar.Theradioalso
containsanelectromagnet.Electriccarsdependonmoreelectromagnetsthanagas
poweredcar.Theelectriccaruseselectromagneticmotorsand“regenerativebraking”
tohelppropelandstopthem(ItStillRuns,2020).So,carsareanexcellentexampleof
electromagnetsweencountereveryday.
Ebombsareanexampleofdestructiveelectromagnets.Thesearebombsthat
usemagneticwavesalsoknownasEMP(electromagneticpulses)toshutdownor
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destroyyourphoneoranydevicethatuseselectricity.Deviceswithoutprotectionto
Ebombswillbedisabledordestroyed.TherearetwotypesofEbombs,nuclearand
nonnuclear.AnexampleofanuclearEbombwasthehydrogenbombthatwas
detonatedoverthePacificoceanandcausedstreetlightsandradiosformanymany
milestomalfunction.AnexampleofanonnuclearEbombisafluxcompression
generatorbombwhichwascreatedinthe1950s(HowStuffWorks,2020).Thistypeof
bombwouldaffectasmallareaandcauseseriousdamage.Ebombsareextremely
dangerous.
Therearegoodusesandbadusesofelectromagnets.Therearemanywaysto
makeelectromagnets.Theworldarounduswouldnotbethesamewithout
electromagnets.BaddevicessuchastheEbombcancausemuchdestruction.Some
electromagnetssuchastheMRIandthedevicesincarshelpusliveabetterlife.
Withoutelectromagnetsourworldwouldbeentirelydifferent.
Electromagnetscomeinmanyvarieties.Thisprojectwillfocusonhowthe
strengthofasimpleelectromagnetcanbealteredtohavedifferentoutcomes.
Experiment
MaterialsList
● 2batteries(9volt,Dbatteries)
● 3feetofcopperwire
● 1rolloftape(DuckTape)
● 1blackSharpie
● 3ironnails
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● 40paperclips
● Plasticbowl
Procedure
1. Getthematerials
2. SetupthematerialsforElectromagnet1.
3. Coilthewire10timesaroundthenailtocreateElectromagnet1.
4. Attachthewiretothebatteryandusethetapeandsharpietolabelit
Electromagnet1.
5. PlacethepaperclipsinabowlandtestElectromagnet1.
6. Countandrecordthenumberofpaperclipsattachedtotheelectromagnet.
7. Repeattheexperiment5timeswiththeelectromagnet.
8. Repeattheexperimentbutincreasethenumberofcoils(Electromagnet2with20
coils,Electromagnet3with30coils,andElectromagnet4with60coils).
Variables
1) DEPENDENT/RESPONDINGMagnetismstrength
2) INDEPENDENT/MANIPULATEDCoilsinwire
3) CONSTANTSThebatteryandthenail
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DataCollection
Analysis
Afterconductingtheelectromagneticexperiment,thedatashowsthatthemore
copperwirethatiscoiledaroundthenail,thestrongerthemagneticfieldisgeneratedto
pickupincreasingnumbersofpaperclips.Theaveragepaperclipspickedupbythe10
coilelectromagnetwas7.4.Theaveragepaperclipspickedupbythe20coil
electromagnetwas8.4,asmallincrease.Theaveragepaperclipspickedupbythe30
coilelectromagnetwas14.8andtheaveragepaperclipspickedupbythe60coil
electromagnetwas24.2paperclips.
Whilecomparingthedifferencebetweentenandtwentycoils,therewasnota
significantdifferenceinthenumberofpaperclipsthatwerepickedup.However,there
wasasignificantincreaseinthenumberofpaperclipsthatwerepickedupbythenail
withthirtycoils.Thedifferencebetweenthetencoilsandthetwentycoilswasonly1.4.
Thedifferencebetweenthetwentyandthirtycoilswas6.4showingasignificant
10Coils 20Coils 30Coils 60coils
Trial1 7 7 17 20
Trail2 6 9 17 21
Trail3 6 6 14 24
Triail4 9 9 11 29
Trial5 9 11 15 27
Average 7.4 8.4 14.8 24.2
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increasecomparedtotheothers.Thebiggestdifferencewasseenbetweenthe
averagesofthethirtyandthesixtycoilelectromagnets,whichwas9.4paperclips.
Thefirstattempttoattachthecopperwiretoa9voltbatterydidnotcreatea
strongenoughmagneticfield.SothebatterywaschangedtoasizeDbattery.This
changewassuccessfulandamagneticfieldwasgenerated.Itwasnoticedthatthesize
ofthenailmayhaveimpactedtheneedforalargerbatterytoelectrifythecore.
Thetrialsperformedontheelectromagnetswithmorecoilsseemedtobemore
successfulduetothelargeramountofcoils.Thisalsocouldhavebeenimpactedbythe
factthattechniquewasimprovedfurtherintheexperiment.Scanningthepileof
paperclipsbecameeasierastheexperimentprogressed.
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Analysis:ElectromagnetDataandResults
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Conclusion
Thehypothesiswasthemoreturnsinthecoilofwireonanail,thestrongerthe
electromagnetwillget.Thisissupportedbythefactthatthetencoilelectromagnet
pickedupfewerpaperclipsthanthetwentycoiledone.Itisalsosupportedbythefact
thatthe20coilandthe30coilhaveadifferenceof6.4intheaverageofpaperclips
attractedbythemagnets.Thelargestaveragedifferenceof9.4paperclipswasseenin
thecomparisonofthe30coilandthe60coilelectromagnets.
Thesmalldifferencebetweenthe10and20coilswasalittlesurprising.This
couldhavebeenduetothefactthatitwasatthebeginningoftheexperimentandthe
techniquewasnotquiteperfected.Italsocouldhavebeendifferentifthenumberof
trialswasincreased.
Couldthemagneticfieldvarybythetypeofbattery?Itispositivelysupported
becausetheexperimentdidnotworkwiththe9voltbattery.Italsocouldbeaffectedby
thesizeofthecore,meaningthesizeofthenailusedinthisexperiment.
Couldthestrengthofthemagneticfieldchange?Itisalsopositivelysupportedby
thefactthatthemoretimesthecopperwireiswrappedaroundthenail,thestrongerthe
magneticfieldappearstobe.Itwouldbeinterestingtotrythisexperimentwithdifferent
sizenailsandbatteries.
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BiblicalPrinciple
MyBibleverseforthesciencefairisMatthew28:18:“ThenJesusapproached
andsaidtothem‘Allthepowerinheavenandonearthhasbeengiventome.’”This
relatestotheprojectbecauseJesuswaslikeamagnetandgettingallthepowerfrom
heavenandearth.Italsorelatestotheprojectbytellingusthatanythingispossiblelike
buildinganelectromagnet.WhenJesushadthatpower,heattractedallthatsinand
sentittotheunderworld.Withthat,healsoattractedalltheforgivenessandsentitto
theworld.Withthat,itshowshowtheprojectandthebibleversearerelated.
StudentLearningExpectations
TheSLEfortheprojectisA2:skilledproblemsolversthatutilizecriticaland
creativethinkingskills.TheprojectshowedthisSLEbyshowingcreativenesswiththe
electromagnetsandtheirdesign.Problemsolvingskillsweredemonstratedbyfixingthe
batteryproblembyreplacingthe9voltbatterywithamorepowerfulDsizebattery.The
SLEwasalsomasteredbythecreativityofthegraphtypesandchangingamountof
twistsofthewire.Italsowasmasteredbyfiguringouthowtosettheexperimentupso
thattheelectromagnetwasattachedtotheheadofthenailmakingtheexperimentrun
smoother.ThisSLEhasbeenmastered.
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Appendix
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