146
7. REFERENCES
[1] Sugar statistics, Cooperative Sugar, 42 (7), 6, pp. 58, 2011.
[2] David, H., and Ananthanaraynan, K., (1986), “White grubs”, In
Sugarcane Entomology in India, David H, Eswaramoorthy S, Jayanthi R,
Eds., SBI, Coimbatore, pp. 198- 208.
[3] Mishra, P. N., and Singh, M. P., “Determination of predominant species
of White grubs, In Garhwal Region of Uttar Pradesh Hills (India)”, J.
Entomol. Res., 23, pp.12-19, 1999.
[4] Shah, N. K., and Shah, L., “Bionomics of Holotrichia longipennis
(Coleoptera:Melolonthinaea) in western Himalayas,” Indian. J. Forestry,
13, pp. 234-237, 1990.
[5] David, H., and Eswaramoorthy, S., (1986) “Biological control”, In
Sugarcane Entomology in India, David, H., Eawaramoorthy, S., Jayanthi,
R., Eds., Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, pp. 383-421.
[6] David, H., Nandagopal.,V ., and Ananthanaraynan, K., “Recent studies
on the control of White grubs, Holotrichia serrata Blanch infesting
sugarcane”, J. Soil Biol. Ecol., 6, pp.117- 127, 1986.
[7] Yadav, C. P. S., and Mathur, Y. K., (1987), “ White grub: a national pest
and strategy of its management. In: Recent advances in entomology”, Y.
K. Mathur; A. K Bhattacharya; N. D. Pandey; K. D. Upadhya and J. P.
Shrivastava, Eds., Kanpur, India, pp. 40-60.
147
[8] Singh, M. P., and Mishra, P. N., “White grubs in hilly and mountain
agro ecosystem of Uttaranchal, Indian Farming”, 1, pp. 20-23, 2003.
[9] Mishra, P. N., and Singh, M. P., “Determination of predominant species
of white grubs in Garhwal Region of Uttar Pradesh Hills (India)”,
J. Entomol. Res., 23, pp.12-19,1999.
[10] Mittal, I. C. , “Survey of Scarabaeid (Coleoptera) fauna of Himachal
Pradesh (India)”, J. Entomol. Res., 24, pp. 133-141,2000.
[11] Yadava, C. P. S., and Vijayvergia, J. N., (1994), “ Bioecology of
whitegrub and their management in different cropping systems”, In ,S. C.
Bhandari and L.L. Somani, Ecology and biology of soil organisms,
Udaipur, Agrotech Publishing Academy, pp. 179-200.
[12] Mishra, S. S., “Relative efficacy of insecticides against white grubs,
Holotrichia spp damaging potatoes in Himachal Pradesh (India)”, J.
Entomol. Res., 19 (1), pp. 23-26, 1999.
[13] Nayar, K. A., Anathakrishans, T. N., and David, V. V., (1976) “General
and applied entomology”, New Delhi, Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing
Company Limited, pp. 6-19.
[14] Yubhak Dhoj, G. C., Keller, S., and Nagel, P., “Microbial control of white
grubs with entomopathogenic fungi, potentials and opportunity in
Nepalese Agriculture”, Proceedings of the fourth national conference in
science and technology, March 23-26, 2004, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp.1-
105, 2004.
[15] Yubhak Dhoj, G. C., and Keller, S., “Association of fungal pathogens
with white grub, In: Integrated pest management in Nepal,” Proceedings
of a National Seminar, Kathmandu, Nepal, 25-26, September, 2002,
Himalayan Resources Institute, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp.
20-30, 2003.
148
[16] Dumbleton, R. J., “The grass grub (Odontria zealandica White): a review
of the problem in New Zealand”, N. Z. J. Sci.Technol., 23, pp. 305-321,
1942.
[17] Zimmermann, G., (1992), “ Use of the fungus, Beauveria brongniartii, for
the control of European Cockchafers, Melolontha spp., in Europe.”, In:
Glare, T. R. and Jackson, T.A., Use of Pathogens in Scarab Pest
Management, Eds., Intercept, Andover, U. K, pp. 199-208.
[18] Langford, G. S., Crosthwait, S. L., and Whittinton, F. B., “The value of
traps in Japanese beetle control”, J. Econom. Entomol., 33, pp. 317-
320,1940.
[19] Jackson, T. A., Barlow, N. D., Pearson, J. F. and French, R. A., “ Effect
of paddock rotation practices on grass grub (Costelytra zealandica)
damage in Cantenbury, Proceedings of the 5th
Australasian Conference on
Grassland Invertebrate Ecology, P. P. Stahle, Adelaide, pp. 146-152,
1989.
[20] Flay, A.H., and Garrett, H. E., “The grass grub problem, Farm
management and economic significance in Canterbury farming”, N. Z. J.
Sci.Technol., 23, pp. 322-329, 1942.
[21] Prestidge, R. A., and East, R., “Use of fertiliser nitrogen to manipulate
pasture plant quality and compensate for damage by grass grub,
Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae),” New Zealand
Entomologist, 8, pp. 24-29, 1984.
[22] Anon., (1985) “ White grubs and their control”, Technologies for Better
Crops no. 16. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan,
New Delhi, pp. 12.
149
[23] Kaunsale, P. P., Deshpande, S. V., and Puri, S. N., “ Chemical control of
white grub, Holotrichia serrata Fabr.,” Indian J. Entomol., 40 (2), pp.
134-135, 1978.
[24] Keller, S., Schweizer, C., Keller, E., and Brenner, H. , “ Control of white
grubs (Melolontha melolontha L.) by treating adults with the fungus
Beauveria brongniarti ,” Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 7, pp. 105-116, 1997.
[25] Sharma, M. L., “White grub and its management in Rajasthan”, Indian
Farming, 1, pp. 233-236, 1989.
[26] Bednarek, M., Popowska, E., Pezowicz, E., Kamionek, M., and
Malinowski, H., “ Possibility of control of Melolontha larvae”, In, S.
Keller, Eds., Integrated control of soil pest subgroup "Melolontha",
Proceedings of the meeting, IOBL, Switzerland, 19-21 October 1998,
IOBC/WPRS bulletin 23, pp. 15-18, 2000.
[27] Beard, R. L., (1956) “Two milky diseases of Australian Scarabaeidae”,
Canadian Entomologist, 88, pp. 640-647.
[28] G. C., Y. D., and Keller, S., (2002) “ Association of fungal pathogens
with white grubs”, In: Neupane, F. P. , Eds., 2003, Integrated pest
management in Nepal, Proceedings of a National Seminar, Kathmandu,
Nepal, 25-26 September 2002, Himalayan Resources Institute, New
Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 36-46.
[29] Matheson, M.., (1985) “Entomology for introductory courses,” Eds.,
New Delhi International Books and periodicals Supply Service, pp. 629.
[30] Yadava, C. P. S. , and Vijayvergia, J. N., (1994), “ Bioecology of white
grub and their management in different cropping systems,” In S. C.
Bhandari and L. L. Somani , Eds., Ecology and biology of soil organisms,
Udaipur, Agrotech Publishing Academy, pp. 179-200.
150
[31] Cherry, R. H.,“Spatial distribution of white grubs (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae) in Florida sugarcane,” J. Econo. Entomol., 77 (5), pp.
1341, 1984.
[32] Schweigkofler, W. , and Zelger, R., “Were control measures responsible
for the decline of Melolontha populations in South Tyrol? ,” In: S. Keller
,eds., Integrated control of soil pests "Melolontha", Proceedings of the
meeting, IOBL, Switzerland, 24-26 September 2001, IOBC/WPRS
bulletin 25, pp. 65-72, 2002.
[33] Keller, S., Schweizer, C., Keller, E. and Brenner, H., “Control of white
grubs (Melolontha melolontha L.) by treating adults with the fungus
Beauveria brongniartii”, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 7, pp. 105-116, 1997.
[34] Mittal, I. C., “Survey of Scarabaeid (Coleoptera) fauna of Himanchal
Pradesh (India)”, J. Entomol. Res., 24, pp.133-141, 2000.
[35] Niemczyk, H. D., and Lawrence, K. O.,“Japanese beetle: evidence of
resistance to cyclodiene insecticides in larvae and adults in Ohio”, J.
Econom. Entomol., 66 (2), pp. 520-521, 1973.
[36] Bednarek, M., Popowska, E., Pezowicz, E., Kamionek, M., and
Malinowski, H., (2000) “Possibility of control of Melolontha larvae,” In:
S. Keller, Integrated control of soil pest subgroup "Melolontha",
Proceedings of the meeting, IOBL, Switzerland, 19-21 October 1998.
IOBC/WPRS bulletin 23, pp. 15-18.
[37] Gupta, K. M., and Avasthy, P. N., “First record of white grub
Lachnostema consanguinea Blanch in sugarcane in India,” Curr. Sci., 26,
pp. 114-116, 1957.
[38] Schmid, A., (2000) “Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) - the last 20
years in the Valais,” In: S. Keller, Eds, Integrated control of soil pest
subgroup "Melolontha", Proceedings of the meeting, IOBL, Switzerland,
19-21 October 1998, IOBC/WPRS bulletin 23, pp. 11-14
151
[39] Brenner, H., and Keller, S., (1996) “ Protection of orchards from white
grubs (Melolontha melolontha L.) by placement of nets,” IOBC / WPRS
bulletin 19 (2), pp. 79-88.
[40] David. H., Ananthanarayana, K., Alexander, K. C., and Ethirajan, A. S.,
“Integrated control of white grubs, Holotrichia serrata F. on sugar cane”,
Madras Agricultural Journal, 63, pp. 637-41, 1967.
[41] Yadava, C. P. S., Pandey, S. N., Bhardwaj, S. C., and Katiyer, K. N.,
“Studies of the ecology and behavior of the white grub, Holotricha
consanguinea Blanchard,” Indian Journal of Ecology, 4 (2), pp. 206-211,
1987.
[42] David, M., and Kalra, A. N.,“ Observation on Holotrichia (Lachnosterna)
serrata F. - a beetle pest of sugarcane in Hospet area of Mysore State”,
Indian Sugar, 16, pp. 195-198, 1986.
[43] Avasthy, P. N., (1967) “ Sugarcane pests in India and their control,”
PANS, 13, pp. 111-117.
[44] Veeresh, G. K., “Root grub control, campaign in Karnataka,” White
Grubs Newsletter 1, pp.17-18, 1974.
[45] Labana, K. S., “It is time to control the white grub”, Indian Farming,
37(4), pp. 31, 1987.
[46] Shah, N. K., and Garg, D. N., (1999), “ Exposure of root grubs during
ploughing and their predation by birds”, pp. 131-132.
[47] Duperchy, E., (2003) “Identification of up regulated genes of the
hyphomycetes Beauveria bassiana during infection of Leptinetaria
decemliata”, Ph.d Thesis, Ruberto-carola University of Heidelberg,
Germany, pp. 10-12.
152
[48] David , H., Ananthanarayana, K., Alexander, K. C. , and Ethirajan, A.
S., “Integrated control of white grubs, Holotrichia serrata F. on sugar
cane”, Madras Agricultural Journal, 63, pp. 637-41, 1967.
[49] Bhatnagar, B. L., “Effectiveness of various pesticides against white grub
(H. serrata F) of groundnut ,” Pesticides, 9 (10), pp. 22-26, 1975.
[50] Veeresh, G. K., Veerarajan, P. V., Gubbaiah, R., and Vijaymohan, N.,
“Efficacy of certain soil insecticides against root grubs (H. serrata F.)
under irrigated unirrigated conditions in tropical soils”, Proceedings All
India Symposiums on Soil Biology and Ecology, (2), pp. 23-31, 1977.
[51] Patil, S. M., Adsule, V. M., and Khaire, V.M., “ Efficacy of some
insecticides against the white grub infesting chillies”, Journal of
Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 16 (2), pp. 276-277, 1991.
[52] Veeresh., G. K., “Studies on the root grub in Karnataka,” UAS,
Bangalore, Monograph series, 2, pp. 87, 1974.
[53] Bindra, O. S., and Singh, J., “Biological observations on the white-grub,
Lachnosterna Holotrichia consanguinea Blanchard (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae) and the relative efficacy of different insecticides against the
adults”, I. Journal of Entomology, 33 (2), pp. 225-227, 1971.
[54] Raodev, A. K., Deshpande, S. V., Deshpande, A. D., Puri; S. N. and
Bilapatte, G. G., “A large scale campaign for the control of white grub (H.
serrata F.) in Maharashtra State (India)”, PANS, 22 (2), pp. 223-228,
1976.
[55] Dahal, L., “A study on pesticide pollution in Nepal”, National
Conservation Strategy Implementation Project, Kathmandu, pp. 1-30,
1995.
153
[56] Schroeder, P. C., Villani, M. G., Ferguson, C. S., Nyrop, J. P. and
Shields, E. J., “Behavioral interaction between Japanese beetle
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs and an entomopathogenic nematode
(Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) within turf microcosms”, Environ.
Entomol., 22, pp. 595-600, 1993.
[57] Jackson, T. A., Barlow, N. D., Pearson, J. F., and French, R. A., (1989),
“Effect of paddock rotation practices on grass grub (Costelytra
zealandica) damage in Cantenbury”, Proceedings of the 5th Australasian
Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology, Adelaide, pp. 146-152.
[58] Dutky, S. R., (1963) “The milky diseases”, In: E. A. Steinhaus, Insect
pathology an advanced treatise, London, Academic Press., 2, pp. 75-116.
[59] Julian, J. R., and Hall, H. H., “Infection of Popillia japonica larvae with
heat activated spores of Bacillus popillae”, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 10, pp.
48- 53, 1988.
[60] Keller, S., “Use of Beuveria brongniartii in Switzerland and its
acceptance by farmers,” In: S. Keller, Eds., Integrated control of soil pest
subgroup "Melolontha", Proceedings of the meeting; IOBL, Switzerland,
19-21 October 1998, IOBC/WPRS bulletin 23, pp. 67-72, 2000.
[61] Strasser, H., (1999) “Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit des biologischen
Pflanzenschutzpräparates Melocont-Pilzgerste zur Maikäferbekämpfung”,
Der Förderungsdienst, 5, pp. 158-164.
[62] Jackson, T. A., Barlow, N. D., Pearson, J. F. and French, R. A., “ Effect
of paddock rotation practices on grass grub (Costelytra zealandica)
damage in Cantenbury,” Proceedings of the 5th
Australasian Conference on
Grassland Invertebrate Ecology , Adelaide, pp. 146-152, 1989.
[63] Rath, A. C., Woreledge, D., Koen, T. B. and Rowe, B. A., “Long-term
field efficacy of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against
154
the subterranean scarab, Adoryphorus couloni,” Biocontrol Sci. and
Technol., 5, pp. 439-451, 1995.
[64] Fox, C. J. S., “The incidence of green muscardine in the European
wireworm, Agriotes obscurus (Linnaeus), in Nova Scotia,” Journal of
Insect Pathology, 3, pp. 94-95, 1949.
[65] Zimmermann, G., “The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
and its potential as a biocontrol agent,” Pesticide Science, 37, pp. 375-
379, 1993.
[66] Madelin, M. F., (1963) “Diseases caused by Hypomycetous fungi,” In: E.
A. Steinhaus, Insect pathology V.2,An advanced treatise, London, Eds.,
Academic Press, pp. 233-271.
[67] Glare, T. R., Collaghan, M., and Wigley, P. J., “Check list of naturally
occurring entomopathogenic microbes and nematodes in New Zealand ,”
New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 20, pp.95-120, 1991.
[68] Payne, J. L., “Life history and habits,” In: The southern pine beetle
(eds.) R. C. Thatcher, Searcy, J. L., Hatch, G. D., and Kelly, Technical
bulletin, 1631, Wahington DC, USDA, Forest service science education
and Administration, pp.1-15, 1989.
[69] Metcalf, G. L., and Flint, W. P., (1975) “ Destructive and useful insects,
their habits and control”, New Delhi, Eds., Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited, pp.146-148.
[70] Milner, R. J., and Lutton, G. G., “The pathogenicity of an
entomopoxvirus from Othnonius batesi (Col.: Scarabaeidae) and its
possible use as a control agent ”, Entomophaga, 20, pp. 213-220, 1975.
[71] Schroeder, P. C., Villani, M.., Ferguson, C. S., Nyrop, J. P. and Shields,
E. J., “Behavioral interaction between Japanese beetle (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae) grubs and an entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda:
155
Heterorhabditidae) within turf microcosms,” Environ. Entomol., 22, pp.
595-600, 1993.
[72] Martigoni, M. E., and Iwai, P. J., (1981) “A catalogue of viral diseases of
insects, mites, and ticks,” In: Microbial control of pests and plant diseases
1970-1980, H. D. Burges, Eds., Academic press, New York, pp. 897-
911.
[73] Charnely, A. K., (1984), “Physiological aspects of destructive
pathogenesis in insects by fungi, A speculative review, In: Invertebrate-
microbial interactions”, J. M. Anderson, A. D. M. Rayner and D. W. H.
Walton, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 229- 270.
[74] Duperchy, E., (2003), “Identification of up regulated genes of the
hyphomycetes Beauveria bassiana during infection of Leptimolarasa
decemliata”, Ph.d Thesis, Ruberto-carola University of Heidelberg,
Germany, pp. 20-32.
[75] Veen, K. H., and Ferron, P, A., “Selective medium for the isolation of
Beauveria tenella and of Metarhizium anisopliae,” J. Invertb. pathol., 8,
pp. 268-269, 1968.
[76] Steinhaus, E. A., (1949), “Principles of Insect pathology,” New York,
Hafner, Eds., Publishing Company, pp. 757.
[77] Genther, F. J., Foss, S. S., and Glas, P. S.,“Virulence of Metarhizium
anisopliae to embryos of the grass shrimp Palaemoneto pugio,” J.
inverteb. Pathol., 69, pp. 137-164, 1997.
[78] Metchnikoff, E., (1879) “Diseases of the larva of the grain weevil.
Insects harmful to agriculture (series)”, Issue III, The grain weevil.
Published by the commission attached to the Odessa Zemstvo office for
the investigation of the problem of insects harmful to agriculture. Odessa,
pp. 32.
156
[79] Sorokin, N., (1883) “The parasites of plants, man and animals (in
Russian)”, Rastiteln’ye parazity celoveka i zivotnyh Band 11, pp. 268-
290.
[80] Zimmermann, G., “Review on the safety of the entomopathogenic fungus
Metarhizium anisopliae,”Biocontrol Sci Technol., 17(9), pp. 879-920,
2007.
[81] Stainhaus, E. A., (1949) “Principles of insect pathology,” eds., Mc Graw
Hill, pp. 757.
[82] Gams, W., and Rozsypal, J., “ Metarhizium flavoviride sp. isolated from
insects and from soil,” Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 22, pp. 518-521, 1973.
[83] Tanada, Y., and Kaya, H. K., (1993) “Fungal Infections,” In, Insect
Pathology, Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 319-366.
[84] Roberts, D. W. and St. Leger, R. J. (2004) “Metarhizium spp.,
cosmopolitan insect-pathogenic fungi Mycological aspects,” In Advances
in Applied Microbiology, A. I. Lasking, J. W. Bennett, and G. Gadd,
eds., Elsevier Inc., London, U. K. , Vol. 54, pp. 400.
[85] Driver, F., Milner, R. J., and Trueman, J. W. H., “A Taxonomic revision
of Metarhizium based on a phylogenetic analysis of cDNA sequence
data”, Myco. Res., 104, pp. 134-150, 2000.
[86] Rombasch, M. C., Aguda, R. M., Sheperd, B. M., and Roberts, D. W.,
“Infection of rice plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:
Delphacidae) by field application of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes
(Deuteromycotica)”, Environ. Ent, 15, pp. 1070-1073, 1986.
[87] Tulloch, M., “The genus Metarhizium,” Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 66,
pp. 407-411, 976.
157
[88] Bischoff, F., Rehner, S. A., and Humber, R. A., “A Multilocus pylogeny
of Metarhizium anisopliae lineage,” Mycologia, 101, pp. 512-530, 2009.
[89] Bruck, D., “Fungi entomopathogens in the rhizosphere,” Biocontrol,55,
pp. 103-112, 2010.
[90] Bidochka, M. J., Mc Donald, M. A., St Leger, R. J., and Roberts, D. W.,
“Diffrentiation of species and strains of entomopathogenic fungi by
random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD),”Curr. Genet.25, pp.
107-113, 1994.
[91] Hu, G., and St Leger, R., “Field studies using a recombinant
mycoinsecticide Metarhizium anisopliae reveals that it is rhizophere
competent,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, pp. 6383-6387, 2003.
[92] Strasser, H., Vey, A., and Butt, T. M., “Are there any risk in using
entomopathogenic fungi for pest control, with particular reference to the
bioactive metabolites of Metarhizium, Tolypocladium and Beauveria
species?,” Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 10, pp. 717-723, 2000.
[93] Ferron, F., “Biological control of insect pests by entomopathogenic
fungi,” Ann. Rev. Ent., 23, pp. 409-442, 1978.
[94] Boucias, D. G., Pendland, J. C., and J. P. Latge., “ Nonspecific factors
involved in attachment of entomopathogenic Deuteromycetes to host
insect cuticle”, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54 (7), pp. 1795-1805, 1998.
[95] Berner, M., and Schnetter, W., (2002) “Application of ISSR-PCR to
characterize entomopathogenic nematodes within a selection program for
higher efficacy against white grubs of the cockchafer (Melolontha spp.),
In S. Keller,eds., Integrated control of soil pests "Melolontha", Proceeding
of the meeting, IOBL, Switzerland, 24-26 September 2001, IOBC/WPRS
bulletin 25, pp. 35-40.
158
[96] Ferron, P., (1981) “Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and
Metarhizium,” In: Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, 1970-
1980, H. D. Burges , Eds., Academic Press, London. pp. 465-482.
[97] Pedras, M. S. C., Zaharia, L. I., and Ward, D. E., “ The destruxins:
Synthesis, biosynthesis, biotransformation, and biological activity”,
Phytochemistry, 59, pp. 579-596, 2002.
[98] Mazet, I., Hung, E. Y., and Boucias, D. G., “Detection of toxic
metabolites in the haemolymph of Beauveria bassiana infected
Spodoptera exigua larvae”, Experientia, 50, pp. 142-147, 1994.
[99] Kucera, M., “Proteases from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae toxic
for Galleria mellonella larvae”, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 35, pp. 304-310,
1980.
[100] Kodaira, Y., “Biological studies on the muscardine fungi in the
silkworms, Bombyx mori, Journal of the faculty of textile science and
technology”, Sinshu University, Sericult, 5, pp. 1-68, 1961.
[101] Samson, R. A., Evans, H. C., and Latge, J. P., (1988), “Atlas of
Entomopathogenic Fungi,” Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 187.
[102] St. Leger, R. J., Charnley, A. K., and Cooper, R. M.,” Cuticle-
degrading enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi, Mechanisms of
interaction between pathogen enzymes and insect cuticle,” J. Invertebr.
Pathol., 47, pp. 295-302, 1986.
[103] Boucias, D. G., and Pendland, J. C., “Ultrastructural studies on the
fungus, Nomuraea rileyi, infecting the velvet bean caterpillar, Anticarsia
gemmatalis”, J.Invertebr. Pathol., 39, pp. 321-338, 1982.
[104] Khachatourians, G. G., (1998) “Biochemistry and molecular biology of
entomopathogenic fungi,” In, Howard, D. H., Milner, J. D., Eds., The
159
mycota, vol, VI, human and animalrelationship, Berlin, Springer Verlag,
pp. 331-363.
[105] Ben-Zev, I., and Kenneth, R. G., “Zoophthora phytonomi and
Conidiobolus osmodes, two pathogens of Hyper species coincidental in
time and place”, Entomophaga, 25, pp. 158-171, 1986.
[106] Kramma, K. R., and West, D. F., “Termite pathogens, Effects of
infested Metarhizium, Beauveria and Gliocladium conidia on worker
termites, J. Inverteb.Pathol., 40, pp. 7-11, 1982.
[107] Nordbring- Hertz, B., and Chet, I., (1986) “Fungal lectins and
agglutinins, In “Microbial Lectins and Agglutinins”, eds, Wiley, New
York, pp. 201-208.
[108] Mc Cauley, V. J. E., Zacharuk, R. Y., and Tinline, R. D.,
“Histopathology of green muscardine in larvae of four species of
Elateridae (Coleoptera)”, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 12, pp. 444-459, 1968.
[109] Boucias, D. G ., Pendland, J. C., and Latge, J. P., (1991) “Attachment
of mycopathogens to cuticle: the initial event of mycoses in arthropod
hosts” In Cole, G. T. and Hoch, H. C. , The Fungal Spore and Disease
Initiation in Plants and Animals, Eds., Plenum Press, New York , pp.
101-128.
[110] St. Leger, R. J., (1993) “Biology and mechanisms of insect-cuticle
invasion by Deuteromycete fungal pathogens”, In Beckage, N. E., S. N.
Thompson and B. A. Federicic, Eds., Parasites and pathogens of Insects
Vol. 2., Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 211-229.
[111] Inglis, G. D., Goettel, M. S., Butt, M. T., and Strasser, H., (2001), Use
of Hyphomyceteous Fungi for Managing Insect Pests, Fungi as
Biocontrol Agents- Progress, Problems and Potential ,T. M. Butt, C.
160
Jackson and N. Magan , Eds.,. CABI Press, Wallingford, U. K., pp. 23-
69.
[112] Scabel, H. G., “Green muscardine disease of Hylobius pales (Herbst)
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae),” Zettschrift Angenwandte Entomologie, 81,
pp. 413-421, 1976.
[113] Mc Coy, C. W., Brooks, R. F., Allen, J. C., and Selhime, A . G, (1988)
“Entomogenous fungi,” In, Handbook of natural pesticides, Microbial
insecticides, Eds., Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Anim. Control Habitat
Man, 6, pp. 1-17.
[114] Inglis, G. D., Ivie, T. J., Duke, G. M., and Goettel, M. S., “Influence of
formulations on rain fastness of Beauveria bassiana conidia on potato
leaves and Colorado potato beetle larvae”, Biological Control, 12, pp. 55-
64, 2000.
[115] Charnely, A. K., (1984) “Physiological aspects of destructive
pathogenesis in insects by fungi: A speculative review”, In: Invertebrate-
microbial interactions, J. M. Anderson, A. D. M. Rayner, and D. W. H.
Walton, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 229-270.
[116] Fox, C. J. S., “The incidence of green muscardine in the European
wireworm, Agriotes obscurus (Linnaeus), in Nova Scotia”, Journal of
Insect Pathology, 3, pp. 94-95, 1961.
[117] Burges, H. D.,(1981), “Safety, safety testing and quality control of
microbial pesticides,” In, Microbial control of pests and Plant diseases
1970-1980, Eds., Burges, H. D., Academic press, London, pp. 737-767,
1981.
[118] Kaaya, G. P., and Munyinyi, D. M.,“Biocontrol potential of the
entomogenous fungi Beauveria basssiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for
161
testse flies (Glossina) at development sites,” J. Invertebr. Pathol., 66, pp.
237-241, 1995.
[119] Kurisu, K., and Manabe, Y., (1978) “Histopathological study on the
relationship between the fungus invasion of Aspergillus flavus and the
renewal of the cuticle in the mature silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori)”,
Bull. Fac. Text. Sci. Kyoto Univ. Ind. Arts Text. Fiber, 8, pp. 34-40.
[120] Kerwin, J. L., and Petersen, E. E., (1997) “Fungi: Oomycetes and
Chytridiomycetes”, In: Lacey, L. A., Eds., Manual of Techniques in
Insect Pathology, Academic Press, London, pp. 251-268.
[121] Suzuki, A., Kuyuma, S., Kodaira, Y., and Tamura, S., “Structural
elucidation of seed corn maggot,” J. Econ. Entomol., 53, pp. 517-518,
1996.
[122] Burges, H. D., (1981) “Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases
1970-80,” Eds., Academic Press, London, pp. 949.
[123] Kalidas, P., and Satyavani, V., “Impact of growth media and abiotic
factors on the commercial multiplication of green muscardine fungus,
Metarhizium anisopliae,” Indian journal of Plant Protection, 35(2),
pp. 354-356, 2007.
[124] Ferron, P., “Influence of relative humidity on the development of fungal
infection by Beauveria bassina (Fungi: Imperfecti, Moniliales) in
imagines of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Col.Bruchidae)”, Entomophaga.,
22, pp. 393-396, 1977.
[125] Feng, X. Q. , Bao, H. J ., Zhang,W. H., and Wei, F. H., “Study on
using entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniarti to control white
grubs in peanut fields ,” Chinese J. Biol. Contr., 3, pp. 23-25 1997.
162
[126] Sahayaraj, K., and Karthick, S., “Mass production of entomopathogenic
fungi using agricultural products and by products,” African journal of
Biotechnology, 7 (12), pp. 1907-1910, 2008.
[127] Latch, G. C. M., “Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin,
strain in the New Zealand and their possible use for controlling pasture
inhibiting insects,” N. Z. J. Agric. Res., 8, pp. 384-396, 1965.
[128] Rao, R., (1989) “Studies on culture technique, safety and control
potential of certain entomopathogenic fungi on rice pest”, Ph.D.thesis,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
[129] Panday, A. K., and Kanaujia, K. R., “Effect of different grains as solid
substrate on sporulation, viability and pathogenecity of M.anisopliae
(Metschnikoff) Sorokin”, .J. Biol. control., 22 (2), pp. 369-374, 2008.
[130] Goettel, S., Inglis, G.D., (1997) “Fungi: Hyphomycetes. In Manual
Techniques in Insect Pathology,” Eds. Lacey, L A, London, U K,
Academic press, pp. 213-249.
[131] Jackson, T. A., Pearson, J. F., and O’Callaghan, M., (1992) “Pathogen to
Product – Development of Serratia entomophila (Enterobacteriaceae) as a
commercial biological control agent for the New Zealand grass grub
(Costelytra zealandica)”, In: Glare, T. R. and Jackson, T. A., Eds., Use of
Pathogens in Scarab Pest Management. Intercept, Andover, U. K., pp.
191-198.
[132] Deshpande, M. V., “Mycopesticide production by fermentation,
Potential and Challenges”, Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 25 (3) , pp. 229-243,
1999.
[133] Smith, R. J., and Grula, E. A.,”Nutrition requirements for conidia
germination and hyphal growth of Beauveria bassiana”, J. Inver. Pathol.,
37, pp. 222-230, 1981.
163
[134] Ferron, P., “Influence of relative humidity on the development of fungal
infection by Beauveria bassina (Fungi: Imperfecti, Moniliales) in
imagines of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Col.Bruchidae)”, Entomophaga.,
22, pp. 393-396, 1977.
[135] Latch ,G .C., and Fallon, R. F., “Studies on the use of Metarhizium to
control Oryctes rhinoceros”, Entomophaga., 21, pp. 39-48, 1976.
[136] Arzumonav, T., Jenkins, N., and Roussos, S., “Effect of aeration and
substrate moisture content on sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae var
acridium,” Process Biochem., 40, pp. 1037-1042 , 2005.
[137] Herta, S., Omar, S., Debora, B., Luciana, D., and Carlos, S., “ Spore
production of Beauveria bassiana from agro-industrial residues,”
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48 (2), pp.15-24, 2005.
[138] Murugashankar, R., Ilakiya, G., Thivya, D., Subaashini, R., and
Pramila, B., “Mass production of Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuil. on
wheat bran, rice husk, and tapioca,” Pestology, XXXIII(8), pp. 21-22,
2009.
[139] Lomer, C. J., Bateman, R. P., Johnson, D., Langwald, J., Thomas, M.,
“Biological control of locusts and grasshoppers”, Ann. Rev. Ent., 46,
pp. 667-702, 2001.
[140] Roberts ,D. W., and St.Leger, R. J., “Metarhizium spp. Cosmopolitan
insect-pathogenic fungi mycological aspects”, Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 54,
pp. 1-70, 2004.
[141] Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L. and Goettel, M. S., “Effect of bait substrate
and formulation on infection of grasshopper nymphs by Beauveria
bassiana,” Biocontr. Sci. and Technol., 6, pp. 35-50, 1996.
164
[142] Charnley, A. K., “Mycoinsecticides : Present use and future prospects”,
In Progress and prospects in insect control ,” BCPC Monograph no 43,
pp. 165-181, 1989.
[143] Ferron, P., “Biological control of insect pests by entomogenous fungi”,
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 23, pp. 409-442, 1978.
[144] Ferron, P., (1981) “Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and
Metarhizium”,. In: Microbial control of pests and plant diseases 1970-
1980, Burges H.D., Eds., Academic press, London, pp. 465- 482.
[145] Sharma, S., Gupta., R. B. L., and Yadav, C. P. S., “Selection of a suitable
medium for mass multiplication of entomofungal pathogens, Indian. J.
Ent., 64 (3), pp. 254-261, 2002.
[146] Burges, H. D., (1981) “Safety, safety testing and quality control of
microbial Pesticides”, In Microbial control of Pests and Diseases 1970-
1980, Eds., Academic press, London, pp .737-767.
[147] Brady, B. L., “Fungi as parasites of insects and mites”, Biocontrol News
Inf., 2, pp. 281-296, 1981.
[148] Zimmermann, G., “The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
and its potential as a biocontrol agent,” Pesticide Sci., 37, pp. 375-379,
1993.
[149] Imms, A. D., (1977) A general textbook of Entomology, eds., John
Wileys Sons , New York, pp. 1354,Chapter II.
[150] Lefroy , H. F., (1909) “India insect life ,” Eds., Thacker Spink Calcutta,
pp. 786.
165
[151] Gupta, B. D., and Avasthy, P. N., (1957) “First record of H
.consanguinea Blanch in sugarcane in India”, Curr.Sci., 26, pp. 114-
115.
[152] David , H., and Kalra, A. N., “White grub damage to sugarcane crop in
Hospet area of Mysore State”, Indian. J. Sug. Cane. Res. Dev. 8,
pp. 428, 1965.
[153] Avasthy, P. N., (1967), “The problem of white grubs of sugarcane in
India”, Proc. int. Soc. Sug. Cane. Technol. Res. Dev. Wkrs , 12, pp. 513-
520.
[154] Veeresh, G.K.,“ Root grub control campaign in Karnataka” ,White grub
Newsl.,1, pp. 28-33., 1977.
[155] Patil, N., and J. Singh ., “ Schizonchya ruficolis F ., as a beetle pest of
rose” , White grub Newsl., 3, pp. 4-5, 1981.
[156] Veeresh, G. K., (1977) “Studies on the root grubs in Karnataka”, U. A. S.
Monograph No, 2, pp. 87.
[157] Veeresh, G. K., Rajanna, C., and Vijaya Mohan Reddy, N., “Recent
findings on the bioecology of white grubs”, White grub Newsl, 3,
pp. 5-6, 1980.
[158] David, H., and Ananthanarayana, K., “White grubs”, In Sugarcane
Entomology in India, Eds., Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore
pp. 383-421.
[159] Gupta, K. M., “ Neem leaves attract white grub beetle”, Indian. J. Ent .,
35, pp. 276, 1973.
[160] Khanna, S. S., Gupta, K . M., and Ram, K. M., “Comparative efficacy
and economics of various measures adopted for readication of white grub
beetle (H.serrata F) damaging sugarcane in U.P.,” Indian Sug, 18,
pp. 247, 1968.
166
[161] Yadava, C. P. S., Saxena, R. K., Misra, R. K., and Dadheech, L.
N.,“Population management of white grub, Holotrichia consangunea Bl.,
in an agroecosystem” , Indian. J. Ent , 39, pp. 205-210, 1977.
[162] David, H., and Ananthanarayana, K., “Chemical control of the white
grub, Holotrichia serrata F., in sugarcane in south India”, Proc. Joint.
Conv. Sugar. Technol. Assoc. India, 5, pp. 25-29, 1975.
[163] Srivastava, A. S., Singh ,B., and Anjor, R.,“Control of white grubs”,
Holotrichia serrata F.,(Coleoptera:Melolanthidae) infesting sugarcane
crop, Indian. Sug , 32, pp. 673-675, 1983.
[164] Shinde, V. K. R., and Sharam, S. K., “Bacillus popillae Dutky
pathogenic to Lachnosterna consanguinea Blanch”, J. Econ. Ent., 26,
pp. 347-354, 1971.
[165] David, H., Ananthanarayana, K., Alexander, S., and Ethirajan, C.,
“Integrated control of white grubs, Holotrichia serrata., on sugarcane”,
Madras. Agric. J., 63, pp. 537-541.
[166] Veerash, G. K., “Bionomics and control of white grub in India”, Sug
News, 9, pp. 44-56, 1977.
[167] Ragunathiah, K. G., Veeresh, G. K., and Govindu, H. C., “A new
entomophagous fungus on the root grub Holotrichia serrata. F ., from
Mysore”, Curr. Sci., 42, pp. 432-433, 1973.
[168] Nirula, K. K., Antony, J., and Menon, K. P. V., “A new pest of coconut
palm in India ,” Indian. Coconut. J., 5, pp. 57-140, 1952.
[169] Boas, A. M. V., Marques, E. J., Lima, S. M. A., and Lima, R. O. R.,“The
pathogenecity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill on larvae of
castina licus Drury, the giant moth borer of sugarcane”, Ent. News. Int.
Soc. Sug. Cane. Technol, 16, pp. 25-26, 1 984.
167
[170] Roberts, D. W., and St. Leger, R. J., “Metarhizium spp, Cosmopolitan
insect-pathogenic fungi mycological aspects”, Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 54,
pp. 1-70, 2004.
[171] Charnley, A. K., (1989) “Mycoinsecticides : Present use and future
prospects”, In Progress and prospects in insect control “BCPC
Monograph no. 43, pp. 165-181.
[172] Zimmermann, G., “The Galleria baits method for detection of
entomopathogenic fungi in soil”, J. appl. Ent. 102, pp. 213-215, 1986.
[173] Fegan, M., Manners, J. M., McLean, D. J., Irwin, J. A. G., Samuels K.
D. Z., Holdom, D. G., and Li, D. P., “Random amplified polymorphic
DNA markers reveal a high degree of genetic diversity in the
entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae” , J.
Gen. Microbiol., 139, pp. 2075-2081, 1993.
[174] Tiagano-Milani, M. S., Gomes, A. C. M. M., and Sobral, B. W. S.,
“Genetic variability among Brazilian isolates of the entomopathogenic
fungus Metarhizium anisopliae”, J. Inverb. Pathol., 65, pp. 206-210,
1995.
[175] Curran, J., Driver, F., Bllarad, J.W.O., and Milner, R. J., “Phylogeny of
Metarhizium analysis of ribosomal DNA sequence data”, Mycol. Res. ,
98, pp. 547-552, 1994.
[176] Bidochka., M. J., McDonal, M. A., St Leger, R. J., and Roberts, D. W.,
“Differentiation of species and strains of entomopathogenic fungi by
random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)”, Curr. Gen., 25,
pp. 107-113, 1994.
[177] Mavriduo, A., and Typas, M. A., “Interspecific polymorphism in
Metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae revealed by analysis of rRNA gene
168
complex and mDNA RFLPS,” Mycol. Res., 102,
pp. 1233-1241, 1998.
[178] Driver, F., Milner, R. J., and Trueman, J. W. H., “A taxonomic revision of
Metarhizium basen on a phylogenic analysis of rDNA sequence data”,
Mycol. Res., 104, pp. 134-150, 2000.
[179] Bidochka, M. J., and Small, C. L., “Phlylogeography of Metarhizium, an
insect pathogenic fingus”, In:Vega F. E, Blackwell, M, Eds., Insect-
fungal association, Ecology and evolution, Oxford university press, pp. 3-
27, 2005.
[180] Balasamo, C. G., “Observation sopra una nuova species del genera
Botrytis”, Bibliotica Italaiana, 72, pp. 1-15, 1835.
[181] Vuillemin, P., “Beauveria nonveau genre de venticilliaceaev”, Paris, Soc.
Batan. France Bull, 59, pp. 34-50, 1912.
[182] Mac leod, D. M., “Investigations on the genera Beauveria vuill, and
Tritirachium limber ,” Can. J. Bot., 32, pp. 818-890, 1954.
[183] De coog, D.S., “The genera Beauveria, Isaria, Tririrachium and
Acrodontium,” Stud.Mycol., 1, pp. 1-41, 1972.
[184] Eswaramoorthy, S., Nirmala, R., and Santhalakshmi, G., “Occurrence of
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin var anisopliae on
sugarcane internode borer Chilo Saccariphagus indicus (Kapur)”, J.
Biol. Contr., 15, pp. 81- 84, 2001.
[185] Eswaramoorthy, S., Strongman, D. B., Santhalakshmi, G., and Kurup, N.
K., “Life history and prey acceptance of commonly occurring spiders in
sugarcane ecosystem,” J. Biol. Contr., 11, pp. 70-80, 1997.
169
[186] Stainhaus, E.A., and Marsh, G.A., “Report of diagnosis of diseased
insects (1951-1961),” Hilgardia, 33, pp. 452, 1962.
[187] Varma, A., and Mitra, K., “Recent researches to evolve a suitable control
program for stalk borer, Chilo auriculus,” Dudg. Proc. Natn. Symp.
Stalk. Borer, Karnal , pp. 63-65, 1989.
[188] Nayak, P., and Srivastava, R. P., “Occurrence of Beauveria bassiana
(Bals) Vuill on certain rice pests,” India. J. Ent., 41, pp. 99-100, 1979.
[189] Rao, D. S., and Vijayalakshmi, U.,“A note on the occurrence of certain
parasitic fungi on insect pests of sugarcane”, Curr. Sci., 28, pp. 297,
1959.
[190] Jeyaramiah, M., and Verresh, G. K., “Fungal pathogens of white grubs in
Karanataka,” J. Soil. Biol. Ecol., 3, pp. 83-87, 1983.
[191] Baos, A. M. V., Marques, S. M. A., Lima, R. G, and Lima, R., “The
pathogenecity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill, on larvaa
castina licus drury, the giant moth borer of sugarcane ,” Ent. Newslr .,
ISSCI., 16, pp. 25-26, 1984.
[192] Boas, A. M. V., Marques, E. J., and Ribeiro, S. M. A. M., “The
pathogenecity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill. on larvae of
Castina licus Drury, the giant moth borer of sugarcane,”Anais da
Sociedade Entomologica do Brazil, 12, pp. 295-298, 1983.
[193] Marques, E. J., Boas ,V. A. M., Lima, R. O. R. de and Ribeiro, S. M. A.,
“Effect of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill and some
insecticides for the control of Casina licus D ., the giant sugarcane borer,”
Brasil Acucareiro, 102, pp. 36-39, 1984.
[194] Alves, S. B., Botelho, P. S. M., Macedo, N., and Riscada, G. M., “The
occurrence of some pathogens on sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis
170
in field and laboratory condition,” Ent. News. Int. Soc. Sug. Cane.
Technol., 17, pp. 4-6, 1985.
[195] Knutson , A. E., and Gilstrap, F. E., “Several occurrence of Beauveria
bassiana in the south western corn borer (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) in the
Texas High Plains,” J. Kansas Ento. Soc., 63, pp. 243-251, 1990.
[196] Meadow, R., Shelton, A. M., and Vandenberg, J. D., “Autidissemination
of Beauveria bassiana for microbial control of the cabbage root fly in
sustainable agriculture,” Bulletin OILB/SROP, Eds., Smits, R. H., 21,
pp. 37-40, 1998.
[197] Urs, N. V. R. R. ,Govindhu, H. C., and Shastri, K. S. S., “A preliminary
study of white muscardine fungus on cabbagr semilooper from Mysore ,”
Curr. Sci., 34, pp. 382-383, 1965.
[198] Srivastava, R. P., and Tandon, P. L., “Studies of insect pathogens on
mango leaf webber, Orthago euadrusalis Walker (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae),” Entomon, 5, pp. 219-221, 1980.
[199] Ramesh, K., Mohan, C. M., Lakshmi, K. A., Padmavathi, J., and Devi,
K.U., “Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill (Hyphomycets,Moniliales) in
cotton pest management, a field trial on the cotton leaf roller Sylepta
derogate Fabricius (Lepidoptera:Psychidae),” J. Entomol. Res., 23, pp.
267-271, 1999.
[200] Wang, C. S., Li, N. C., Wang , L., and Ma, S., “Grey relational
assessment on control efficacy of different formulations of Beauveria
bassiana against Dendrolimus punctatus”, Chinese J. Biol. Control., 15,
pp. 16-18, 1999.
[201] Wast, S, S., and Hartmann, G. C., “Experimental parasitization of larvae
of gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L) with the entomogenous fungus,
Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill ,” Parasitol., 70, pp. 341-345, 1975.
171
[202] Ranganathiah, K. G., Veeresh, G. K., and Govindu, H.C., “A new
entomopathogenic fungus of the root grub Holotrichia serrata F from
Mysore” , Curr. Sci., 42, pp. 432-433, 1973.
[203] Vandenberg, J. D. , Ramos, M. , and Altre , J. A. , “Dose-response and
age and temperature-related susceptibility of the diamond back ,moth
(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to two isolates of Beauveria bassiana
(Hyphomycetes:Moniliaceae)”, Environ Entomol, 27, pp. 1017-1021,
1998.
[204] Jeyaramaih, M., and Veeresh, G. K., “Influence of temperature and
humidity on the survival of spores of the fungus, Beauveria brongniarti
(Sacc) Petch,” J. Soil. Biol. Ecol., 4, pp. 82-86, 1984.
[205] Vencambre, B., “Control of Hoplochelus marginalis (white grubs) on
sugarcane ,” Rapport Annual - CIRAD Reunion, pp. 63-65, 1991.
[206] Nehru, C. R., Jayarathnam, K., and Karnavar, G. K., “Application of
entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniarti for management of
chafer beetle of the white grub Holotrichia serrata infesting rubber
seedlings”, Indian. J. Nat. Rubber Res., 4, pp. 123-125, 1998.
[207] Keller, S., Keller, E., Schweizer, C., Auden, J. A. I., and Smith, A.,
“Two large field trilas to control the cockchafer Melolantha melolantha
with the fungus Beauveria brongniarti,” Monograph British Crop
Protection Council, 43, pp. 183-190, 1989.
[208] Yang, H. P., “Comparative study of pathogenecity of Beauveria to
Melolantha hippocastant ,” Collection of achievements on the technical
cooperation project of P. R. China and Germany, F. R., pp. 141-143,
1992.
[209] Behheit, H. K. M., and Abbas, F. A. E., “Pathogenecity of
entomogenous fungi (Hyphomycetes) to larvae of the cotton leaf worm,
172
Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae),” Arab. Univ. J. Agric.
Sci, 10, pp. 405-16, 2002.
[210] Ferron, P., “Biological control of insect pests by entomogenous fungi”,
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 23, pp. 409-442, 1978.
[211] Ferron, P., (1981) “Pest control by the fungi Beauveria and
Metarhizium”, In Microbial control of pests and plant diseases 1970-
1980, eds., Academic press, London, pp. 465- 482.
[212] Burges, H. D., (1981) “Safety, safety testing and quality control of
microbial Pesticides”,In Microbial control of Pests and Diseases 1970-
1980, Burges H. D., eds., Academic press, London, pp. 737-767.
[213] Brady, B. L., “Fungi as parasites of insects and mites”, Biocontrol.
News Inf., 2, pp. 281-296, 1981.
[214] Rombach, M. C., and Gillespie, A. T., “Entomogenous hyphomycetes for
insect and mite control in green house crops”, Biocontrol News inf., 9,
pp. 7-18, 1988.
[215] Varma, A., and Mitra, K., “Recent researches to evolve a suitable control
program for stalk borer, Chilo auriculus,” Dudg Proc. Natn. Symp. Stalk.
Borer, Karnal , pp. 63-65, 1981.
[216] Nayak, P., and Srivastava, R.P., “Occurrence of Beauveria bassiana
(Bals) Vuill on certain rice pests,” India. J. Ent., 41, pp. 99-100, 1979.
[217] Rao, D. S., and Vijayalakshmi , U., “A note on the occurrence of certain
parasitic fungi on insect pests of sugarcane”, Curr. Sci., 28, pp. 297, 1959.
[218] Chandla, V. K., “Potato pests and their management,” Indian farming,
34, pp. 31-32, 1985.
173
[219] Desai, M. T., and Patel., R. M., “Some observation on the biology and
control of white grub in soil (Holotrichia consanguinea) Blanch affecting
groundnut and cereals in Gujarat,” Indian Journal of Entomology, 27,
pp. 89-94, 1965.
[220] Hansel, H., and Watson, J. A. L., “Preliminary field tests on the use of
Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Nasulitermes exitiosus (Hill)
(Isoptera: Termitidae),” Bulletin of Entomological Research, 94,
pp. 305-313, 1883.
[221] Samuels, K. D. Z., “Genetic studies and strain selection in Metarhizium
anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin for the control of Nilaparvata lugens ,
the brownhopper of rice,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, UK,
pp. 25-35, 1986.
[222] Samson, P. R., Milner, R. J., and Mc Lennan, P. D., “Field trials of
Metarhizium anisopliae (Deoteromycotina:Hyphomycetes) against Inopus
rubriceps (Diptera:Stratiomydae) in sugarcane”, Environ. Entomol., 23,
pp. 749-754, 1994.
[222] Roberts, D. W., (1981) “Toxins of entomopathogenic fungi, In: Microbial
control of Insect Pests and Plant diseases 1970-1980,” eds., Acadmeic
press, London, pp. 441-464.
[223] St. Leger, R. J. (1993), “Biology and mechanisms of insect-cuticle
invasion by Deuteromycete fungal pathogens,” In: Beckage, N. E., S. N.
Thompson and B. A. Federicic, Parasites and pathogens of Insects
Vol. 2., Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp. 211-229.
[224] St. Leger, R. J., Charnley, A. K. and Cooper, R. M., “Cuticle-degrading
enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi: Mechanisms of interaction between
pathogen enzymes and insect cuticle,” J. Invertebr. Pathol., 47, pp. 295-
302, 1986.
174
[225] Urs, N. V. R. R., Govindhu, H. C., and Shastri, K. S. S., “A preliminary
study of white muscardine fungus on cabbage semilooper from Mysore,”
Curr. Sci., 34, pp. 382-383, 1965.
[226] Zimmermann, G., “The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
and its potential as a biocontrol agent,” Pesticide Science, 37, pp. 375-
379, 1993.
[227] Roberts, D. W., (1981) “Toxins of entomopathogenic fungi, In:
Microbial control of Insect Pests and Plant diseases 1970-1980,” Burges,
H. D., Eds, Acadmeic press, London, pp. 441-464.
[228] Vey, A., Matha, V., and Dumas, C.,”Effects of peptide mycotoxin
destruxin E on insect haemocytes and on dynamics and efficiency of the
multicellular immune reaction,” J. Inverteb. Pathol., 80, pp. 177-187,
2001.
[228] Goettel, M. S., and Jaronski, S. T., (1997) “Safety and registration of
microbial agents for control of grasshoppers and locusts,” In Microbial
control of grasshoppers and locusts, Goettel, M. S. and Johnson, D.
L.,eds., Memories of the entomological society of Canada 171, pp. 83-99.
[229] Goettel, M. S., and Johnson, D. L., (1992) “ Environmental impact and
safety of fungal biocontrol agents, In Biological control of locusts and
grasshoppers,” Lomer, C. and Prior C., eds., CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, pp. 356-361.
[230] Goettel, M. S., Hajek, A. E., Siegel, J. P., and Evans, H. C., (2001)
“Safety of fungal biocontrol agents. In: Fungi as biocontrol agents,” eds.,
CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 347-375.
[231] Goettel, M. S., Inglis, D. G. and Wraight, P. S., (2000), “Fungi. In: Field
manual of techniques in Invertebrate Pathology,” eds., Kluwer Academic
Publishers, the Netherlands. pp. 255-282.
175
[232] Goettel, M. S., Poprawski, T. J, Vandenberg, J. D., Li, Z. and Roberts, W.
D, (1990), “Safety to nontarget invertebrates of fungal biocontrol agents,”
In: Laird, M., Lacey, L. A. and Davidson, Eds., Safety of microbial
insecticides. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 209-232.
[233] Roberts , R. H., and Riba, G, “Toxic and repulsive effects of spray ,’per
os’ and systemic application of destruxin E on aphids”, Mycopathologia,
108, pp. 179-183, 1989.
[234] Vestergaard, S., Butt, T. M., Gillespie, A. T., Schreiter, G. and Eilenberg,
J. (1995) “Pathogenicity of the hyphomycete fungi Verticilllium lecanii
and Metarhizium anisopliae to the western flower thrips, Frankliniella
occidentalis”, Biocontrol. Sci. Technol., 5, pp. 185-192.
[235] Goettel, M. S., and Inglis, D. G., (1997) ” Fungi”, Hyphomycetes, In
Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton,
FL, pp. 209-232.
[236] Goettel, M. S., Inglis, D. G., and Wraight, P. S .,(2000) “ Fungi”, In:
Field manual of techniques in Invertebrate Pathology, Eds., Kluwer
Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, pp. 255-282.
[237] Beilharz, V. C., Parberry, D. G., and Wart, H. J. S., “ Dodine: A
selective agent for certain soil fungi”, Transactions of the British
Mycological Society, 79, pp. 507-511, 1982.
[238] Kalvish, S., Jayaraj, S., and Gopalan, M., “Mycopathogens for biological
control of Odontotermes brunneus,” J. Biol. Cont., 5(1), pp. 32-35, 1974.
[239] Clark, G. G.., and Madelin., “The longevity of conidia of three insect
parasitizing Hyphomycetes,” Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 48, pp. 193-209,
1965.
176
[240] Zimmermann G., “Effects of high temperature and sunlight on the
viability of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin,” J.
Invertebr. Pathol., 40, pp. 36-40, 1982.
[241] Rath, A. C., Anderson, G. C., Worledge, D. and Koen, T. B., “The
effect of low temperatures on the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae
(DATF-001) to the subterranean Scarab, Adoryphorus couloni,” J.
Invertebr. Pathol.,65, pp. 186-192, 1995.
[242] Rath, C. A., (1992), “Metarhizium anisopliae for control of the
Tasmanian Pasture Scarab, Adoryphorus couloni,”eds., Intercept Limited,
Andover. pp. 217-227.
[243] Rombach, M. C., and Gillespie, A. T., “Entomogenous hyphomycetes
for insect and mite control in green house crops”, Biocontrol News inf.,
9, pp. 7-18, 1988.
[244] Goettel, M. S., and Inglis, D. G., (1997),” Fungi”, Hyphomycetes, In:
Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology (L. A. Lacey and H. K. Kaya
,Eds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 209-232.
[245] Inglis, G. D., Goettel, M. S., Butt, M. T. and Strasser, H., (2001), “Use
of Hyphomyceteous Fungi for Managing Insect Pests,” In: Fungi as
Biocontrol Agents- Progress, Problems and Potential. (T. M. Butt, C.
Jackson and N. Magan).,Eds.. CABI Press, Wallingford, U. K., pp. 23-
69.
[246] Gottwald, T. R., and Teddlers, W. L.,“Studies on conidia release by the
entomogenous fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae
from adult pecan weevil cadavers,” Environ. Entomol., 11(6) , pp. 1274-
1279, 1982.
[247] Milner, R. J., Staples, J. A.., and Lutton, G. G..,”The effect of humidity
on germination and infection of termites by the hyphomycetes,
177
Metarhizium anisopliae var acridium”, Australian. J .Entomol., 41, pp.
82-87, 2002.
[248] Daoust, R. A., and Roberts, D. W. , “ Studies on the prolonged storage
of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia: effect of temperature and relative
humidity on conidial viability and virulence against mosquitoes”, J.
Invertebr. Pathol., 41, pp. 143-150, 1983.
[249] Fargues, J., Ouedraogo, A., Goettel, M. S., and Lomer, C. J., “ Effect of
temperature humidity and inoculation method on susceptibility of
Schistocera gregaria to Metarhizium flavoviride”, Biocontr. Sci and
Technol.,7, pp. 345-356, 1997.
[250] Johnpulle, A. L., “Temperature lethal to the green muscardine fungus,
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok”, Trop. Agric., 90, pp. 80-83,
1938.
[251] St. Leger, R. J., Charnley, A. K. and Cooper, R. M., “Cuticle-degrading
enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi: Mechanisms of interaction between
pathogen enzymes and insect cuticle,”J.Invertebr.Pathol.,47, pp. 295-302,
1986.
[252] Walstad, J. D., Anderson, R. F., and Stambuagh, W.J., “Effect of
environmental conditions on two species of muscardine fungi (Beauveria
bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae), J. Inverb. Pathol.,16, pp. 221-226,
1970.
[253] Goettel, M. S., and Jaronski, S. T., (1997), “Safety and registration of
microbial agents for control of grasshoppers and locusts,” eds., Memories
of the entomological society of Canada 171, pp. 83-99.
[254] Goral, V. M., and Lappa, N. V., “Effect of medium pH on growth and
virulence of Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill, ” Micobial Zh.Kiev, 34, pp.
454-457, 1972.
178
[255] Sundara babu, P. C., (1985),“Isolation and purification of fungal
pathogens,” In, Microbial control and pest management ,eds., Jayaraj, S
TNAU , Coimbatore, pp. 124-125.
[256] Filho, A. B., Cruz, B. P. B., and Saad, M. C.,“Production of
entomopathogenic fungi on farms”, Biologico., 54(7-12), pp. 55-57,
1988.
[257] Alves, S. B., and Perfira, R., “Production of Metarhizium anisopliae
(Metsch) Sorok and Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill in plastic trays”,
Ecossistema., 14, pp. 188-192, 1989.
[258] Nirmala, R., Ramanujam, R., Rabindra, J., and Rao, N. S., “Growth
parameters of some isolates of emtomofungal pathogens and production
of dust-free spores on rice medium”, Biol. Control., 19(2), pp. 121-128,
2005.
[259] Dorta, B., Bosch, A., Arcas, J. A., and Ertola, R. J., “High level of
sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae in a medium containing by
products”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotech., 33, pp. 712-715, 1990.
[259] Wast, S, S., and Hartmann, G. C., “Experimental parasitization of larvae
of gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L) with the entomogenous fungus,
Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill ,” Parasitol., 70, pp. 341-345, 1975.
[260] Goettel, M. S., Poprawski, T. J, Vandenberg, J. D., Li, Z. and Roberts,
W. D. (1990), “Safety to nontarget invertebrates of fungal biocontrol
agents,” In: Laird, M., Lacey, L. A. and Davidson ,Eds., Safety of
microbial insecticides, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 209-232.
[261] Sharma, S., Gupta, R. B. L., Yadav, C. P. S., “Selection of a suitable
medium for mass multiplication of entomofungal pathogens”, India
J.Ent., 64(3), pp. 254-261, 2002.
179
[262] Soundarapandian, P., and Chandra, R., “Mass production of
Entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota:
Hyphomycetes) in the laboratory”, Res. J. Microbiol., 2(9), pp. 690-695,
2007.
[263] Singh, B. S. A.,“Development of Metarhizium anisopliae Metschnikoff
Sorokin (Deuteromycete:Hyphomycete) as a commercial bioinsecticide at
caron”, Limited in Trinidad (1991-1996) Proc. West Indies Sugar
Technologists 26th conference, 22-26 , September, pp. 180-186, 1997.
[264] Sharma, S., Gupta, R. B. L., and Yadav, C. P. S., “Mass multiplication
and formulation of entomopathogenic fungi and their efficacy against
white grubs”, J. Mycol. Pl. pathol., 29(3), pp. 299-305, 1999.
[265] Jaipal, S., (2006) “An economical and simple method for the mass
production of cane pest insects killing fungus Beauveria bassiana on
bagasse and its utilization under IPM in sugarcane”, Proc. of 67th Annual
Conv of STAI, pp. 108-115.
[266] Ansari, M. A., and Butt, T. M., “Effects of successive subculturing on
stability, virulence, conidial yield, germination and shelf life of
entomopathogenic fungi”, J. Appl, Microbiol., 110, pp. 1460-1469, 2011.
[267] Pandey, A. K., and Kanaujia, K. R., “Effect of different grains as solid
substrates On sporulation, viability and pathogenecity of Metarhizium
anisopliae (Metschinikoff) Sorokin”, J. Biol. control., 22 (2), pp. 369-
324, 2008.
[268] Goettel, M. S., Poprawski, T. J, Vandenberg, J. D., Li, Z., and Roberts,
W. D., (1990) “Safety to nontarget invertebrates of fungal biocontrol
agents,” Safety of microbial insecticides, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, pp. 209-232.
180
[269] Bidochka, M. J., and Small, C. L., (2005) “Phyogeography of
Metarhizium, insect pathogenic fungus,” Eds., Oxford University press,
pp. 3-27.
[270] Rombach, M. C., and Gillespie, A. T., “Entomogenous hyphomycetes
for insect and mite control in green house crops”, Biocontrol News inf.,
9, pp. 7-18, 1988.
[271] Eswaramoorthy, S., Nirmala, R., and Santhalakshmi, G., “Occurrence of
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin var anisopliae on
sugarcane internode borer Chilo Saccariphagus indicus (Kapur)” .J.
Biol. Contr., 15, pp. 81- 84, 2001.
[272] Sundara babu, P. C., Balasubramanian, M., Jayaraj, S., (1983), “Studies
on the pathogenecity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin var
major Tulloch on Oryctes rhinoceros,” Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University Res. Publ, pp. 1-32.
[273] Almeida, L. C., Alves, S. B., Botelho, P. S. M., Degaspari, N., Pinheiro,
J. B., “Determination of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch ) Sorok,
pathogenecity on Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr) Eggs of different ages”,
Ent. News. Int. Soc. Sug. Cane Technol., 12, pp. 4, 1982.
[274] Almeida, L. C., Betellho, P. S. M., Alves, S.B. Degaspari, N., and
Araujo, J.R., “Effects of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok on eggs
of sugarcane borer”, Ent. News. Int. Soc. Sug. Cane Technol., 12,
pp. 5, 1982.
[275] Eswaramoorthy, S., Nirmala, R., and Santhalakshmi, G., “Occurrence of
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metshnikoff) Sorokin var anisopliae on
sugarcane internode borer Chilo sachhariphagus indicus (Kapur) ,”
J.Biol.Control., 15, pp. 81-84, 2001.
[276] Yadav, B. P., Trivedi , P. C., and Yadava, C. P. S., “Biocontrol efficacy
of entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against white grub
181
(Holotrichia consanguinea Blanch)”, J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 30, pp. 410-
418, 2000.
[277] Eswaramoorthy, S., Nirmala, R., and Santhalakshmi, G., Laboratory
culture of Metarhizium anisopliae against white grub (Holotrichia
consanguinea Blanch) , J. Biol. Control., 17, pp. 65-71, 2002.
[278] Samson, P. R., and Milner, R. J., “Metarhizium based biopesticides for
Queensland cane grubs”, In, Proc.VII Australian conference on
Grassland,” 53, pp. 25-31, 1999.
[279] Milner, R. J., Samson, P. R., and Ballord, G. K., “FI-1045, a profile of
a commercially useful isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae var
anisopliae,” Biocontrol. Sci. Technol., 12, pp. 43-48, 2002.
[280] Sharma, S., Gupta, R. B. L., and Yadava, C. P. S., “Mass multplication
and formulation of entomopathogenic fungi and their efficacy against
white grubs”, J. Mycol. Pl. pathol., 29 (3), pp. 299-305, 1999.
[281] Eswaramoorthy, S., Srikanth, J., Santhalakshmi, G., and Geetha, N.,
“Mass culture and formulation of three entomogenous fungi with special
reference to B.brongniarti (Sac) Petch against H.serrata F (Coleoptera:
Scrabidae)” Proceedings of the 64th Annual convention of sugar
technologists Association of India, 64, pp. A124-A141, 2002.
[282] Eswaramoorthy, S., Srikanth,J., Santhalakshmi, G., and Geetha, N.,
“Ecofriendly management of sugarcane white grub Holotrichia serrrata F
(Coleoptera:Scarabidae) with the entomogenous fungus Beauveria
brongniarti (Sacc) Petch”, In:Second International Conference on
Integrated Pest Management in relation to safe Agricultural products and
healthy environment, Giza-Egypt, Dec, 21-41, pp. 22, 2003.
[283] Sundara Babu, P. C., Balasubramanian, M., and Jayaraj, S., “Studies on
the pathogenecity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin var
182
major Tulloch in Oryctes rhinoceros,” TamilNadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore, Research Bulletin, 1, pp. 32, 1983.
[284] Hou, R.F., “Microbial control of insects in Taiwan,” Plant Prot.Bull.
Taiwan, 28, pp. 59-70, 1986.
[285] Krueger , S. R., Villani, M. G., Martins, A. S., and Roberts, D. W.,
“Efficacy of soil application of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin
conidia and standard and lyophilized mycelial particles against scarab
grubs,” J. Invertb. Pathol, 59, pp. 54-60, 1992.
[286] Busoli A. C., Fernandes, O. A., and Tayra, O., “Control of the banana
weevil borer Cosmopolitus sordidus Germer 1824 (Coleoptera:
curculinidae) by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals)
Vuill and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin (Hyphomycetes),”
Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brazil, 18, pp. 33-41, 1989.
[287] Khan ,A., and Gangaprasad, G., “Comparison of three entomogenous
fungi in the management of the banana borer weevil Cosmopolitus
sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ”, Intern. Pest . Control,
43, pp. 208-213, 2001.
[288] Rath, A. C., Koen, T. B., Worladge, D., and Anderson,G. C.,“Control of
the subterranean pasture pest Aoryphorus couloni (Coloeptera:
Scarabidae) with Metarhizium anisopliae isolate DAT F-001,”In Proc.v
Intern.Collaq.Inverteb.Pathol.Microbial control, Adelaide, Australia, 20-
24, August, 1990, pp. 20-25.
[289] Braza, R. D., “Laboratory evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch)
Sorokin against Leucopholis irrorata (Chevrolat) (Coloeoptera :
Scarabidae),” Philip. Ent., 8, pp. 671-675, 1990.
[290] Milner , R. J., (1990), “The selection of strains of Metarhizium
anisopliae for control of Australian sugarcane white grubs,”In : Proc. V.
183
Intern. Collaq. Inverteb. Pathol. Microbial Control, Adelaide , Australia
, 20-24, August, 1990, pp. 30-36.
[291] Moorhouse, E. R., Gillespie, A. T., and Charnley, A. K.,“The progress
and prospects for the control of the black wine weevil Otiorhynctus
sulcatus by entomogenous fungi,” In :Proc.V.Intern.Collaq.Inverteb.
Pathol. Microbial Control, Adelaide, Australia, 20-24, August, 1990,
pp. 41-47.
[292] Gerding, G. M., France ,I. A., Cisternas, A. E., “Evaluation of Chilean
strains of Metarhizium anisopliae var against Otiorhynctus sulcatus Fab
(Coloeptera:Curculionidae),” Agricultura Tecnica, 60, pp. 216-223, 2000.
[293] Raid, R. N. and Cherry, R. H., “Pathogenecity of Metarhizium
anisopliae var major (Metsch) Sorokin to a sugarcane grub Ligyrus
subtropics (Blatchley) (Coleoptera:Scarabidae)”, J. Agric. Entomol., 9,
pp. 11-16, 1992.
[294] Meadow, R., Shelton, A. M.,Vandenberg, J. D.,“Autodisssemination of
Beauveria bassiana for microbial control of the cabbage root fly in
sustainable agriculture ,” Bulletin OILB/SROP, 21, pp. 37-40, 1980.
[295] Vanninen , L., Hokkanen, H., and Tyni Juslin, J., “Attempt to control
cabbage root flies Delia radicum L., and Delia floralis (Fall.) (Diptera:
Anthomydiae) with entomopathogenic fungi laboratory and greenhouse
tests,”J. Appl. Entomol., 123, pp. 107-113, 1999.
[296] Barson, G., Renn, N., and Bywater, A.F., “Laboratory evaluation of six
species of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of house fly,a pest of
intensive animal units,” J. Inverbr. Pathol., 64, pp. 107-113, 1994.
[297] Renn, N., Bywater, A. F., and Barson., G., “A bait formulated with
Metarhiizum anisopliae for the control of Musa domestica L.(Diptera:
184
Muscidae) assessed in large scale laboratory enclosures,” J. Appl.
Entomol., 123, pp. 309-314, 1999.
[298] Carswell, I., Spooner Hari., R., and Milner, R.J., “Laboratory
susceptibility of Musca domestica L (Diptera:Muscidae) and Bactrocera
iryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera:Tephritidae) to a isolate of Metarhzium
anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin,” Australian J Entomol., 37, pp. 281-284,
1998.
[299] Kaya, G. P., and Munyinyi, D. M., “Biocontrol potential of the
entomogenous fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for
tsetse flies at developmental sites,” J. Invertebr. Pathol., 66, pp. 237-241,
1995.
[300] Maninia, N. K., and Odulaja, A., “Effect of species,age,and sex of tsetse
flies on response to infection by Metarhizium anisopliae,” Biocontrol, 43,
pp. 248-254, 1998.
[301] Beikhet , H. K. M., and Abbas, F. A., “Pathogenecity of entomogenous
fungi to larvae of the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) , Arab. Univ. J. Agric. Sci .,10 , pp. 405-418,
2002.
[302] Padmaja, V., and Kaur, G., “Pathogenecity of Metarhizium anisopliae
(Metsch) Sorokin to rice leaf folder, Cnaphalacrocis medinalis
(Guenee),” J. Biol. Control., 15, pp. 201-203, 2001.
[303] Rachappa, V., Patil.,R. K., and Lingappa, S., “Pathogenecity of
Metarhizium anisopliae to coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina
arenesella (Walker),” Insect Environ, 7, pp. 123, 2001.
[304] Kato, T., Kitauchi, Y., Ono, M., and Sato, S., “Pathogenecity to the
diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella L (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) of the
185
fungus isolated from soils,” Proc.Assoc.Plant.Prot., Kyushu, 35, pp. 93-
95, 1989.
[305] Chiuo, W. C., and Hou, R. F., “Infection of the Asian corn borer,
Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee (Lepidoptera : Pyraulidae) with
entomopathogen under screen house conditions ,” J. Appl. Entomol.,
115, pp. 246-253, 1993.
[306] Macedo, N., Alves, S. B., Salomao, R., and Botelho, P. S. M.,
“Suscepttibility of Diatrae saccharalis reared on different plant species to
the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin and Beauveria
basssiana (Bals) Vuill,” Ecossistema, 5, pp. 19-23, 1990.
[307] Alves, S. B., Botelho, P. S., Macedo, N., and Riscado, G. M., “The occurrence of some pathogens on sugarcane borer, Diatrae saccharalis (Fabricius,1794) to the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok and Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill ,” Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 19, pp. 383-391, 1990.
[308] Martinez, M. E. E., Macias, M. I., and Giba, G.,”Susceptibility of
Datrae saccharalis to different entomopathogenic fungi,” Revista Biologia, 9, pp. 97-103, 1995.
[309] Drummond , J., Barro, P. J., and Pinnock, D. E., “Field and laboratory studies on the fungus Aspergillus parasiticus , a pathogen of the pink
sugarcane mealy bug ,Saccharicoccus sacchari,” Biol. Cont. ,1, pp. 288-292, 1991.
[310] Ambethgar, V., “Record of entomopathogenic fungi from Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry,” J. Biol. contr., 26(2), pp. 161-167, 2002.
[311] Ramesh, K., Murali Mohan, C. H., Aruna lakshmi, K., Padmavathi, J.,
and Umadevi, K., “Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) in cotton pest management, A field trial on the cotton leaf
186
roller, Sylepta derogate", Fabricius (Lepidoptera:Pyraustidae),” J. Ent. Res., 23(3), pp. 267-271, 1999.
[312] Sood, A. K., Mehta, N. P., Kashyap, R., and Remesh, L., "Bioefficacy
of Beauveria bassiana against diamond back moth Plutella zylostella,(L) (Lepidoptera : Yponomeutidae)," J. Ent. Res., 25(4), pp. 267-271, 2001.
[313] Shamila, K., and Harsh, S., "Metarhizium anisopliae (Metscnikoff) Sorokin pathogenic to the larvae of teak defoliator Hyblae puera cramer,"
J. Ent. Res., 27(2), pp. 135-136, 2003.
[314] Pandey, A. K., and Kanaujia, K. R., “Effect of different grains as solid substrates on sporulation, viability and pathogenecity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinikoff) Sorokin,” J. Biol. control., 22(2) , pp. 309-324,
2008.
[315] Wadyalkar, S. R., Wasula, D. L., Bhoyle, S. J., and Wadaskar, R. M.,
“Mass multiplication and formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch)
Sorokin,” J. Biol. Control., 17(2), pp.141-146, 2003.
[316] Swaran, P. R. and Varma, R. V., “Laboratory evaluation of the
entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. major against the
subterranean termite Odontotermes guptai Reonwal and Bose,” J. Biol.
Control., 17(2), pp. 147-151, 2003.
[317] Ambethgar, V., Swamiappan, M., Rabindra, R. J., and Rabindra, R.,
“Pathogenecity of certain indigenous isolates of entomopathogenic fungi
against rice leaf folder Cnapalocrocis medinalis (Cruvenne),” J. Bio.
Control., 21(2), pp. 225-234, 2007.
[318] Pandey , A. J., and Kanaujia, K. R., “Effect of supplementation of
medium with larval extract on the virulence of Beauveria basssiana
(Balsamo) Vuillemin against Spilosoma obiqua,” Walker, Biol. Control.,
18(2), pp. 173-178, 2004.
187
[319] Nahar, P., Yadav, P., Kulye, M., Hadapad, A., Hassani, M., Tuor, U.,
Keller, S., Chandele, A.G., Thomas, B., and Deshpande, M. V.,
“Evaluation of indigenous fungal isolates, Metarhizium ansopliae M
34412, Beauveria bassiana B3301 and Nomurarae Rileyi N812 for the
control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in pigeonpea field,”
J.Biol.Control, 18(1), pp. 1-8, 2004.
[320] Irulandi, S., Rajendran, R., Stephen, D., Samuel, C., Chinnaiah, P. G.,
Vinod, K., and Sreedharan, K., “Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana
(Balsamo) Vuill and an exotic parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis
(Betrem) (Hymenoptera ) Bethylidae for the management of coffee berry
borer, Hyphothanemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coloeptera : Scolytidae),” J.
Biol. Control., 22(1), pp. 91-97, 2008.
[321] Pandey, A. K. ,“Effect of temperature on pathogenecity of Beauveria
bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae
(Metshnokoff) Sorokin against Silosoma oblique (walker),” J. Biol.
control., 22(1), pp. 85-89, 2008.
[322] Rahaman, S., Manorama, M., Singh, K., Gurusunramaniam, G., and
Hazarika, M., “Prospects in use of neem formulations and biocides in tea
pest management in north east India,” Crop. Res., 31, pp. 160-170,
2006.
[323] Bhagat, R M., Khajuria, M. K., Uma Shankar, M., Monobrullah, O.,
and Kaul, V., “Efficacy of biopesticides and insecticides in controlling
maize cutworm in Jammu,” J. Biol. Control, 22(1), pp. 96-106, 2008.
[324] Ghatak, S. S., Roza, M. D. W., and Poi, R. C., “Bioefficacy of
biopesticides and modern synthetic pestiicdes against tea mosquito bug,
Helopeltia theovora waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miride),” Res. on crops,
9(1), pp. 165-171, 2008.
188
[325] Balasubramanian, C., and Sunderesan, S.,“Invitro studies on the efficacy
of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhzium anisopliae
(Metschinokoff) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina:Hyphomycetes) against the
coffee berry borer, Hypothanenum hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae),” J. Biol. Contr., 8(1), pp. 156, 2001.
[326] Karthikeyan, K., and Jacob, S., “Bioefficacy of white muscardine
fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill for the management of key
insect pests of vegetables,” Green farming, 1(10), pp. 54-56, 2009.
[327] Sharma, S., Gupta, R. B. L., and Yadav, C. P. S., “Mass multiplication
and formulation of entomopathogenic fungi and their efficacy against
white grub,” J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 29(3), pp. 299-305, 1999.
[328] Ignoffo, C. M., “Environmental factors affecting persistence of
entomopathogens,” Florida Entomol., 75 (4), pp. 516-524, 1992.
[329] Ignoffo, C. M., and Garcia, C., “Antioxidant and oxidative enzyme
effects on the inactivation of inclusion bodies of the Heliothis baculovirus
by simulated sunlight-UV,” Environ. Entomol., 23 (4), pp. 1025-1029,
1994.
[330] Ignoffo, C. M., and Garcia, C., “UV-photoinactivation of cells and
spores of Bacillus thuringiensis and effects of peroxidase on
inactivation,” Environ. Entomol., (2), pp. 270-272, 1978.
[331]` Hunt, T. R., Moore, D., Higgins, P. M., and Prior, C., “Effect of
sunscreens, irradiance and resting periods on the germination of
Metarhizium flavoviride conidia,” Entomophaga., 39 (3), pp. 313-322,
1994.
[332] Moore, D., Langewald, J., and Obogon, K., “Effects of rehydration on
the conidial viability of Metarhizium flavoviride mycopesticide
formulations,” Biocontrol. Sci. Technol., 7, pp. 87-94, 1997.
189
[333] Shah, P. A., Douro- Kpindou, O. K., Sidibe, A., Dafffe, C. O., Van Der
Pauuw, H., and Lomer, C. J., “Effects of the sunscreen oxybenzone on
field efficacy and persistence of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia against
Kraussella amabile (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Mali, West Africa,”
Biocontrol. Sci. Technol., 8, pp. 357-360, 1998.
[334] Alves, R. T., Bateman, R. P., Prior, C., and Leather, S. R.,“Effects of
simulated solar radiation on conidial germination of Metarhizium
anisopliae in different formulations,” Crop Protect., 17 (8), pp. 675-679,
1998.
[335] Shapiro, M., “Congo red as an ultraviolet protectant for the gypsy moth
(Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) nulear polyhedrosis virus,” J. Econ.
Entomol., 82 (2), pp. 548-550, 1989.
[336] Shah, P. A., Douro-Kpindou, O.-K., Sidibe, A., Dafffe, C. O., Van Der
Pauuw, H., and Lomer, C. J..,“Effects of the sunscreen oxybenzone on
field efficacy and persistence of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia against
Kraussella amabile (Orthoptera:Acrididae) in Mali, West Africa,”
Biocontrol. Sci. Technol., 8, pp. 357, 1998.
[337] Shapiro, M., and Robertson, J. L. M.,“Laboratory evaluation of dyes as
ultraviolet screens for the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
nuclear polyhedrosis virus,” J. Econ. Entomol., 83 (1), pp. 168-172, 1990.
[338] Ignoffo, C. M., and Garcia, C., “UV-photoinactivation of cells and
spores of Bacillusthuringiensis and effects of peroxidase on inactivation,”
Environ. Entomol., 7 (2), pp. 270-272, 1978.
[339] St Leger, R. J., Butt, T.M., Goettel, M. S., Staples, R. C., and Roberts,
D. W., “Production in vitro of appressoria by the entomopathogenic
fungus Metarhizium anisopliae,” Experimental Mycol., 13, pp. 274-288,
1989.
190
[340] Ignoffo., C. M., (1981),“The fungus Nomuraea rileyi as a microbial
insecticide,” eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 513-536.
[341] Tang, L. and Hou, R. F., “Potential application of entomopathogenic
fungus Nomuraea rileyi for control of corn earworm Helicoverpa
armigera,” Neotropical Entomology, 88, pp. 25-30, 2002.
[342] Ignoffo, C. M., Shasha, B. S., and Shapiro, M.., “Sunlight ultraviolet
protection of the Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus through starch-
encapsulation technology,” J. Invert. Pathol,, 57, pp. 134-136, 1991.
[343] Shasha, B. S., Mc Guire, M. R., and R. W. Behle., (1998) “Lignin-based
pest control formulations,” US Patent 5750467, pp. 110-122.
[344] Behle, R. W., McGuire, M. R., and Shasha, B. S., “Extending the residual
toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis with casein-based formulations,” J.
Econ. Entomol., 89 (6), pp. 1399-1405, 1996.
[345] Ignoffo, C. M., Garcia, C., and Saathoff, S. G.., “Sunlight stability and
rain- fastness of formulations of Bauclovirus heliothis,”
Environ.Entomol., 26 (6), pp. 1470-1474, 1997.
[346] McGuire, M. R., Streett, D. A., and Shasha, B. S., “Evaluation of starch
encapsulation for formulation of grasshopper (Orthoptera:Acrididae)
entomopoxviruses,” J.Econ. Entomol., 84 (6), pp. 1652-1656, 1991.
[347] McGuire, M. R., and Shasha, B. S., “Starch encapsulation of microbial
pesticides,” In Hall, F.R., and J.W. Barry, Biorational Pest Control
Agents: Formulation and Delivery, ACS Symposium Series No. 595,eds,
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC., pp. 230-237, 1985.
[348] McGuire, M. R., Shasha, B. S., Eastman, C. E., and Oloumi-Sadeghi. H.,
“Starch and flour-based formulations: effect on rainfastness and solar
191
stability of Bacillus thuringiensis,” J. Econ. Entomol., 89 (4), pp. 863-
869, 1996.
[349] Shasha, B. S., and Dunkle, R. L.,“Starch encapsulation of
entomopathogens,” US Patent 4859377, pp. 23, 1989.
[350] Shasha, B. S., and McGuire, M. R., “Adherent, autoencapsulating spray
formulations of biocontrol agents,” US Patent 506197, pp. 120-128, 1989.
[350] Tamez-Guerra, P., McGuire, M. R., Behle, R. W., Hamm, J. J., Sumner,
H. R., and Shasha, B. S., “Sunlight Persistence and rainfastness of spray-
dried formulations of the Anagrapha falcifera baculovirus,” J. Econ.
Entomol., 93 (2), pp. 210-218, 1998.
[351] Bateman, R. P., Carey, M., Moore, D., and Prior, C.,“The Enhanced
Infectivity of Metarhizium flavoviride in oil formulations to Desert Locusts at Low Humidities,” Ann. Appl. Biol., 122, pp. 145-152, 1993.
[352] Prior, C., Jollands, P., and Patourel, G., “Infectivity of oil and water formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina:Hyphomycetes) to
the cocoa weevil pest Pantorhytes plutus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae),” J.Invert. Pathol., 52, pp. 66-72, 1988.
[353] McClatchie, G., Moore, D., Bateman, R. P., and Prior, C.,“Effects of temperature on the viability of the conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride inoil formulations”, Mycol. Res., 98, pp. 749-756, 1994.
[354] Hedgecock, S., Moore, D., Higgins, P. M., and Prior, C., “Influence of moisture content on temperature tolerance and storage of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia in an oil formulation,” Biocontrol. Sci. and Technol.,
5, pp. 371-377, 1995.
[355] Hegedus, D. D., Bidocka, M. J., Miranpuri, G. S., and Khachatourians., G. G., “A comparison of the virulence, stability and cell-wall-surface characteristics of three spore types produced by the
192
entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 36, pp. 785-789, 1992.
[356] Hong, T. D., Jenkins, N. E., and Ellis, R. H.., “The effects of duration of
development and drying regime on the longevity of conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride,” Mycol. Res., 104 (6), pp. 662-665, 2000.
[357] Hong, T. D., Ellis, R. H., and Moore, D., “Development of a model to predict the effect of temperature and moisture on fungal spore longevity,”
Ann. Botany., 79, pp. 121-128, 1997.
[358] Hong, T. D., Jenkins, N. E., Ellis, R. H., and Moore, D.., “Limits to the negative logarithmic relationship between moisture content and longevity in conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride,” Ann. Botany., 81, pp. 625-630,
1998.
[359] Ignoffo, C. M., Garcia, C., and Saathoff, S. G.., “Sunlight stability and
rain- fastness of formulations of Bauclovirus heliothis,” Environ.
Entomol., 26 (6), pp. 1470-1474, 1997.
[360] Burgess, H. D., (1998), “Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides,”
Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, U.K., pp. 412.
[361] Butt, T. M., Ibrahim, L., Clark, S. J., and Beckett, A., “The germination
behaviour of Metarhizium anisopliae on the surface of aphid and flea
beetle cuticles,” Mycol. Res., 99 (8), pp. 945-950, 1995.
[362] St Leger, R. J, Bidochka, M. J., and Roberts, D. W., “Germination
triggers of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia are related to host species,”
Microbiol., 140, pp. 1651-1660, 1994.
[363] Tamez-Guerra, P., McGuire, M. R., Behle, R. W., Hamm, J. J., Sumner,
H. R., and Shasha, B. S., “Sunlight Persistence and rainfastness of spray-
dried formulations of the Anagrapha falcifera baculovirus,” J. Econ.
Entomol., 93 (2), pp. 210-218, 1988.
193
[364] St Leger, R. J., Goettel, M., Roberts, D. W., and Staples, R. C..,
“Penetration events during infection of host cuticle by Metarhizium
anisopliae,” J. Invert. Pathol., 58, pp. 168-179, 1991.
[365] St Leger, R. J., Bidochka, M. J., and Roberts. D. W., “Germination
triggers of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia are related to host species,”
Microbiol., 140, pp. 1651-1660, 1994.
[366] Tamez-Guerra, P., McGuire, M. R., Behle, R. W., Hamm, J. J., Sumner,
H. R., and Shasha. B. S., “Sunlight Persistence and rainfastness of spray-
dried formulations of the Anagrapha falcifera baculovirus,” J. Econ.
Entomol., 93 (2), pp. 210-218, 1988.
[367] St Leger, R. J., Goettel, M., Roberts, D. W., and Staples, R. C.,
“Penetration events during infection of host cuticle by Metarhizium
anisopliae,” J. Invert. Pathol., 58, pp. 168-179, 1991.
[368] Jenkins, N. E., and Thomas, M. B., “Effect of formulation and application
method on the efficacy of aerial and submerged conidia of Metarhizium
flavovridae for locust and grasshopper control,” Pesticide. Sci., 46,
pp. 229-306, 2000.
[369] Ramoska, W. A., “The influence of relative humidity on Beauveria
bassiana infectivity and replication on the clinch bug, Blissus
leucopterus,” J. Inverteb.Pathol, 43, pp. 389-394, 1984.
[370] Prior, C., Jollands, P., and Patourel, L. G.,“Infectivity of oil and water
formulations of B.bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Huphomycetes) to the
cocoa weevil pest Patorhytes plutus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae),”
J.Inverteb. Pathol., 52, pp. 66-72, 1988.
[371] Jenkins, N. E., and Thomas, M. B., “Effect of formulation and
application method on the efficacy of aerial and submerged conidia of
194
Metarhizium flavovridae for locust and grasshopper control,” Pesticide.
Sci., 46, pp. 229-306, 2000.
[372] Inglis, G. D., Goettel, M. S., and Jhonson, D. L., “Persistence of the
entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana on phylloplanes crested
wheat grass and alfalfa,” Biol. Contrl., 3, pp. 258-270, 1993.
[373] Inglis, G. D., Johnson, D. L., and Goettel, M. S., “Effect of bait substrate
and formulation on infection of grasshopper nymphs by Beauveria
bassiana,” Biocontr. Sci. and Technol., 6, pp. 35-50, 1996.
[374] Kaaya, G. P., and Hassan, N.,“Entomogenous fungi as promising
biopesticides for tick control,”Experimental and Appl.Acarology., 24(12),
pp. 913-926, 2000.
[375] Silva, C. A. P., and Silva, C. A. D., “Effect of the formulation and
application of Beauveria bassiana in the control of cotton boll weevil,”
Revista-de-Oleayinosase-Fibrosas, 5(3), pp. 433-437, 2001.
[376] Consolo, V. F., Salerno, G. L., and Beron, C. M., “Pathogenecity,
formulation and storage of insect pathogenic hyphomycetous fungi tested
against Diabrotica speciosa,” Biocontrol, 48(6), pp. 755-712, 2003.
[377] Manjula, C., Nagaraju, C., and Muniyappa,V., “Evaluation of different oil
formulations of bioagent, Beauveria bassiana against different life stage
of Bemicia tabaci, the vector of tomato leaf curl virus,” Plant Diseases
Research, Ludhiana, 18(1) , pp. 25-28, 2003.
[378] Forschler, B. T., and Nordin, G. L., “Impact of Beauveria bassiana on
the cotton wood boreer plectrodera sclator (Coleoptea:Cerambicidae) in a
commercial cotton wood nurshery”, J. Entomol. Sci., 24, pp. 186-190,
1989.
195
[379] Zhang, A. W., Liu, W. Z., Nong, X. Q., Deng, C. S., Guo, W. L., and
Jang, B. A., “Trial production of wettable powder of Beauveria
bassiana,” Chinese journal of Biological control., 8(3), pp.118-120, 2001.
[380] Stimac, J. L., Pereira, R. M., Alves, S. B., and Wood , L. A., “Beauveria
bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromyces), Applied to laboratory
coloniues of Solenopis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) in soil,”
Environ. Entomol., 86, pp. 348-352, 1993.
[381] Stimac, L. J., Pereira, M. R., Alves, B. S., and Wood, A. L., “Mortality
In laboratory colonies of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)
treated with Beaveria bassiana (Deutromycetes) , J. Econom. Entomo., 86
(1), pp. 1083-1087, 1993.
[382] Manjula, K., and Krishnamurthy, K. V. M., “Efficacy of Nomuraea
rileyi against different instar of Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa
armigera,” Ann.Plant Protect. Sci., 13 (2), pp. 347-350, 2005.
[383] Murphy, B. C., Morisawa, T., and Parrella, M. P., (1998), “Insect-
killing fungi : floriculture’s IPM future Grower Talks,” 61, pp. 60 – 68.
[384] Ota, M., Ozawa, A., and Kobayashi, H., “Efficacy of Beauveria
bassiana preparation against whiteflies on tomato,” Annual Report of The
Kanto-Tosan-Plant-Protection-Society., 46, pp. 103-112, 1999.
[385] Vandenberg, J. D., Shelton, A. M., Wilsey, W. T., and Ramos, M.,
“Assessment to B.bassiana sprays for control of diamond back moth
Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) on crucifers,” J. Econom. Entomol.,1(3), pp.
624-630, 1998,
[386] Orozco santo, S. M., Farias-larios, J., Lopez-perez, J., and
Ramirezvazquez, N. R.,“ Use of Beauveria bassiana for the control of
Bemicia argentifolli in melon,” Maneho-Integrado-de-plagas, 56, pp. 45-
51, 2000.
196
[387] Sood, A. K., Mehta, P. K., Kashyap, N., Rameshlal, P., and Lal, R.,
“Bioefficacy of Beauveria bassiana against diamond back moth, Plutella
xylostella (L.) (Lepidopera: Yponomenidae),” J.Ent. Res., 25 (4),
pp. 267-271, 2001.
[388] Easwarmoorthy, S., Srikanth, J., Santhalakshmi, G., and Geetha,
N.,“Mass culture and formulation of three entomogenous fungi, with
special reference to Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) petch, against
Holotrichia serrata F.(Coleptera:Scarabaeidae),” Proceedings of the 64th
Annual Convention of theSugar Technologists Association of India,
Cochin, Kerala, 17th-19th August, pp. 115-120, 2002.
[389] Eswaramoorthy, S., Srikanth, J., Santhalakshmi, G., and Geetha, N .,
“Laboratory and field studies on B.brongniarti (Sacc) petch against
H.serrata Fab (Coleoptera:Scarabidae) in sugarcane”, Cooperative
Sugar., 36, pp. 493-502, 2005.
[390] Jaipal, S., “An economical and simple method for the mass production of
cane pest insects killing fungus Beauveria bassiana on baggasse and its
utilization under IPM in sugarcane,” Proceeding of 67th Annnual
Covention of STAI , pp. 108-115, 2006.
[391] Mohoideen, S. F. A ., Zaki, N. A., Munshi, A., Jan, S., and Sultan, P.,
“Evaluation of some entomopathogenic fungal isolates from Kashmir for
the biocontrol of white grubs infesting turf grass in golf course”, J. Bio.
Control., 20(1), pp. 45-50, 2006.
[392] Kulye, M. S., and Pokharkar, D.S.,“Evaluation of two species of
Entomopathogenic fungi against white grub, Holotrichia consanguinea
(Blanchard) infesting potato in Maharastra, India”, J. Biol. Control.,
23(1), pp. 1-4, 2009.
[393] Ramarethinam, S., Marimuthu, D. S., “Biologicals and their role in
organic tea cultivation”, Pestology, XXXIV, 6, pp. 9-27, 2010.
197
[394] Vimala Devi, P. S., and Prasad, Y. G., “Compatability of oils and
antifeedant of plant rigin with antifeedants of plant origin with the
entomopathogenic fungus Nomurea rileyi ,” J. Invertebr. Pathol., 68,
pp. 91-93, 1996.
[395] Vimala Devi, P. S., and Hari, P. P., “Identification of a virulent isolate of
the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassina (Balsamo) Vuillemin,
its mass multiplication and formulation for development into a
mycoinscticide for management of Helocoverpa armigera (Hubner)”,
J.Biol.control., 23(2), pp. 137-144, 2009.
[396] Keller, S., Kessler , P., Jensen., D. B., and Schweizer, C.,“How many
spores of Beauveria brongniarti are required to control Melolantha
melolantha ? Bull.IOLB SROP., 25, pp. 59-63, 2002.
[397] Eswaramoorthy, S., Srikanth, J., Santhalakshmi, G., and Geetha, N.,
“Laboratory and field studies on B.brongniarti (Sacc) petch against
H.serrata Fab (Coleoptera:Scarabidae) in sugarcane”, Cooperative
Sugar., 36, pp. 493-502, 2005.
[398] Bateman, R. P., Carey, M., Moore, D., and Prior, C.,“The enhanced
infectivity of Metarhizium flavoridae in oil formulations to desert locusts
at low humidities”, Ann. Appl. Biol., 122, pp. 145-152, 1993.
[399] Moore, D., and Prior, C., “The potential of mycoinsecticides”, Biocontrol
News and Information., 14, pp. 31N-40N,1993.
[400] Lomer, C. H., and Lomer, C. J., (2001), “Formulation and application
of mycopathogens”, In : LUBILOSA,Insect Pathology manual, eds.,
CABI, Bioscience pub, pp. 215-220.
[401] Ibrahim, L., Butt, T. M., Beckett, A., and Clark, S. J., “ The germination
of oil formulated conidia in soil,” Proceedings of the first international
198
colloquim of invertebrate pathology, Kingston, Canada, pp. 428-429,
1999.
[402] Inyang, E. N., McCartney, A. H., Oyejola, B., Ibrahim, L., Pye, B. J.,
Archer, S. A., and Butt, T. M., “Effect of formulation , application and
rain on the persistence of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium
anisopliae on oilseed rape”, Mycol. Res., 104 (6), pp. 653-666, 1998.
[403] Manisegaran, S., Lakshmi, S. M., and Srimohanapriya, V.,“Field
Evaluation of M.anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin against H. serrata
(Blanch) in sugarcane”, J. biopest., 4(2), pp. 190-193, 2011.
[404] Bischoff, J. F., Rehner, S. A., Humber, R. A., Metarhizium frigidum sp
nov. cryptic species of M.anisopliae and a member of the M.flavoviridae
complex, Mycologia, 98, pp. 737-745, 2006.
[405] Frigo, S. M., Luco de, S., Azevedo, J., “Culture media and condition in
M.anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin,” Anais da Escola Superor de Agriculture
Luiz de Queriroz ,43(1), pp. 285-293, 1986.
[406] St Leger, R. J., Charley ,A. K., Cooper, R. M., “Cuticle degrading
enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi mechanism of interaction between
pathogen enzymes and insect cuticle”, J. Inverteb. Pathol., 47, pp. 295-
302, 1986.
[407] St Leger, R. J., Charley, A. K., Cooper ,R. M.,“Cuticle degrading
enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi synthesis in culture on cuticle”,
J.Invetebr. Pathol., 48, pp. 83-95, 1986.
[408] Kerwin, J. L., and Washino, R. K., “ Cuticular regulation of host
recognition and spore germination by entomopathogenic fungi”, In:
Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrate Pathology, R.A.
Samson, Vlak, J.M., and Peters, D.,eds.,Fourth Int. Colloq. Invertebr.
Pathol., Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 423-425, 1986.
199
[409] Bidochka, M. J., and Khachatourians, G. G., (1994), “Protein hydrolysis
in grasshopper cuticles by entomopathogenic fungal extracellular
proteases”, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 63, pp. 7-13, 1994.
[410] Maninia, N. K., “Effectivenss of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria
bassiana (Bals) Vuill for the control of the stem borer,Chilo partellus in
maize in Kenya”, Crop Prot., 42, pp. 601-604, 1993.
[411] Sharma, S., Gupta, R. B. L., Yadav, C. P. S., and Sharma, S., “Effect of
temperature on growth, sporulation and bioactivity of entomo-fungi
against white grub, (Holotrichia consanguinea), Indian. J. Ent., 60, pp.1-
7, 1998.
[412] Hallsworth, J. R., and Magan, N., “Culture age , temperature and pH
affect the polyol and trehalose contents of fungal propagules”, Appl.
Environ Microbiol., 62, pp. 2435-2442, 1996.
[413] Keller, S., Kessler, P., and Schweizer, C., “Distribution of insect
pathogenic fungi in Switcherland with special reference to Beauveria
brongniarti and Metarhizium anisopliae, Biocontrol., 48, pp. 307-319,
2002.