Summary of the scientific results achieved by Summary of the scientific results achieved by APICE projectAPICE project
Salvatore Patti1, Alexander Armengaud2, John G. Bartzis3, Nicolas Marchand4, Jorge Pey5, Anastasia Poupkou6, Paolo Prati7
A.De Bortoli1, S.DeVettori1, G.Giraldo1, E.Elvini1,G.Formenton1,A.Latella1, F.Liguori1, S.Pillon1, L.Susanetti1, E.Tarabotti1,
D.Piga2, A.Detournay4, D.Salameh4, K.F.Filiou3, D.Saraga3, E.I.Tolis3
N.Perez5, X.Querol5,N.Liora 6, K.Markakis 6, T.Giannaros 6, D.Melas6,
C.Bove7, P.Brotto7, F.Cassola7, E.Cuccia7
1ARPA Veneto - Regional Air Observatory, Venice, Italy,2AirPACA, Marseille, France
3University of Western Macedonia, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Env. Techn., Lab., Kozani, Greece4Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement,, Marseille, France
5Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research –CSIC, Barcelona, Spain6Aristotle University of Thessaloniki-Lab. of Atmospheric Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece
7University of Genoa & INFN, Dept. of Physics , Genoa, Italy
2
Intersectorial approachDouble-helix model of the
partnership
Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitigation of Port,
Industries and Cities Emissions
Budget: 2.281.400,00 €Project timetable: June 2010- February 2013
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
1. Pinpointing the relative contribution to air quality of pollution sources in the 5 project harbour areas (focus on PM10 & PM2.5)
2. Strengthen the governance capacity to arbitrate between conflicting socio-economic & environmental interests by including the air pollution analysis and trend scenarios within the already existing Sectorial Plans
3. Facilitate and promote voluntary agreements between local administration, port authorities, ship owners and cargos’ handlers to reduce air pollution caused by on-berth vessels (“green ports” approach)
3
’s contentsThe focus
Reduction of air pollution in port cities,
selecting the most effective policies in terms of cost/benefits balance
Specific objectives
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
http://www.apice-project.euResults section
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
% Contribution of anthropogenic sources to annual PM10 emissions
10%
2%
0%
0%
48%
0%
10%
8%
22%
0% Energy production
Central heating
Combustion in manifacturing industry
Production processes
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels andgeothermal energySolvent and other product use
Road transport
Non-road transport
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture
Genoa36x19km2 Resolution: 1km x 1km Reference year: 2005
% Contribution of anthropogenic sources to annual PM10 emissions
0.0%
0.0%0.0%7.0%
9.2%
3.1%16.6%
54.8%
1.4%
7.9% Energy production
Central heating
Industries
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels andgeothermal energySolvent and other product use
Road transport
Non-road transport (without ship and harboractivities)Ship and harbor activities
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture
Thessaloniki100x100km2, Resolution: 2km x 2 km Reference year: 2008
% Contribution of anthropogenic sources to annual PM10 emissions
24.5%
11.3%
3.9%
0.2%
0.2%7.1%
11.0%
38.5%
3.2%
Energy production
Central heating
Industries
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels andgeothermal energySolvent and other product use
Road transport
Non-road transport (without ship and harboractivities)Ship and harbor activities
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture
PM10 emissions pie diagramsPM10 emissions pie diagrams% Contribution of anthropogenic sources to annual
PM10 emissions
7.2%
0.1%0.0%27.6%
1.4%
14.7% 14.7%
20.3%
14.0%
0.0%
Energy production
Central heating
Industries
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels andgeothermal energySolvent and other product use
Road transport
Non-road transport (without ship and harboractivities)Ship and harbor activities
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture
Barcelona100x100km2, Resolution: 50km x 50km, Reference year: 2008
% contribution of anthropogenic sources to annual PM10 emissions
10%
13%
34%0%1%
29%
3%
4%
1%
5%Energy production (SNAP 1)
Central heating (SNAP 2)
Industries (SNAP 3 and 4)
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuelsand geothermal energy (SNAP 5)
Solvent and other product use (SNAP 6)
Road transport (SNAP 7)
Non-road transport (without ship andharbor activities) (part of SNAP 8emissions)Ship and harbor activities (part of SNAP8 emissions)
Waste treatment and disposal (SNAP 9)
Agriculture (SNAP 10)
Marseille100x100km2 Resolution: 1km x 1km Reference year: 2007
Venice100x100km2 Resolution: 4km x 4km Reference year: 2008
% Contribution of anthropogenic sources to annual PM10 emissions
Energy production
Central heating
Industries
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels andgeothermal energySolvent and other product use
Road transport
Non-road transport (without ship and harboractivities)Ship and harbor activities
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture
Energy production
Central heating
Industries
Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels andgeothermal energySolvent and other product use
Road transport
Non-road transport (without ship and harboractivities)Ship and harbor activities
Waste treatment and disposal
Agriculture
Lo
cal E
miss
ion
inve
nto
riesL
oca
l Em
issio
n in
ven
tories
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
6
Socio economic indicatorsSocio economic indicatorsIntercomparison of the 5 citiesIntercomparison of the 5 cities
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Barcelona
Genoa
Marseille
Thessaloniki
Venice
Ships arrivals
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
3.000.000
3.500.000
4.000.000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Barcelona
Genoa
Marseille
Thessaloniki
Venice
Number of passengers
WP3.3 socio-economic trends
7
Intercomparison sampling in Marseille 25th January – 2nd March 2011
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
Long monitoring campaign in Barcelona
Torre Girona
(IDAEA-CSIC)
Urban background station
BARCELONA PORT
Harbour station
-PM10, PM2.5, PM1, NOx, SO2, H2S, Meteo real time measurements
-PM10 & PM2.5 sampling using high-vol instruments (2 samples of each fraction per week)
-Chemical characterization of samples
-ICP-AES (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Na, Mg, S, P)
- ICP-MS (Li, Be, Ti, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, V, Sn, Sb, Cd, Pb, Bi, Th, U, Mo, Sr, Rb, Cr, As, Se, Ge, Ga, Zr, Hf, Ta, Tl, Rare earths, etc)
- Ionic chromatography (SO42-, NO3
-, Cl-). Electrode for NH4+
- OC and EC by Sunset
Marseille
East HarbourWest Harbour + indus. Area
Sampling site (same of IC campaign)
Long monitoring campaign in Marseille
~ 40 km
Harbor/indus. environmentUrban background environment
Sampling strategy : - PM10 and PM2.5 (dichotomous sampler)- 1 year at urban background + 6 months in each Harbor/indus site- one sample / week (52x 2 sites x 2 size ranges = 208 samples)
Analytical and SA strategies : - OC/EC, major ions, organic markers, metals/elements- CMB and PMF
Site1: Genoa city Urban Background
Site2: Genoa Multedo Urban Background
Site3: Genoa Bolzaneto Urban Background
All samples: gravimetric + metals (ED-XRF) +EC/OC (Sunset) + Ions (chromatography).
PMF analysis
Long monitoring campaign in Genoa
11
Long monitoring campaign in Venice
HA Harbour Area
(Venice downtown, Giudecca island)
UB Urban Background
(Parco Bissuola)
IB Industrial Background
(Malcontenta)
PM10 PM2.5
Site Mass HM (PM10) Mass Ions SVOC Ctot
HA 1 1 0.5 (1)
UB 1 2 1 2 1 2
IB 1 1 1 2 1 2
Ions Na, Cl, K, SO4, NO3, NH4, Mg, CaHeavy Metals As, Ni, Pb, Cd, V, Cu, Zn, Al, Mn, Cr, Co, Sb, Sn, Tl, FeSVOC PAHs, Alkanes, hopanes, steranes
PORTPORT
CITY CITY HALLHALL
Long monitoring campaign in ThessalonikiLong monitoring campaign in Thessaloniki
PARAMETERSPARAMETERS SITE 1 SITE 1 -- HarborHarbor SITE 2 SITE 2 -- UrbanUrban
PM2.5PM2.5 XX XX
PAHPAH’’ss XX XX
Ionic speciesIonic species XX XX
OC/ECOC/EC XX XX
Metals Metals XX XX
Wind speedWind speed XX
Wind directionWind direction XX
TemperatureTemperature XX XX
Humidity Humidity XX XX
Radiation Radiation XX
Rainfall Rainfall XX
PARAMETERSPARAMETERS SITE 1 SITE 1 -- HarborHarbor SITE 2 SITE 2 -- UrbanUrban
PM2.5PM2.5 XX XX
PAHPAH’’ss XX XX
Ionic speciesIonic species XX XX
OC/ECOC/EC XX XX
Metals Metals XX XX
Wind speedWind speed XX
Wind directionWind direction XX
TemperatureTemperature XX XX
Humidity Humidity XX XX
Radiation Radiation XX
Rainfall Rainfall XX
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
Long monitoring campaign outcomesLong monitoring campaign outcomes
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
PM2.5 concentrationsat urban sites
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Barcelona Marseille Genoa Venice Thessaloniki
ug
/m3
Summer period Winter period Annual
Source Apportionment by Chemical Transport Models
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
PM2.5 Source Apportionment by CTMsHarbour contribution at Urban sites
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Barcelona Marseille Genoa Venice Thessaloniki
Summer period Winter period
PM2.5 Source Apportionment by CTMsHarbour contribution at sites Harbour sites
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Barcelona Marseille Genoa Venice Thessaloniki
Summer period Winter period
Source Apportionment by receptor models
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012c
PM2.5 Source Apportionment by receptor modelsHarbour contribution at Urban sites
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Barcelona Marseille Genoa Venice Thessaloniki
Summer period Winter period
PM2.5 Source Apportionment by receptor modelsHarbour contribution at Harbour sites
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Barcelona Marseille Genoa Venice Thessaloniki
Summer period Winter period
2011 Hotelling Emissions (Mg) by ship categories
0
50
100
150
200
250
Contain
er
Dry b
ulk c
arrie
rs
Gener
al c
argo
Liquid
bulk
ship
s
Other
s
Passe
nger
Ro Ro C
argo
Tugs
Em
issi
on
s (M
g)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
CO SO2 NMVOC PM10 PM2.5 NOx
2011 ship emissions by ship categories and
navigation phases
2011 Manouvering Emissions (Mg) by ship categories
0
50
100
150
200
250
Contain
er
Dry b
ulk c
arrie
rs
Gener
al c
argo
Liquid
bulk
ship
s
Other
s
Passe
nger
Ro Ro C
argo
Tugs
Em
issi
on
s (M
g)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
CO SO2 NMVOC PM10 PM2.5 NOx
2011 Cruise Emissions (Mg) by ship categories
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Container Dry bulkcarriers
Generalcargo
Liquidbulk ships
Others Passenger Ro RoCargo
Em
issi
on
s (M
g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
CO SO2 NMVOC PM10 PM2.5 NOx
Identification of risk activity
17
Scenarios analysis
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
Present time scenarios (base case run 2011)
Future development scenarios (base future run)(BCN 2015; Ve, Th, Ge: 2020; Ms 2025)
Future mitigation scenarios (future run + emissions mitigations)
Cold ironing for cruise ships or Ro-pax vessels 0.1% for sulfur content in fuels to be used also in manouvering phase Scrubbers to be used in hotelling or manouvering phase Use of LNG fuel Displacement in different areas of harbour terminals Chemical wetting agents to control the storage pile emissions
18
Model application and scenarios for port cities sustainable development strategies
APICE final ConferenceVenice, 8 November 2012
Special thanks for the scientific Special thanks for the scientific coordination to:coordination to:
John G. Bartzis3, Nicolas Marchand4, Jorge Pey5, Anastasia Poupkou6, Paolo Prati7
3University of Western Macedonia, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Env. Techn., Lab.,
Kozani, Greece4Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement,, Marseille, France
5Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research –CSIC, Barcelona, Spain6Aristotle University of Thessaloniki-Lab. of Atmospheric Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece
7University of Genoa & INFN, Dept. of Physics , Genoa, Italy