1
( Z H )
1.() (Leveling)(Direct LevelingDifferential Leveling)
hhi
2.(Trigonometric Leveling) dizh
(Elevation Surveying)
2
3.(GPSGlobal Positioning System) Signal h
4.(Radar Altimetry) Signal h
5.(Barometric Leveling) Ph
12
(Elevation Mensuration)
3
1.( Level Surface)
2.(Level Datum) (Mean Sea Level , MSL)
3.(Horizontal Plane)
4.(Horizontal Line)
5.(Elevation , Height)
6.(Vertical Line)
7.(Vertical Angle)
4
(1)
(2)
chm
kkm ()
20785.0 kC
20675.0 kh
5
AH
baHH AB
(Level)
1.
abAB
(0
)A
B
6
2. /
(1) (Optical Axis)
(2) (Line of Sight , Collimation Axis)
(3) (Tangent Line of The Level Tube, or Axis of Level Vial)
(4) (Vertical Axis) ()
7
(5)(Turning Point TP)
2. /
(6)(Intermediate PointIP)
P
8
(7)(Elevation of Collimation Axis)
(8)(Bench Mark BM)
()
2. /
9
1. (Telescope)
(Reticle Cross-Hairs)
10
2.(Mount)
3.(Level Vials)
(1)(Tube-type Level Vial)
11
(2)(Coincidence-type Level Vial)
(3)(BullsEye Level Vial)
12
(Sensitivity)
/
d2mm/
R ()
Rr()
"R
dr
"206265"
13
"2062652
360
(1 Radian)
rad =
tan sin rad
5/20626"
14
()
AAB
BBC
ABBC "206265
"
AB1/10000
620.
15
(1)D
(2)
(3)N
(4)
1a
2a
DN
aar
" 206265)(" 12
16
1.
17
2.
m006.21006.1000.20
mHB 006.20000.1006.21
mHC 007.19009.1006.21
mHD 006.19000.2006.21
18
1. (Dumpy Level) 2. (Tilting Level or Tilting Screw Level) 3. (Automatic leveling Levelor Self-Leveling Level) 4. (Digital Level)
(1) 3 4 (2) 43 (3) 123 (4) 23()
19
(1) (2)
20
21
WILD N3
22
(1) (2) ()
(3) (4) ()
23
24
25
(1) (2)
26
27
(1) (2)() (3)
28
1.
(1) (2) (3) () (1) (2) (3) () /(1) (2) (3) ()
29
2.
(1)
(2) ()
(3) ()
(4) ()
(5)