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ADJECTIVE
In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a nounorpronoun (called the adjective's subject), giving more information about what thenoun or pronoun refers to. Collectively, adjectives form one of the traditional eightparts of speech, though linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such asdeterminers that used to be considered adjectives but that are now recognized tobe different.
Face Shape
Complexion
Thin Fat (plump) Tall Short
Eyes
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Large Eyes Small Eyes
Almond-shaped eyes Round eyes
Mouth/Lips
Thin lips Full lips
Hair
Wavy hair Curly hair Straight hair Spiky
hair
Hair colors
Black, brown, blond, auburn, red, gray, silver, white
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FORM SUBJECT BE VERB Contraction EXAMPLE
affirmative
sentences
( + )
1st person I am I'm I'm here.
2nd person you are you're You're busy.
3rd person he is he's He's a friend.
3rd person she is she's She's a doctor.
3rd person it is it's It's cold today.
1st person
pl.we are we're We're hungry.
2nd person
pl.you are you're
You're
beautiful.
3rd person
pl.they are they're They're asleep.
SUBJECT BE VERB Contraction EXAMPLE
negative
sentences
( - )
I am not I'm not I'm not thirsty.
you are notyou aren't
you're not
You aren't here.
You're not a cat!
he is not he isn'the's not
He isn't there.He's not at home.
she is notshe isn't
she's not
She isn't a mother.
She's not an actress.
it is notit isn't
it's not
It isn't warm today.
It's not too hot today.
we are notwe aren't
we're not
We aren't asleep.
We're not sleepy.
you are notyou aren't
you're not
You aren't tired.
You're not at work.
they are notthey aren't
they're not
They aren't here.
They're not at work.
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BE VERB & SUBJECT(+) Short
Answer
(-) Short
Answer
questions
( ? )
Am I correct? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
Are you tired? Yes, you are.No, you aren't.
No, you're not.
Is he asleep? Yes, he is.No, he isn't.
No, he's not.
Is she here? Yes, she is.No, she isn't.
No, she's not.
Is it warm? Yes, it is.
No, it isn't.
No, it's not.
Are we students? Yes, we are.No, we aren't.
No, we're not.
Are you thirsty? Yes, you are.No, you aren't.
No, you're not.
Are they here? Yes, they are.No, they aren't.
No, they're not.
PROFESSIONS:
SECRETARY - FARMER - ARCHITECT - NURSE - HOSTESS - VET
TEACHER - POLICE OFFICER - SINGER - COOK - PAINTER
JOURNALIST - DOCTOR - PILOT - WAITER - MECHANIC
POSTMAN - WAITRESS - PHOTOGRAPHER - BAKER
HOUSEWIFE - BUTCHER - STUDENT - HAIRDRESSER
BUS DRIVER - DENTIST - FACTORY WORKER - BARBER
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It is not always an easy thing to tell the difference between living, dead, and non-living things. Prior to the 1600's many people believed that nonliving things could
spontaneously turn into living things. For example, it was believed that piles of
straw could turn into mice.
That is obviously not the case. There are some very general rules to follow when
trying to decide if something is living, dead, or non-living. Listed here are the six
rules used by scientists:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things obtain and use energy. Living things grow and develop.
Living things reproduce.
Living things respond to their environment.
Living things adapt to their environment.
If something follows one or just a few of the rules listed above, it does not
necessarily mean that it is living. To be considered alive, an object must exhibit all
of the characteristics of living things. Sugar crystals growing on the bottom of a
syrup container is a good example of a nonliving object that displays at least one
criteria for living organisms.
Can you think of some other examples of nonliving objects displaying living
characteristics?
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CONCEPTUALIZATION
*
LIVING THINGS
We are surrounded by living and non-living things. All animals and plants are living
things and biology is the study of these living things. A cat playing with a ball is
obviously living. A pigeon flying from tree to tree is also a living thing.
Sometimes it is not so easy to decide. Plants are living things but they do not play
with balls or fly. If something is living it will carry out all of the seven activities
shown opposite.Some non-living things show one or two of the seven characteristics of living
things.
Machines, such as washing machines, can move. The car needs to be fed with
petrol in order to move.
Crystals, such as ice crystals forming on a window, grow bigger if the conditions
are right. For something to be living it has to show allof the seven characteristics
of living things.
The Seven Characteristics of Living Things
Feeding: All living organisms need to take substances from their environment
to obtain energy, to grow and to stay healthy.
* http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0001.html
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Movement: All living organisms show movement of one kind or another. All
living organisms have internal movement, which means that they have theability of moving substances from one part of their body to another. Some livingorganisms show external movement as well - they can move from place toplace by walking, flying or swimming.
Breathing or Respiration: All living things exchange gases with their
environment. Animals take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
Excretion: Excretion is the removal of waste from the body. If this waste was
allowed to remain in the body it could be poisonous. Humans produce a liquidwaste called urine. We also excrete waste when we breathe out. All livingthings need to remove waste from their bodies.
Growth: When living things feed they gain energy. Some of this energy is
used in growth. Living things become larger and more complicated as they
grow.
Sensitivity: Living things react to changes around them. We react to touch,
light, heat, cold and sound, as do other living things.
Reproduction: All living things produce young. Humans make babies, cats
produce kittens and pigeons lay eggs. Plants also reproduce. Many makeseeds which can germinate and grow into new plants
NON-LIVING THINGS
Sand, wood and glass are all non-living things. None of them shows any of the
characteristics listed above. Non-living things can be divided into two groups. First,
come those which were never part of a living thing, such as stone and gold.
The second group are those which were once part of living things. Coal is a good
example. It was formed when trees died and sank into the soft ground. This
happened many millions of years ago when the Earth was covered with forests.
Paper is non-living but it is also made from trees. Jam is also non-living but it was
made from the fruit of a plant.
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England is the largest, and most populous constituent country of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its inhabitants account for
more than 83% of the total population of the United Kingdom, while the
mainland territory of England occupies most of the southern two-thirds of theisland of Great Britain and shares land borders with Scotland to the north and
Wales to the west. Elsewhere, it is bordered by the North Sea, Irish Sea,
Celtic Sea, Bristol Channel and English Channel.
England became a unified state in the year 927 and takes its name from the
Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled there during the 5th and 6th
centuries. The capital of England is London, the largest urban area in Great
Britain, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most, but not all,
measures.
England ranks amongst the world's most influential and far-reaching centres
of cultural development. It is the place of origin of the English language and
the Church of England, and English law forms the basis of the legal systems of
many countries; in addition, London was the centre of the British Empire, and
the country was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. England was the
first country in the world to become industrialised England is home to the
Royal Society, which laid the foundations of modern experimental science.England was the world's first modern parliamentary democracy and
consequently many constitutional, governmental and legal innovations that had
their origin in England have been widely adopted by other nations.
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The Kingdom of England was a separate state, including the Principality of
Wales, until 1 May1707, when the Acts of Union resulted in a political union
with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain
Geography
England comprises the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great
Britain, plus offshore islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. It is
bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to
continental Europe than any other part of Britain, divided from France only by
a 24-statute mile (52 km or 21 nautical mile) sea gap. The Channel Tunnel, nearFolkestone, directly links England to the European mainland. The
English/French border is halfway along the tunnel.
Much of England consists of rolling hills, but it is generally more mountainous
in the north with a chain of low mountains, the Pennines, dividing east and
west. Other hilly areas in the north and Midlands are the Lake District, the
North York Moors, and the Peak District. The approximate dividing line
between terrain types is often indicated by the Tees-Exe line. To the south of
that line, there are larger areas of flatter land, including East Anglia and the
Fens, although hilly areas include the Cotswolds, the Chilterns, the North and
South Downs, Dartmoor and Exmoor.
The largest natural harbour in England is at Poole, on the south-central coast.
Some regard it as the second largest harbour in the world, after Sydney,
Australia, although this fact is disputed (see harbours for a list of other largenatural harbour).
Borders
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North: Scotland
South: English Channel France
West: Irish Sea Ireland
East: North Sea
Climate
England has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round,
although the seasons are quite variable in temperature. However,
temperatures rarely fall below 5 C (23 F) or rise above 30 C (86 F). The
prevailing wind is from the south-west, bringing mild and wet weather to
England regularly from the Atlantic Ocean. It is driest in the east and
warmest in the south, which is closest to the European mainland. Snowfall can
occur in winter and early spring, although it is not that common away from high
ground. The highest temperature recorded in England is 38.5 C (101.3 F) on
August 10, 2003 at Brogdale, near Faversham, in Kent. The lowest
temperature recorded in England is 26.1 C (15.0 F) on January 10, 1982 at
Edgmond, near Newport, in Shropshire.
SYMBOLS OF ENGLAND
The three national symbols of England are the St. George's cross (usually seen
as a flag), the red rose and the Three Lionscrest (usually seen as a badge).
St George's Flag, the England Flag Three Lions Emblem
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The three lions are on the badge
of England's cricket team
The three lions are on the badge
of England's football team
The red rose is widely recognised
as the national flower of England.
The red rose is on the badge of
the English Rugby Union team.
The oak is the national tree of England
The Royal Family
Queen Elizabeth Prince Charles Prince William
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Division
Division is splitting into equal parts or groups.
It is the result of "fair sharing".
Example: there are 12 chocolates, and 3 friends want to share them, how do
they divide the chocolates?
12 Chocolates 12 Chocolates Divided by 3
Answer: 12 divided by 3 is 4: they get 4 each.
Symbols
/We use the symbol, or sometimes the/ symbol to mean divide:
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12 3 = 4
12 / 3 = 4
I will use both symbols here so you get used to it.
Opposite of Multiplying
Division is the opposite of multiplying. If you know a multiplication fact you can
find a division fact:
Example: 3 5 = 15, so 15 / 5 = 3.
Also 15 / 3 = 5.
Why? Well it is easy to understand if you think of the numbers in rows and columns
like in this illustration:
Multiplication... ...Division
3 groups of 5 make15...
so 15 divided by 3is 5
and also:
5 groups of 3 make15...
so 15 divided by 5is 3.
So there are four related facts:
3 5 = 15
5 3 = 15
15 / 3 = 5
15 / 5 = 3
Knowing yourMultiplication Tables can help you with division!
Example: What is 56 7 ?
Searching around the multiplication table you find that 56 is 7 8, so 56
divided by 7 must be 8. Answer: 56 7 = 8.
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Names
There are special names for each number in a division:
dividend divisor = quotient
Example: in 12 3 = 4:
12 is the dividend
3 is the divisor
4 is the quotient
But Sometimes It Does Not Work Perfectly!
Sometimes you cannot divide things up evenly ... there may be something left over.
Example: There are 7 bones to share with 2 pups.
But 7 cannot be divided exactly into 2 groups,
so each pup gets 3 bones,
but there will be 1 left over:
We call that the Remainder.
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EXAMPLE
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