The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 61
• 1.1 Market opportunity analysis.......................................................................................................... 61
• 1.2 Market challenges rating system................................................................................................. 63
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 66
• 2.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials.................................................................................................. 66
• 2.2 Graphene......................................................................................................................................... 66
o 2.2.1 The market in 2016............................................................................................................... 67
o 2.2.2 The market in 2017............................................................................................................... 68
o 2.2.3 The market in 2018............................................................................................................... 68
o 2.2.4 The market to 2027-Applications and markets with greatest potential returns........... 69
o 2.2.5 Production.............................................................................................................................. 71
o 2.2.6 Products.................................................................................................................................. 72
o 2.2.7 Graphene investments 2016-2018..................................................................................... 74
• 2.3 Market outlook for 2018................................................................................................................. 75
o 2.3.1 Global funding and initiatives.............................................................................................. 81
o 2.3.2 Products and applications.................................................................................................... 81
o 2.3.3 Production.............................................................................................................................. 83
• 2.3.4 Market drivers and trends.................................................................................................... 85
• 2.3.5 Market and technical challenges........................................................................................ 92
• 2.4 Key players...................................................................................................................................... 94
o 2.4.1 Asia-Pacific............................................................................................................................. 94
o 2.4.2 North America........................................................................................................................ 99
o 2.4.3 Europe.................................................................................................................................. 100
3 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS............................................ 102
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• 3.1 Categorization............................................................................................................................... 103
4 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE.......................................................... 105
• 4.1 History............................................................................................................................................ 105
• 4.2 Forms of graphene....................................................................................................................... 106
• 4.3 Properties...................................................................................................................................... 107
• 4.4 3D Graphene................................................................................................................................. 109
• 4.5 Graphene Quantum Dots............................................................................................................ 109
o 4.5.1 Synthesis.............................................................................................................................. 111
o 4.5.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 111
▪ 4.5.2.1 Optoelectronics, electronics and photonics........................................................... 111
▪ 4.5.2.2 Energy......................................................................................................................... 111
▪ 4.5.2.3 Biomedicine and healthcare.................................................................................... 112
▪ 4.5.2.4 Other............................................................................................................................ 112
▪ 4.5.2.5 Pricing.......................................................................................................................... 113
o 4.5.3 Producers............................................................................................................................. 113
5 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE............................. 115
• 5.1 Comparative properties............................................................................................................... 116
• 5.2 Cost and production..................................................................................................................... 117
• 5.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids......................................................................................... 118
• 5.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene.................................................... 119
6 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS................................................................ 121
• 6.1 Beyond moore’s law..................................................................................................................... 123
• 6.2 Batteries......................................................................................................................................... 123
• 6.3 PHOSPHORENE.......................................................................................................................... 124
o 6.3.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 124
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
▪ 6.3.1.1 Fabrication methods.................................................................................................. 126
▪ 6.3.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices.............................................. 126
o 6.3.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 126
▪ 6.3.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 126
▪ 6.3.2.2 Thermoelectrics......................................................................................................... 127
▪ 6.3.2.3 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 127
▪ 6.3.2.4 Supercapacitors......................................................................................................... 128
▪ 6.3.2.5 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 129
▪ 6.3.2.6 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 129
o 6.3.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 129
• 6.4 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4).............................................................................. 130
o 6.4.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 130
o 6.4.2 Synthesis.............................................................................................................................. 131
o 6.4.3 C2N........................................................................................................................................ 131
o 6.4.4 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 132
▪ 6.4.4.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 132
▪ 6.4.4.2 Filtration membranes................................................................................................ 132
▪ 6.4.4.3 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 132
▪ 6.4.4.4 Batteries (LIBs).......................................................................................................... 132
▪ 6.4.4.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 132
o 6.4.5 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 133
• 6.5 GERMANENE............................................................................................................................... 133
o 6.5.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 134
o 6.5.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 134
▪ 6.5.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 134
▪ 6.5.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 134
o 6.5.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 135
• 6.6 GRAPHDIYNE.............................................................................................................................. 135
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
o 6.6.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 136
o 6.6.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 136
▪ 6.6.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 136
▪ 6.6.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 136
▪ 6.6.2.3 Separation membranes............................................................................................ 137
▪ 6.6.2.4 Water filtration............................................................................................................ 137
▪ 6.6.2.5 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 137
▪ 6.6.2.6 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 137
o 6.6.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 138
• 6.7 GRAPHANE.................................................................................................................................. 138
o 6.7.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 139
o 6.7.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 139
▪ 6.7.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 139
▪ 6.7.2.2 Hydrogen storage...................................................................................................... 139
o 6.7.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 140
• 6.8 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE............................................................................................... 140
o 6.8.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 141
o 6.8.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 142
▪ 6.8.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 142
▪ 6.8.2.2 Fuel cells..................................................................................................................... 142
▪ 6.8.2.3 Adsorbents.................................................................................................................. 142
▪ 6.8.2.4 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 142
▪ 6.8.2.5 Textiles........................................................................................................................ 142
▪ 6.8.2.6 Biomedical.................................................................................................................. 143
o 6.8.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 143
• 6.9 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2)........................................................................................ 144
o 6.9.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 144
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
o 6.9.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 145
▪ 6.9.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 145
▪ 6.9.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 146
▪ 6.9.2.3 Piezoelectrics............................................................................................................. 146
▪ 6.9.2.4 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 147
▪ 6.9.2.5 Filtration....................................................................................................................... 147
▪ 6.9.2.6 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 147
▪ 6.9.2.7 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................. 147
o 6.9.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 148
• 6.10 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)........................................... 148
o 6.10.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 149
o 6.10.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 149
▪ 6.10.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 149
o 6.10.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 149
• 6.11 SILICENE.................................................................................................................................. 150
o 6.11.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 150
o 6.11.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 151
▪ 6.11.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 151
▪ 6.11.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 152
▪ 6.11.2.3 Thermoelectrics......................................................................................................... 152
▪ 6.11.2.4 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 152
▪ 6.11.2.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 152
o 6.11.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 153
• 6.12 STANENE/TINENE................................................................................................................. 153
o 6.12.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 154
o 6.12.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 154
▪ 6.12.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 154
o 6.12.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 155
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• 6.13 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE..................................................................................................... 155
o 6.13.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 156
o 6.13.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 156
▪ 6.13.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 156
o 6.13.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 157
• 6.14 ANTIMONENE......................................................................................................................... 157
o 6.14.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 157
o 6.14.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 157
• 6.15 DIAMENE.................................................................................................................................. 158
o 6.15.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 158
o 6.15.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 158
• 6.16 INDIUM SELENIDE................................................................................................................. 158
o 6.16.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 158
o 6.16.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 159
▪ 6.16.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 159
• 6.17 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS............. 160
7 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS............................................................... 162
• 7.1 Large area graphene films.......................................................................................................... 162
• 7.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets.............................................................. 163
• 7.3 Production methods..................................................................................................................... 164
o 7.3.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore................................................................. 167
o 7.3.2 Alternative starting materials............................................................................................. 167
o 7.3.3 Quality................................................................................................................................... 168
• 7.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene..................................................................... 169
o 7.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)...................................................................................... 169
o 7.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons...................................................................................................... 170
o 7.4.3 Large-area graphene films................................................................................................ 171
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
o 7.4.4 Graphene oxide (GO)......................................................................................................... 172
• 7.5 Pros and cons of graphene production methods.................................................................... 173
o 7.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)................................................................................... 174
o 7.5.2 Exfoliation method.............................................................................................................. 176
o 7.5.3 Epitaxial growth method..................................................................................................... 178
o 7.5.4 Wet chemistry method (liquid phase exfoliation)........................................................... 178
o 7.5.5 Micromechanical cleavage method.................................................................................. 179
o 7.5.6 Green reduction of graphene oxide................................................................................. 180
o 7.5.7 Plasma.................................................................................................................................. 181
• 7.6 Recent synthesis methods.......................................................................................................... 181
• 7.7 Synthesis methods by company................................................................................................ 186
8 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION....................................................................... 188
9 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS............................................... 192
• 9.1 Standards...................................................................................................................................... 192
• 9.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation........................................................................... 192
o 9.2.1 Europe.................................................................................................................................. 193
o 9.2.2 United States....................................................................................................................... 193
o 9.2.3 Asia........................................................................................................................................ 193
• 9.3 Workplace exposure.................................................................................................................... 194
10 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS.................................................... 195
• 10.1 Fabrication processes............................................................................................................. 195
• 10.2 Academia.................................................................................................................................. 195
• 10.3 Regional leaders...................................................................................................................... 196
11 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL............................................. 199
12 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2013-2018-INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION............................ 201
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• 12.1 JANUARY 2013....................................................................................................................... 201
• 12.2 FEBRUARY 2013.................................................................................................................... 201
• 12.3 APRIL 2013.............................................................................................................................. 201
• 12.4 MAY 2013................................................................................................................................. 202
• 12.5 JUNE 2013............................................................................................................................... 202
• 12.6 JULY 2013................................................................................................................................ 203
• 12.7 AUGUST 2013......................................................................................................................... 203
• 12.8 SEPTEMBER 2013................................................................................................................. 204
• 12.9 OCTOBER 2013...................................................................................................................... 204
• 12.10 NOVEMBER 2013................................................................................................................... 204
• 12.11 DECEMBER 2013................................................................................................................... 205
• 12.12 JANUARY 2014....................................................................................................................... 206
• 12.13 FEBRUARY 2014.................................................................................................................... 207
• 12.14 MARCH 2014........................................................................................................................... 208
• 12.15 APRIL 2014.............................................................................................................................. 209
• 12.16 MAY 2014................................................................................................................................. 210
• 12.17 JUNE 2014............................................................................................................................... 210
• 12.18 JULY 2014................................................................................................................................ 211
• 12.19 AUGUST 2014......................................................................................................................... 212
• 12.20 SEPTEMBER 2014................................................................................................................. 212
• 12.21 AUGUST 2014......................................................................................................................... 213
• 12.22 SEPTEMBER 2014................................................................................................................. 214
• 12.23 OCTOBER 2014...................................................................................................................... 214
• 12.24 NOVEMBER 2014................................................................................................................... 215
• 12.25 DECEMBER 2014................................................................................................................... 216
• 12.26 JANUARY 2015....................................................................................................................... 217
• 12.27 FEBRUARY 2015.................................................................................................................... 218
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• 12.28 MARCH 2015........................................................................................................................... 218
• 12.29 APRIL 2015.............................................................................................................................. 219
• 12.30 MAY 2015................................................................................................................................. 220
• 12.31 JUNE 2015............................................................................................................................... 220
• 12.32 JULY 2015................................................................................................................................ 221
• 12.33 AUGUST 2015......................................................................................................................... 223
• 12.34 SEPTEMBER 2015................................................................................................................. 223
• 12.35 OCTOBER 2015...................................................................................................................... 224
• 12.36 NOVEMBER 2015................................................................................................................... 225
• 12.37 DECEMBER 2015................................................................................................................... 227
• 12.38 JANUARY 2016....................................................................................................................... 227
• 12.39 FEBRUARY 2016.................................................................................................................... 228
• 12.40 MARCH 2016........................................................................................................................... 229
• 12.41 APRIL 2016.............................................................................................................................. 230
• 12.42 MAY 2016................................................................................................................................. 233
• 12.43 JUNE 2016............................................................................................................................... 235
• 12.44 JULY 2016................................................................................................................................ 235
• 12.45 AUGUST 2016......................................................................................................................... 236
• 12.46 SEPTEMBER 2016................................................................................................................. 236
• 12.47 OCTOBER 2016...................................................................................................................... 237
• 12.48 NOVEMBER 2016................................................................................................................... 238
• 12.49 DECEMBER 2016................................................................................................................... 240
• 12.50 JANUARY 2017....................................................................................................................... 240
• 12.51 FEBRUARY 2017.................................................................................................................... 241
• 12.52 MARCH 2017........................................................................................................................... 241
• 12.53 APRIL 2017.............................................................................................................................. 243
• 12.54 MAY 2017................................................................................................................................. 244
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• 12.55 JUNE 2017............................................................................................................................... 244
• 12.56 JULY 2017................................................................................................................................ 245
• 12.57 AUGUST 2017......................................................................................................................... 246
• 12.58 SEPTEMBER 2017................................................................................................................. 247
• 12.59 OCTOBER 2017...................................................................................................................... 249
• 12.60 NOVEMBER 2017................................................................................................................... 249
• 12.61 DECEMBER 2017................................................................................................................... 250
• 12.62 JANUARY 2018....................................................................................................................... 250
• 12.63 FEBRUARY 2018.................................................................................................................... 253
• 12.64 MARCH 2018........................................................................................................................... 254
• 12.65 APRIL 2018.............................................................................................................................. 255
• 12.66 MAY 2018................................................................................................................................. 256
• 12.67 JUNE 2018............................................................................................................................... 257
13 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS................................ 257
• 13.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2027.......................................................................... 257
• 13.2 Commercial production capacities........................................................................................ 259
o 13.2.1 Graphene oxide.............................................................................................................. 259
o 13.2.2 Graphene nanoplatelets................................................................................................ 262
o 13.2.3 CVD graphene film......................................................................................................... 264
o 13.2.4 Planned graphene capacities 2018 onwards............................................................. 265
• 13.3 Graphene pricing..................................................................................................................... 265
o 13.3.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing................................................................................ 267
o 13.3.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing........................................................................................ 268
o 13.3.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing.................................................................................. 269
o 13.3.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing............................................................................... 269
o 13.3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing................................................................................. 270
o 13.3.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing.......................................................................... 271
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
o 13.3.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing............................................................................. 272
o 13.3.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials............................................... 272
o 13.3.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce......................................................... 273
o 13.3.10 Bulk supply...................................................................................................................... 273
o 13.3.11 Commoditisation............................................................................................................. 274
14 3D PRINTING.................................................................................. 274
• 14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 274
• 14.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 275
• 14.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 276
• 14.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 278
• 14.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 279
15 ADHESIVES.................................................................................... 281
• 15.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 281
• 15.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 281
• 15.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 283
• 15.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 287
• 15.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 288
16 AEROSPACE.................................................................................. 290
• 16.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 290
• 16.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 291
o 16.2.1 Composites..................................................................................................................... 291
o 16.2.2 Coatings........................................................................................................................... 292
• 16.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORUNTIY................................................................... 294
• 16.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 298
• 16.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 299
17 AUTOMOTIVE................................................................................. 303
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• 17.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS........................................................................................ 303
• 17.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 304
o 17.2.1 Composites..................................................................................................................... 305
o 17.2.2 Thermally conductive additives.................................................................................... 305
o 17.2.3 Tires.................................................................................................................................. 306
• 17.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 307
• 17.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 311
• 17.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 312
18 COATINGS...................................................................................... 317
• 18.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 317
• 18.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 322
o 18.2.1 Anti-corrosion coatings.................................................................................................. 324
o 18.2.1.1 Marine.......................................................................................................................... 325
o 18.2.2 Anti-microbial.................................................................................................................. 325
o 18.2.3 Anti-icing.......................................................................................................................... 326
o 18.2.4 Barrier coatings............................................................................................................... 327
o 18.2.5 Heat protection............................................................................................................... 328
o 18.2.6 Anti-fouling....................................................................................................................... 329
o 18.2.7 Wear and abrasion resistance..................................................................................... 330
o 18.2.8 Smart windows............................................................................................................... 331
• 18.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 332
o 18.3.1 Thermal barrier coatings............................................................................................... 335
o 18.3.2 Barrier coatings............................................................................................................... 336
o 18.3.3 Anti-microbial coatings.................................................................................................. 336
o 18.3.4 De-icing or anti-icing coatings...................................................................................... 336
o 18.3.5 Abrasion and wear resistant coatings......................................................................... 336
o 18.3.6 Anti-corrosion coatings.................................................................................................. 336
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• 18.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 341
• 18.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 342
19 COMPOSITES................................................................................. 346
• 19.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 346
• 19.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 349
o 19.2.1 Polymer composites....................................................................................................... 349
o 19.2.2 Barrier packaging........................................................................................................... 351
o 19.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 352
o 19.2.4 Wind turbines.................................................................................................................. 352
o 19.2.5 Ballistic protection.......................................................................................................... 352
• 19.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 352
• 19.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 356
• 19.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 357
20 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS................................................ 362
• 20.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, WEARABLES, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS. 362
o 20.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 362
o 20.1.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 364
▪ 20.1.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics....................................................... 368
▪ 20.1.2.2 Electronic paper......................................................................................................... 370
▪ 20.1.2.3 Wearable electronics................................................................................................ 370
▪ 20.1.2.4 Wearable sensors...................................................................................................... 374
▪ 20.1.2.5 Industrial monitoring.................................................................................................. 380
▪ 20.1.2.6 Military......................................................................................................................... 380
o 20.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 381
▪ 20.1.3.1 Transparent conductive electrodes........................................................................ 386
o 20.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 387
o 20.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 391
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• 20.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS............................................................................................................... 393
o 20.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 393
o 20.2.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 394
▪ 20.2.2.1 RFID............................................................................................................................. 396
▪ 20.2.2.2 Smart labels................................................................................................................ 399
▪ 20.2.2.3 Smart clothing............................................................................................................ 399
▪ 20.2.2.4 Printable sensors....................................................................................................... 400
▪ 20.2.2.5 Printed batteries......................................................................................................... 400
▪ 20.2.2.6 Printable antennas.................................................................................................... 402
o 20.2.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 403
o 20.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 408
o 20.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 409
• 20.3 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS............................................................... 412
o 20.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 412
o 20.3.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 413
▪ 20.3.2.1 Integrated circuits...................................................................................................... 413
▪ 20.3.2.2 Transistors.................................................................................................................. 415
▪ 20.3.2.3 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits.............................................................. 415
▪ 20.3.2.4 Graphene spintronics................................................................................................ 416
o 20.3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 417
o 20.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 421
o 20.3.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 423
• 20.4 MEMORY DEVICES............................................................................................................... 425
o 20.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 425
o 20.4.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 426
o 20.4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 430
o 20.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 432
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
o 20.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 434
• 20.5 PHOTONICS............................................................................................................................ 434
o 20.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 435
o 20.5.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 435
▪ 20.5.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene................................................................................. 436
▪ 20.5.2.2 Optical modulators.................................................................................................... 437
▪ 20.5.2.3 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 437
▪ 20.5.2.4 Saturable absorbers.................................................................................................. 439
▪ 20.5.2.5 Plasmonics................................................................................................................. 439
▪ 20.5.2.6 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................. 439
o 20.5.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 440
o 20.5.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 442
o 20.5.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 443
21 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION.......... 445
• 21.1 BATTERIES.............................................................................................................................. 446
o 21.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 446
o 21.1.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 450
▪ 21.1.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)........................................................................................ 450
▪ 21.1.2.2 Lithium-air batteries................................................................................................... 451
▪ 21.1.2.3 Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S)................................................................................. 451
▪ 21.1.2.4 Sodium-ion batteries................................................................................................. 451
▪ 21.1.2.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries........................................................................... 451
o 21.1.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 455
o 21.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 460
o 21.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 462
• 21.2 SUPERCAPACITORS............................................................................................................ 468
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
o 21.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 468
o 21.2.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 468
▪ 21.2.2.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors.............................................................. 471
o 21.2.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 473
o 21.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 476
o 21.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 477
• 21.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS.................................................................................................................. 479
o 21.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 479
o 21.3.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 480
▪ 21.3.2.1 ITO replacement........................................................................................................ 481
▪ 21.3.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells...................................... 481
▪ 21.3.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids..................................................................... 482
▪ 21.3.2.4 Solar energy harvesting textiles.............................................................................. 482
o 21.3.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 484
o 21.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 487
o 21.3.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 488
• 21.4 FUEL CELLS............................................................................................................................ 490
o 21.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 490
o 21.4.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 491
▪ 21.4.2.1 Electrocatalyst supports........................................................................................... 492
o 21.4.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 493
o 21.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 496
o 21.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 497
• 21.5 LED LIGHTING AND UVC..................................................................................................... 499
o 21.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 499
o 21.5.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 499
▪ 21.5.2.1 Flexible OLED lighting.............................................................................................. 500
o 21.5.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 501
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
o 21.5.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 504
o 21.5.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 505
• 21.6 OIL AND GAS.......................................................................................................................... 507
o 21.6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 507
o 21.6.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 508
▪ 21.6.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management...................................................................... 509
▪ 21.6.2.2 Coatings...................................................................................................................... 510
▪ 21.6.2.3 Drilling fluids............................................................................................................... 511
▪ 21.6.2.4 Sorbent materials...................................................................................................... 512
▪ 21.6.2.5 Catalysts..................................................................................................................... 512
▪ 21.6.2.6 Separation.................................................................................................................. 513
o 21.6.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 514
o 21.6.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 518
o 21.6.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 519
22 FILTRATION................................................................................... 520
• 22.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 520
• 22.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 521
o 22.2.1 Graphene membranes.................................................................................................. 522
o 22.2.2 Water filtration................................................................................................................. 523
o 22.2.3 Gas separation............................................................................................................... 523
o 22.2.4 Photocatalytic absorbents............................................................................................. 524
o 22.2.5 Air filtration....................................................................................................................... 524
• 22.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 525
• 22.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 529
• 22.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 530
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
23 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICAL.................................................... 533
• 23.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 534
• 23.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 537
o 23.2.1 Cancer therapy............................................................................................................... 540
▪ 23.2.1.1 Graphene oxide for therapy and drug delivery..................................................... 541
▪ 23.2.1.2 Graphene nanosheets.............................................................................................. 541
▪ 23.2.1.3 Gene delivery............................................................................................................. 541
▪ 23.2.1.4 Photodynamic Therapy............................................................................................. 541
o 23.2.2 Medical implants and devices...................................................................................... 542
o 23.2.3 Wound dressings............................................................................................................ 542
o 23.2.4 Biosensors....................................................................................................................... 543
▪ 23.2.4.1 FRET biosensors for DNA detection...................................................................... 544
o 23.2.5 Medical imaging.............................................................................................................. 544
o 23.2.6 Tissue engineering......................................................................................................... 544
o 23.2.7 Dental............................................................................................................................... 545
o 23.2.8 Electrophysiology........................................................................................................... 545
o 23.2.9 Wearable and mobile health monitoring..................................................................... 545
▪ 23.2.9.1 Graphene devices..................................................................................................... 547
▪ 23.2.9.2 Patch-type skin sensors........................................................................................... 549
▪ 23.2.9.3 Skin temperature monitoring.................................................................................... 551
▪ 23.2.9.4 Hydration sensors...................................................................................................... 552
▪ 23.2.9.5 Wearable sweat sensors.......................................................................................... 553
▪ 23.2.9.6 Smart footwear........................................................................................................... 555
• 23.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 555
o 23.3.1 Wearable healthcare...................................................................................................... 556
• 23.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 561
• 23.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 563
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
24 LUBRICANTS................................................................................. 566
• 24.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 566
• 24.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 567
• 24.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 568
• 24.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 572
• 24.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 573
25 RUBBER AND TIRES..................................................................... 575
• 25.1 APPLICATIONS....................................................................................................................... 575
• 25.2 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 575
• 25.3 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 578
• 25.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 579
26 SENSORS....................................................................................... 580
• 26.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 580
• 26.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.................................................................................. 582
o 26.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors...................................................................................................... 585
o 26.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors................................................................................ 585
o 26.2.2.1 Graphene foam.......................................................................................................... 586
o 26.2.3 Pressure sensors........................................................................................................... 586
o 26.2.4 Biosensors....................................................................................................................... 587
o 26.2.5 Optical sensors............................................................................................................... 589
o 26.2.6 Humidity sensors............................................................................................................ 589
o 26.2.7 Strain sensors................................................................................................................. 589
o 26.2.8 Acoustic sensors............................................................................................................ 589
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
o 26.2.9 Wireless sensors............................................................................................................ 589
o 26.2.10 Surface enhanced Raman scattering.......................................................................... 590
• 26.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 590
• 26.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 593
• 26.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 594
27 SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL............................................... 598
• 27.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 598
• 27.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS................................................................................... 602
o 27.2.1 Conductive coatings....................................................................................................... 606
o 27.2.2 Conductive yarns............................................................................................................ 607
• 27.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 608
• 27.4 MARKET CHALLENGES....................................................................................................... 614
• 27.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................................................... 615
28 OTHER MARKETS.......................................................................... 618
• 28.1 CEMENT ADDITIVES............................................................................................................. 618
o 28.1.1 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 618
o 28.1.2 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 620
29 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS............................................................. 623-706 (125 profiles)
30 GRAPHENE PRODUCT AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS....... 707-774 (120 profiles)
31 REFERENCES................................................................................ 776
TABLES
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Table 1: Addressable markets for graphene (revenues), relevant applications, graphene technology fit and competition from other materials........................................................................ 69
• Table 2: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2027................................................................................. 71
• Table 3: Consumer products incorporating graphene............................................................................ 73
• Table 4: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2017......................................................... 74
• Table 5: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications....................................... 77
• Table 6: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size................. 82
• Table 7: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities............................ 83
• Table 8: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets..................... 87
• Table 9: Categorization of nanomaterials.............................................................................................. 103
• Table 10: Properties of graphene............................................................................................................ 108
• Table 11: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs................................................... 110
• Table 12: Graphene quantum dot producers........................................................................................ 113
• Table 13: Comparative properties of carbon materials........................................................................ 116
• Table 14: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes................ 118
• Table 15: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2027.................................................................................................................... 119
• Table 16: 2D materials types................................................................................................................... 121
• Table 17: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2................................................................................................................................................................. 125
• Table 18: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications........................................ 129
• Table 19: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications....................... 133
• Table 20: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications........................................... 135
• Table 21: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications............................................ 138
• Table 22: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications............................................... 140
• Table 23: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications...................... 143
• Table 24: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications......................... 148
• Table 25: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications........................................................................................................................................... 149
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Table 26: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications.................................................. 153
• Table 27: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications....................................... 155
• Table 28: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications............................. 157
• Table 29: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.................................... 160
• Table 30: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market................ 162
• Table 31: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market.................................................................................................................................................... 163
• Table 32: Main production methods for graphene................................................................................ 164
• Table 33: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market................ 172
• Table 34: Graphene synthesis methods, by company......................................................................... 186
• Table 35: Graphene market structure..................................................................................................... 188
• Table 36: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014................................................... 196
• Table 37: Leading graphene patentees.................................................................................................. 197
• Table 38: Industrial graphene patents in 2014...................................................................................... 197
• Table 39: Global production of graphene, 2010-2027 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2015................................................................................................................................................................. 258
• Table 40: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018...................... 260
• Table 41: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018................................ 261
• Table 42: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018........................... 262
• Table 43: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018...................................... 263
• Table 44: CVD graphene film capacity in tons by country/year, 2010-2018/ 000s m2................... 264
• Table 45: Planned graphene production capacities............................................................................. 265
• Table 46: Types of graphene and prices................................................................................................ 266
• Table 47: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer...................................................................... 267
• Table 48: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.............................................................................. 268
• Table 49: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer....................................................................... 269
• Table 50: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer................................................................... 270
• Table 51: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer...................................................................... 271
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Table 52: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer............................................................... 271
• Table 53: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer............................................................................. 272
• Table 54: Market drivers for use of graphene in 3D printing............................................................... 274
• Table 55: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing............................................... 276
• Table 56: Market size for graphene in 3D printing................................................................................ 276
• Table 57: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in 3D printing............................................ 277
• Table 58: Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 277
• Table 59: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market................................................................................................................................................................. 278
• Table 60: Market drivers for use of graphene in adhesives................................................................ 281
• Table 61: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives................................................ 282
• Table 62: Applications and benefits of graphene in adhesives.......................................................... 282
• Table 63: Market size for graphene in adhesives................................................................................. 283
• Table 64: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives.............................................. 284
• Table 65: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 286
• Table 66: Market challenges rating for graphene in the adhesives market...................................... 287
• Table 67: Market drivers for use of graphene in aerospace............................................................... 290
• Table 68: Applications and benefits of graphene in aerospace......................................................... 293
• Table 69: Market size for graphene in aerospace................................................................................ 295
• Table 70: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace............................................. 296
• Table 71: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 297
• Table 72: Market challenges rating for graphene in the aerospace market..................................... 299
• Table 73: Market drivers for use of graphene in the automotive sector............................................ 303
• Table 74: Applications and benefits of graphene in the automotive industry................................... 306
• Table 75: Market size for graphene in the automotive industry......................................................... 307
• Table 76: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry...................... 308
• Table 77: Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 310
• Table 78: Market challenges rating for graphene in the automotive sector..................................... 312
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Table 79: Properties of nanocoatings..................................................................................................... 317
• Table 80: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings................................................... 323
• Table 81: Markets for nanocoatings........................................................................................................ 333
• Table 82: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the coatings market............................. 339
• Table 83: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2027......................................................... 340
• Table 84: Market challenges rating for graphene in the coatings market......................................... 342
• Table 85: Market drivers for use of graphene in composites.............................................................. 346
• Table 86: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites............................... 349
• Table 87: Applications and benefits of graphene in composites........................................................ 350
• Table 88: Market size for graphene in composites............................................................................... 352
• Table 89: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the composites market....................... 354
• Table 90: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 356
• Table 91: Market challenges rating for graphene in the composites market................................... 357
• Table 92: Market drivers for use of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films............ 362
• Table 93: Applications and benefits of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films...... 366
• Table 94: Comparison of ITO replacements.......................................................................................... 367
• Table 95: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development................................................. 371
• Table 96: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.................................................... 378
• Table 97: Market size for graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films............................. 381
• Table 98: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays............................................................................................................ 383
• Table 99: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $.............. 385
• Table 100: Demand for graphene in flexible electronics (tons), 2018-2027..................................... 385
• Table 101: Market challenges rating for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market................................................................................................................... 390
• Table 102: Market drivers for use of graphene in conductive inks.................................................... 393
• Table 103: Comparative properties of conductive inks........................................................................ 394
• Table 104: Printable electronics products.............................................................................................. 396
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Table 105: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics........................................... 398
• Table 106: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................................................... 400
• Table 107: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks.................................. 405
• Table 108: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................ 407
• Table 109: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2027............................................ 407
• Table 110: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks...................................................... 408
• Table 111: Market drivers for use of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 412
• Table 112: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors........................................... 415
• Table 113: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 416
• Table 114: Market size for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.... 418
• Table 115: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 419
• Table 116: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2027.......... 420
• Table 117: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market................................................................................................................................................................. 422
• Table 118: Market drivers for use of graphene in memory devices................................................... 425
• Table 119: Market size for graphene in memory devices.................................................................... 430
• Table 120: Demand for graphene in memory devices (tons), 2018-2027........................................ 431
• Table 121: Applications and commercialization challenges for graphene in the memory devices market.................................................................................................................................................... 432
• Table 122: Market drivers for use of graphene in photonics............................................................... 435
• Table 123: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators................................ 437
• Table 124: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics......................................................... 440
• Table 125: Market size for graphene in photonics................................................................................ 440
• Table 126: Demand for graphene in photonics (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 441
• Table 127: Market challenges rating for graphene in the photonics market.................................... 443
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Table 128: Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries................................................................ 447
• Table 129: Wearable energy and energy harvesting devices and stage of development............. 452
• Table 130: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................................................................. 454
• Table 131: Market size for graphene in batteries................................................................................. 456
• Table 132: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries..................... 457
• Table 133: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in batteries.............................................. 458
• Table 134: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 459
• Table 135: Market challenges for graphene in energy........................................................................ 460
• Table 136: Market challenges rating for graphene in the batteries market...................................... 461
• Table 137: Market drivers for use of graphene in supercapacitors................................................... 468
• Table 138: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries......... 469
• Table 139: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors.............................................. 470
• Table 140: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.................................................................................................................................... 472
• Table 141: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors.................................................................... 473
• Table 142: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in supercapacitors................................. 475
• Table 143: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2027......................................... 475
• Table 144: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market......................... 477
• Table 145: Market drivers for use of graphene in photovoltaics........................................................ 479
• Table 146: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics......................................................................... 484
• Table 147: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics......................................................................... 485
• Table 148: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics................................................................ 485
• Table 149: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2027.............................................. 486
• Table 150: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market............................................. 488
• Table 151: Market drivers for use of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage........................ 490
• Table 152: Applications and benefits of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage.................. 492
• Table 153: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage......................................... 493
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Table 154: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage...... 494
• Table 155: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 495
• Table 156: Market challenges rating for graphene in the fuel cells market...................................... 496
• Table 157: Market drivers for use of graphene in LED lighting and UVC......................................... 499
• Table 158: Applications of graphene in lighting.................................................................................... 499
• Table 159: Market size for graphene in LED lighting and UVC.......................................................... 501
• Table 160: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lighting market..................... 502
• Table 161: Demand for graphene in lighting (tons), 2018-2027......................................................... 503
• Table 162: Market impediments for graphene in lighting.................................................................... 504
• Table 163: Market drivers for graphene in oil and gas........................................................................ 507
• Table 164: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market......................................................... 508
• Table 165: Application markets, competing materials, graphene advantages and current market size in oil and gas................................................................................................................................ 514
• Table 166: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market...................... 515
• Table 167: Potential addressable market for graphene in the oil and gas market.......................... 516
• Table 168: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2027.................................................. 517
• Table 169: Market challenges rating for graphene in the oil and gas market.................................. 518
• Table 170: Market drivers for use of graphene in filtration.................................................................. 520
• Table 171: Applications and benefits of graphene in filtration and separation................................ 522
• Table 172: Market size for graphene in filtration................................................................................... 526
• Table 173: Potential addressable market for graphene in the filtration market............................... 527
• Table 174: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration and separation market. 527
• Table 175: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 528
• Table 176: Market challenges rating for graphene in the filtration and separation market............ 529
• Table 177: Market drivers for use of graphene in the life sciences and medical market............... 534
• Table 178: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare............... 537
• Table 179: Applications and benefits of graphene in life sciences and medical............................. 538
• Table 180: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
thereof.................................................................................................................................... 548
• Table 181: Market size for graphene in biomedical and healthcare.................................................. 555
• Table 182: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets... 558
• Table 183: Potential addressable market for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets....... 559
• Table 184: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2027......................... 560
• Table 185: Market challenges in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare..................................... 562
• Table 186: Market challenges rating for graphene in the biomedical and healthcare market....... 563
• Table 187: Market drivers for use of graphene in lubricants............................................................... 566
• Table 188: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market............................................................ 568
• Table 189: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.......................................................... 568
• Table 190: Market size for graphene in lubricants................................................................................ 569
• Table 191: Potential addressable market for graphene in the lubricants market............................ 570
• Table 192: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in lubricants............................................ 570
• Table 193: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 571
• Table 194: Market challenges rating for graphene in the lubricants market.................................... 572
• Table 195: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires..................................................................... 575
• Table 196: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the rubber and tires market.............. 575
• Table 197: Potential addressable market for graphene in the rubber and tires market................. 576
• Table 198: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the rubber and tires market...... 577
• Table 199: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2027......................................... 577
• Table 200: Market challenges for graphene in rubber and tires......................................................... 578
• Table 201: Market drivers for use of graphene in sensors.................................................................. 580
• Table 202: Applications and benefits of graphene in sensors............................................................ 582
• Table 203: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.................................................. 584
• Table 204: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor................................................................................................................................................................. 588
• Table 205: Market size for graphene in sensors................................................................................... 590
• Table 206: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the sensors market........................... 591
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Table 207: Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 593
• Table 208: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market....................................... 594
• Table 209: Types of smart textiles.......................................................................................................... 598
• Table 210: Smart textile products............................................................................................................ 599
• Table 211: Market drivers for use of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.................................. 600
• Table 212: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.................................................................................................................... 602
• Table 213: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials....................................................................................................................................... 605
• Table 214: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel....................................... 607
• Table 215: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market........................................ 609
• Table 216: Potential addressable market for graphene in the smart textiles market...................... 612
• Table 217: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in smart textiles and apparel................ 612
• Table 218: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2027......................................................... 613
• Table 219: Market impediments for graphene in textiles..................................................................... 614
• Table 220: Market challenges for graphene in textiles and apparel.................................................. 615
• Table 221: Potential addressable market for graphene in the cement market................................ 619
• Table 222: Demand for graphene in cement (tons), 2018-2027........................................................ 619
• Table 223: Graphene producers and types produced......................................................................... 623
• Table 224: Graphene producers target market matrix......................................................................... 627
• Table 225: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.............. 707
• Table 226: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix.............................. 711
FIGURES
• Figure 1: Demand for graphene, 2010-2027........................................................................................... 72
• Figure 2: Vittoria bike tires incorporating graphene................................................................................ 73
• Figure 3: Demand for graphene, by market, 2027.................................................................................. 76
• Figure 4: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD to 2017..................................... 81
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Figure 5: Global consumption of graphene 2016, by region................................................................. 91
• Figure 6: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2017.................................................................. 95
• Figure 7: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2027.................................................................. 95
• Figure 8: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2017........................................................ 95
• Figure 9: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2027........................................................ 96
• Figure 10: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................................... 97
• Figure 11: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2017................................................. 99
• Figure 12: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2027.............................................. 100
• Figure 13: Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2017........................................................... 100
• Figure 14: Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2027........................................................... 101
• Figure 15: Graphene layer structure schematic.................................................................................... 105
• Figure 16: Graphite and graphene.......................................................................................................... 106
• Figure 17: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. ................................................................................................................................................................ 107
• Figure 18: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)..................... 110
• Figure 19: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots........................................................................ 112
• Figure 20: Graphene quantum dots........................................................................................................ 113
• Figure 21: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite........................................................................................................................... 115
• Figure 22: Schematic of 2-D materials................................................................................................... 122
• Figure 23: Black phosphorus structure................................................................................................... 124
• Figure 24: Black Phosphorus crystal...................................................................................................... 125
• Figure 25: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation....................................................................................................................................... 127
• Figure 26: Graphitic carbon nitride.......................................................................................................... 131
• Figure 27: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.................................. 132
• Figure 28: Schematic of germanene....................................................................................................... 134
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Figure 29: Graphdiyne structure.............................................................................................................. 136
• Figure 30: Schematic of Graphane crystal............................................................................................. 139
• Figure 31: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.................................................................................... 141
• Figure 32: BN nanosheet textiles application........................................................................................ 143
• Figure 33: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide................................................................................ 144
• Figure 34: SEM image of MoS2............................................................................................................... 145
• Figure 35: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor............. 146
• Figure 36: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.......................................................................................... 147
• Figure 37: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide................................................................. 149
• Figure 38: Silicene structure..................................................................................................................... 150
• Figure 39: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................................................... 151
• Figure 40: Silicene transistor.................................................................................................................... 151
• Figure 41: Crystal structure for stanene................................................................................................. 154
• Figure 42: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)........................................... 154
• Figure 43: Schematic of tungsten diselenide........................................................................................ 156
• Figure 44: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).................................................................................. 159
• Figure 45: Fabrication methods of graphene........................................................................................ 165
• Figure 46: Graphene synthesis methods............................................................................................... 167
• Figure 47: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.. 168
• Figure 48: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium................................................................... 171
• Figure 49: Schematic illustration of the main graphene production techniques.............................. 174
• Figure 50: Graphene synthesis-CVD technique................................................................................... 175
• Figure 51: (a) Graphene powder production line in The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd........................................... 177
• Figure 52: Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. 180
• Figure 53: Roll-to-roll graphene production process............................................................................ 182
• Figure 54: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process................................................................. 182
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Figure 55: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene.............................. 184
• Figure 56: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer........................... 188
• Figure 57: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014.................................................. 197
• Figure 58: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene............................................................. 200
• Figure 59: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year........................................................ 259
• Figure 60: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018............................... 261
• Figure 61: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018..................................... 263
• Figure 62: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil..................................................................................................... 264
• Figure 63: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament...................................... 275
• Figure 64: Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2027................................................. 278
• Figure 65: Graphene Adhesives.............................................................................................................. 282
• Figure 66: Potential addressable market for graphene in adhesives................................................ 286
• Figure 67: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 287
• Figure 68: Graphene aircraft.................................................................................................................... 292
• Figure 69: Potential addressable market for graphene in aerospace............................................... 296
• Figure 70: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in aerospace.......... 297
• Figure 71: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 298
• Figure 72: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargio container.................................................................... 300
• Figure 73: Graphene-based automotive components.......................................................................... 305
• Figure 74: Antistatic graphene tire.......................................................................................................... 306
• Figure 75: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector............................ 309
• Figure 76: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector............................ 310
• Figure 77: Demand for graphene in automotive(tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 311
• Figure 78: Supercar incorporating graphene......................................................................................... 313
• Figure 79: Graphene tire........................................................................................................................... 314
• Figure 80: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT.............................................................................. 323
• Figure 81: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating................................................................................................................................................................. 328
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Figure 82: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.............................................. 331
• Figure 83: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market...................................... 332
• Figure 84: Graphene based anti-corrosion steel coatings.................................................................. 337
• Figure 85: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market............................... 339
• Figure 86: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market............................... 340
• Figure 87: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 341
• Figure 88: Potential addressable market for graphene in composites.............................................. 354
• Figure 89: Potential addressable market for graphene in the composites market.......................... 355
• Figure 90: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2027.................................................. 356
• Figure 91: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.................................................. 365
• Figure 92: Flexible graphene touch screen........................................................................................... 365
• Figure 93: Galapad Settler smartphone................................................................................................. 366
• Figure 94: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode........................ 367
• Figure 95: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte....................................................... 369
• Figure 96: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film............................... 370
• Figure 97: Foldable graphene E-paper.................................................................................................. 370
• Figure 98: Covestro wearables................................................................................................................ 372
• Figure 99: Softceptor sensor.................................................................................................................... 375
• Figure 100: BeBop Media Arm Controller.............................................................................................. 376
• Figure 101: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor...................................................................... 376
• Figure 102: C2Sense flexible sensor...................................................................................................... 377
• Figure 103: Wearable gas sensor........................................................................................................... 379
• Figure 104: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves................................................................. 380
• Figure 105: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System............................................................... 380
• Figure 106: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system.............................................................. 381
• Figure 107: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market.............................................................................................. 384
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Figure 108: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $........... 384
• Figure 109: Demand for graphene in flexible electronics (tons), 2018-2027................................... 386
• Figure 110: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $.................................................................................................................................... 387
• Figure 111: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates............................................................................................................................................. 389
• Figure 112: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene....................................................................................................... 390
• Figure 113: BGT Materials graphene ink product................................................................................. 396
• Figure 114: Printed graphene conductive ink........................................................................................ 397
• Figure 115: Flexible RFID tag.................................................................................................................. 397
• Figure 116: Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink................................................................... 400
• Figure 117: Enfucell Printed Battery....................................................................................................... 402
• Figure 118: Graphene printed antenna.................................................................................................. 402
• Figure 119: Printed antennas for aircraft................................................................................................ 403
• Figure 120: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products...................................................................... 404
• Figure 121: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market.................. 404
• Figure 122: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................ 406
• Figure 123: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2027........................................... 408
• Figure 124: Graphene IC in wafer tester................................................................................................ 414
• Figure 125: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array........................................................... 414
• Figure 126: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)................................................................................................... 416
• Figure 127: Potential addressable market for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits..... 419
• Figure 128: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market.................................................................................................................................................... 420
• Figure 129: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2027......... 421
• Figure 130: The GF1 Graphene Watch.................................................................................................. 425
• Figure 131: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate....................................... 427
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Figure 132: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)...................................................................................... 428
• Figure 133: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt.. 428
• Figure 134: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip........................................................................................... 429
• Figure 135: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.................. 429
• Figure 136: Potential addressable market for graphene in the memory devices market............... 431
• Figure 137: Demand for graphene in memory devices (tons), 2018-2027....................................... 432
• Figure 138: Hybrid graphene phototransistors...................................................................................... 438
• Figure 139: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors............................... 438
• Figure 140: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive......................................................................................................... 439
• Figure 141: Potential addressable market for graphene in photonics............................................... 441
• Figure 142: Demand for graphene in photonics (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 442
• Figure 143: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors...................................................................................................................................... 446
• Figure 144: Energy harvesting textile..................................................................................................... 449
• Figure 145: LG Chem Heaxagonal battery............................................................................................ 452
• Figure 146: Printed 1.5V battery.............................................................................................................. 454
• Figure 147: H600 concept car.................................................................................................................. 456
• Figure 148: Anion concept car................................................................................................................. 456
• Figure 149: Potential addressable market for graphene in the thin film, flexible and printed batteries market.................................................................................................................................................... 459
• Figure 150: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2027..................................................... 460
• Figure 151: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor............................................................................... 469
• Figure 152: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger............................................................................... 471
• Figure 153: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor............................................................................... 472
• Figure 154: Potential addressable market for graphene in supercapacitors.................................... 474
• Figure 155: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2027........................................ 476
• Figure 156: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode......................................................... 481
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Figure 157: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper....................................... 483
• Figure 158: Potential addressable market for graphene in photovoltaics......................................... 486
• Figure 159: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2027............................................. 487
• Figure 160: Potential addressable market for graphene in fuel cells................................................ 494
• Figure 161: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2027.................................................... 496
• Figure 162: LG OLED flexible lighting panel......................................................................................... 500
• Figure 163: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.................................................. 501
• Figure 164: Potential addressable market for graphene in lighting................................................... 502
• Figure 165: Demand for graphene in lighting (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 504
• Figure 166: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors........................... 509
• Figure 167: Directa Plus Grafysorber..................................................................................................... 512
• Figure 168: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water................................................................................................................... 513
• Figure 169: Potential addressable market for graphene in lighting................................................... 515
• Figure 170: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2027................................................. 518
• Figure 171: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts................................................................................................................................................................. 524
• Figure 172: Graphene anti-smog mask.................................................................................................. 525
• Figure 173: Potential addressable market for graphene in the filtration market.............................. 525
• Figure 174: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 529
• Figure 175: Graphene filtration membrane............................................................................................ 531
• Figure 176: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel................................................................................................................................ 543
• Figure 177: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis....... 544
• Figure 178: Connected human body...................................................................................................... 546
• Figure 179: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor.......................................................................... 546
• Figure 180: Graphene-based E-skin patch............................................................................................ 548
• Figure 181: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
PLEDs................................................................................................................................................... 550
• Figure 182: Graphene medical patch..................................................................................................... 551
• Figure 183: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer..................................................................... 552
• Figure 184: Mimo baby monitor............................................................................................................... 552
• Figure 185: Nanowire skin hydration patch........................................................................................... 553
• Figure 186: Wearable sweat sensor....................................................................................................... 553
• Figure 187: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.................................................................................. 554
• Figure 188: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $.............................................................................................................................................................. 557
• Figure 189: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $.............................................................................................................................................................. 558
• Figure 190: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market................................................................................................................................ 560
• Figure 191: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2027....................... 561
• Figure 192: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2027................................................... 572
• Figure 193: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2027........................................ 578
• Figure 194: GFET sensors....................................................................................................................... 586
• Figure 195: First generation point of care diagnostics......................................................................... 587
• Figure 196: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................................................... 588
• Figure 197: Potential addressable market for graphene in the sensors market.............................. 592
• Figure 198: Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2027...................................................... 593
• Figure 199: Conductive yarns.................................................................................................................. 608
• Figure 200: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2027 revenue forecast (million $)............................................................................................................................... 609
• Figure 201 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016................................................................................................................................................................. 610
• Figure 202: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, conservative estimate........................................................................................................... 611
• Figure 203: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, optimistic estimate................................................................................................................. 611
The Global Market for Graphene
© Future Markets, Inc. 2018 All rights reserved.
• Figure 204: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 614
• Figure 205: Demand for graphene in cement (tons), 2018-2027....................................................... 620
• Figure 206: Graphene added to cement................................................................................................ 621