The Civil War
Chapter 15
Mobilizing for War
• How did the North prepare militarily (Enrollment Act) and financially (“Greenbacks”) for the war?
• How did the South prepare militarily (Conscription Law, 20 negro law, Impressment Act) and financially for the war?
1860 Census FactsTotal - 1860 CENSUS
Total Population 31,183,582
Free Colored Persons 476,748
Total Free Population 27,233,198
Total Number of Slaves 3,950,528
Slave % of Population 13%
Total # of Families 5,155,608
Total # of Slaveholders 393,975
% Owning Slaves 8%
At first, the North used volunteers but then passed the Enrollment Act, forcing white males aged 20 to 45 to register for the draft
Exemptions were allowed for those who could afford to pay for substitutes
Civil War Finances
The Union financed the war through “Greenbacks”, the first money to ever be backed by the government in the US
The National Bank Act was passed allowing federal banks to issue notes to people
The Conscription Act replaced volunteers in the South, but allowed slaveholders with over 20 slaves to be exempt (20 Negro Law)
The Impressment Act allowed the government to take food and slaves to help in the army
The South printed money but suffered from high inflation and depreciation
Lincoln and Jefferson Davis• What political challenges did Jefferson Davis
have as Confederacy leader and how successful was he in facing them?
• What political challenges did Lincoln have as the President and how successful was he in facing them? (Northern Dems, Radical Republicans)
• What actions did Lincoln take to secure the nation and what were the effects? (Writ of Habeas Corpus, Ex Parte Merryman)
Lincoln and Davis
Lincoln had opposition from Peace Democrats on one side and Radical Republicans on the other, but had a strong Republican coalition backing him unlike Davis, who struggled getting any support from Southern leaders
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
Second: That the writ of habeas corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prisons, or other place of confinement, by any military authority, or by the sentence of any court-martial or military commission.
Lincoln’s suspension of Habeas Corpus kept the border states in the Union and protected DC
The courts tried to stop Lincoln’s plan through Ex Parte Merryman but Lincoln ignores the ruling
Advantages and Strategies
Advantages Strategies
North
South
The Anaconda Plan
The North had population and industry on their side, and planned to seal off the South through the Anaconda Plan
The plan would hurt Southern economy by splitting them and bombarding their coastal cities
Lee and Jackson
The South had advantages: Better Generals like Lee and Jackson, Home Soil, and a slave labor force to keep up the economy
The plan was to hold out and get France and Britain to recognize their existence
Steps Against Slavery
• What was Lincoln’s original plan regarding slavery during the Civil War? Why did he abandon the idea during the war?
• What steps were taken by the North to slowly encourage slaves to be free? (First Confiscation Act, Second Confiscation Act)
• What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation and what did it actually accomplish?
Emancipation Proclamation
At first, Lincoln had no intention of interfering with slavery but was pressured to eventually pass the Emancipation Proclamation
The actual bill freed no slaves because it targeted only slaves in the South (not under Union control) but it did appease Radical Republicans and got support from France and Britain
Aiding the Slaves
• What new societies were created to help slaves in the North? (Freedman’s Bureau)
• How did the South react to the Emancipation Proclamation and new societies?
• What role did free blacks play in the Civil War?
Freedman’s Bureau
Emancipation of slaves led many to escape, and the Freedman’s Aid Societies set up ways to help slaves
Dissent during the Civil War
• Both sides had groups of people who did not agree with the actions their side was taking during the Civil War
• What was the dissention in the North and how did Lincoln deal with it? (Copperheads, Draft Riots, Ex Parte Milligan)
• What was the dissention in the South and how did Davis deal with it? (Rich Man’s War but a poor man’s fight)
Northern Dissent
The Copperheads claimed Lincoln was playing his last card, the one against slavery
New York Draft Riots showed the amount of people who protested the war
Lincoln also ignored Ex Parte Milligan
Social and Political Movements During the War
• What was the hope for women’s rights during the Civil War? What became the reality? (National Women’s Loyal League)
• What were the stances during the election of 1864 and what were the results? (Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Sherman’s March)
Women’s Rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony set up the National Women’s Loyal League, the first ever women’s organization
Despite the attempts at gaining rights, women were disappointed that their status did not change during the war and no gains were made
Election of 1864
Lincoln is pro-war and McClellan runs as the peace Democrat
Advertising the War• In pairs, split into Northern and Southern advertiser and for
your side create an ad that encourages people to support the war by:
1) Explaining how your side is preparing militarily and financially
2) Addressing the advantages and strategies your side has during the war
3) Explaining your ideology and actions towards the slavery and freedman issues
4) Showing forms of dissent against the war and encouraging them not to do that
Civil War Battles
1) Know one cause and one effect
2) Know at least two main people or events
3) Know the significance of the battle, who won and why it was important
McClellan in the EastGeneral George
McClellan led the “Peninsula Campaign” which included
1) Losing at the 1st and 2nd Battle of Bull Run
2) Being defeated before he could defeat the Confederates in Richmond, meaning the war lasts longer
Lee and Jackson in the EastLee and Jackson won several battles for the Confederacy including the 2nd Battle of Bull Run
AntietamMcClellan’s victory for the Union at Antietam (the bloodiest battle) halted Lee’s advance
The victory stopped the Confederates from getting open recognition and aid from a foreign power and allowed Lincoln to issue his plans for the Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Fredericksburg
• General Burnside charged a fortress of the Confederacy and lost many men, leading to a Confederate victory
• Showed two things:
1) Improved weaponry such as the Gatling Gun made charging positions difficult
2) Lincoln’s attempt at speeding up the war backfired (Burnside acted faster than McClellan)
Battles in the WestThe Western frontier saw many Union victories that allowed them to gain control of the Mississippi River and split the confederacy in two
Fort Henry and Donelson
• Ulysses S. Grant attacks two Mississippi forts and claims them as victory for the North
• These victories helped Grant’s status and opened up the Mississippi River to be attacked by the Union
Battle of Shiloh
• Confederate Albert Johnston surprises Grant at Shiloh but he holds firm after major losses on both sides, North wins
• Further opened up the Western front for attacks by the Union
Battle of New Orleans
• David Farragut captures the port of New Orleans from the Confederacy
• Union control the Mississippi from both directions and hurt the commercial and economic power of the South
Merrimac v. Monitor
Naval war erupted as the Union tightened their blockade, leading to the first clash of ironclads between the Monitor and Merrimac
The naval war was won by the North, who disrupted vital Southern trade routes
Diplomacy – Napoleon III and William Seward
Seward’s meetings with Napoleon kept him from fulfilling his original wishes of a divided US so he could take Mexico
Trent Affair – James Mason and John Slidell (British Diplomats)
The “Trent Affair” created tension between the Union and Britain and the “cotton diplomacy” angle of the South threatened relations further
Ultimately, Britain chose to stay out of the war and then supported the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg – Day 1
Gettysburg – Day 2
Gettysburg - Day 3The turning point of the Eastern frontier was Gettysburg, which halted Lee’s advances
It put the South on the defensive for the rest of the war and destroyed a large part of the Confederate army
VicksburgThe Union turned the tide in the West by Grant capturing Vicksburg, and now controlled the whole Mississippi River
Grant v. LeeUlysses S. Grant, now in charge of all Union armies after McClellan’s resignation, chased Lee and slowly weakened the Confederate army
Battle of Chancellorville
• Grant was put in charge and kept pressure on Lee by attacking him soon after his loss at Gettysburg
• The losses forced Lee to retreat to Richmond but also showed that the war had become a “total war” against civilians and soldiers as Grant destroyed railroads and other lines of supply in the South
Battle of Chattanooga
• Sherman’s first attacks as he defeats armies at Chattanooga for the North
• The attack showed his intentions of total war as he deliberately burned and destroyed areas of the South to break the will of the Confederacy
Sherman’s March
Sherman’s March went from Chattanooga to Atlanta, where he proceeded to burn the city and drive the confederates away
Savannah and the CarolinasSherman continued from Atlanta across Georgia and into the Carolinas, seizing and destroying all confederate property
Appomattox CourthouseGrant closed in on Lee and forced him to surrender at Appomattox, ending the Civil War
Economic Impacts
• What were the economic impacts of the war in the North and the South? (Technology, Morrill Tariff, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Act)
• What were the economic impacts of the war in the South?
Weapons of the War
Colt 1860
Burnside Carbine
Gatling Gun
Impact of WarThe North now had a healthy economy with stimulated industrialization
Morrill Tariff raised rates, Homestead Act offered 160 acres of land free to anyone who would farm for 5 years, Morrill Land Grant Act encouraged states to create agricultural colleges, Pacific Railway Act authorized building railroads to the West
Destruction of the South
The South had their economy destroyed as well as the Old South society (which lost slaves)
Social Impacts of the War
• What were the social impacts of the war in the North? (Rich v. Poor, Soldiers, Medicine, 13th Amendment)
• What were the social impacts of the war in the South? (Loss of “Old South” and creation of “New South”)
Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton
In the medical field, women nurses led the way in treating soldiers
The US Sanitary Commission and later the Red Cross were founded to get medical supplies and food as well as take volunteer nurses
Due to the lack of knowledge about infections and diseases, the death toll for soldiers was very high
Prisons and Health
Prisons were extremely notorious for being unsanitary and many Confederate and Union soldiers died in them
This is a Union Army soldier released from Andersonville prison, one of the most notorious Confederate prisons
Political Impacts of War
• What were the political impacts of the Civil War in the North? (Democrats, Copperhead Democrats, Free Soil Republicans, Radical Republicans, Federal Supremacy)
• What were the political impacts of the Civil War in the South? (Northern Dominance)
Civil War Essay
• What were the most important causes, events, and effects of the civil war?
• Needs a thesis, at least two paragraphs, at least 6 specifics total