THE HIP JOINT
Muscles of the Hip
Gluteus Maximus
O: lower posterior iliac crest and posterior surface of the sacrum
I: gluteal tuberosity (upper, posterior aspect of the femur) & I.T. band
Actions: Extension of the hip External rotation of the hip Lower fibers (below the center
of motion) assist in adduction
Extension
Gluteus Maximus
Produces hip extension beyond 15 degrees; not used extensively during walking
Strongly used during running, hopping, skipping, and jumping
Best isolated with the knee flexed to reduce hip extension from the hamstrings
40 degrees
Gluteus Medius
O: outer surface of the ilium just below the crest
I: greater trochanter Actions:
Abduction of the hip Anterior fibers:
Internal rotation, Posterior fibers:
External rotation.
Gluteus Minimus
O: outer surface of the ilium beneath the gluteus medius
I: greater trochanter of the femur
Actions Abduction of the hip Internal rotation
Gluteus Medius and Minimus
During walking these muscles abduct (or hold up) the free leg, preventing it from sagging.
Both are important in transferring weight from one leg to the other (e.g. running, hopping, skipping, etc.)
Their effectiveness decreases with age.
Biceps Femoris
Lateral side Origin:
1.) Long head - ischial tuberosity; 2.) Short head - lower half of the
linea aspera Insertion: Head of the fibula Action:
Extension of hip External rotation of the hip (and knee) (Flexion of knee)
Biceps Femoris
One of the hamstring muscles (semitendinosus and semimembranosus)
A two-joint muscle which is a powerful hip extensor unless the knees are flexed
Isolated during leg curls with some external rotation of the hip and knee. This “lines up” the origin and insertion.
Semitendinosus
Medial side; superficial Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial surface
of proximal end of the tibia
Action: Extension of the hip Internal rotation of the hip
(and knee) Flexion of the knee
Semimembranosus
Medial side, deeper than semitendonosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial surface of
the tibia Action:
Extension of the hip Internal rotation of the hip (and
knee) Flexion of the knee
Semitendinosus & Semimembranosus Two-joint muscles Used in ordinary walking for hip extension Best exercised with knee flexion exercises (leg curls)
with the hip and knee internally rotated Help to medially stabilize knee
Tensor Fasciae Latae
O: iliac crest I: iliotibial (I.T.) band Actions:
Flexion of the hip Internal rotation Abduction of the hip
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Prevents external rotation at the hip is flexed
Strengthening
Stretching
Tensor Fascia Latae (Anterior View)
Iliopsoas Origins:
iliac fossa vertebral bodies of the last
thorasic and lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of the femur
Actions: Flexion of the hip External rotation
Iliopsoas
Strong hip flexor muscle Raises legs off the floor
from the supine position. Pulls anteriorly on the lower
lumbar vertebrae May aggravate lower back
problems Abdominal muscles can
prevent lumbar strain Used during complete sit-
ups and straight leg sit-ups. Stretching this muscle
requires hyper-extension of the hip.
Pectineous
O: pubic crest or ramus I: below the linea aspera Actions
Flexion Adduction Internal rotation
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Pectineus
Adductor Brevis
Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis Insertion: Pectineal line (linea
aspera) Actions:
Adduction External rotation
Adductor Longus
Below the adductor brevis O: front of the pubis just below
its crest I: middle third of the linea
aspera Actions:
Adduction Flexion
Adductor Magnus
Located posterior to the longus O: edge of the pubic crest and
ischial tuberosity I: linea aspera Actions:
Adduction External rotation
Gracilis
O: pubic crest I: medial condyle of tibia Actions:
Adduction at the hip Internal rotation [Flexion at the knee]
Adductor Muscles
Adductor Brevis Adductor Longus Adductor Magnus Gracilis Not heavily used in ordinary movements Horse back riding, the breaststroke kick in swimming
Sartorius
Origin: Anterior-superior spine of the ilium
Insertion: Anterior medial condyle of the tibia (behind the medial condyle)
Action: Flexion of hip External rotation of the hip [Flexion of the knee]
Sartorius
Longest muscle in the body It is a two-joint muscle; hip flexion and knee
flexion It is weak when both actions take place at the
same time.
Rectus Femoris
Two joint muscle; most superficial
Origin: anterior-inferior iliac spine of the ilium
Insertion: top of the patella and patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity
Actions: Flexion of the hip
[Extension of the knee]
Rectus Femoris
A two-joint muscle: hip flexion and knee extension
Powerful knee extension when the hip is extended but weaker when the hip is flexed.
The gluteus maximus and the hamstring muscles will extend the hip making the rectus femoris stronger during knee extension
Hip Rotator Muscles
ANTERIOR Obturator Externus
Anterior
Hip Rotator Muscles
POSTERIOR Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus
Gemellus inferior Quadratus femoris
Posterior
Hip Rotator Muscles
Posterior Posterior
Hip Rotator Muscles
Posterior Anterior
Six Hip Rotator Muscles
Common action is External Rotation Powerful external rotation of the hip is
required to throw a baseball, swing a bat or golf club.
The sciatic nerve passes just inferior to the piriformis therefore a tight piriformis muscle my contribute to compression on the sciatic nerve.
Review
Name the action at her hip
Abduction
Name the action at his right hip
Flexion
Name the actions at her hip
Extension, Abduction & External Rotation
Name the two action at his right hip
Extension and External Rotation
Name the action at his hip
Flexion
Name the actions at his hip
Flexion and External Rotation and Abduction
Name the actions at his hip
Flexion and Adduction
The Femur
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linea Aspera
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Anterior
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
6 =
1.
2.
3.
6.5.
4.
iliac crest
anterior spine
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
ischial tuberosity
pubis crest
Name the sections of the pelvis
1.
2.
3.
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Posterior
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
1.
2.
3.4.
5.
iliac crest
greater trochanter
ischial tuberosity
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
Actions: extension of the thigh at the hiplateral rotation of the thigh lower fibers (below the center of
motion) assist adductionupper fibers (above the center of
motion) assist in abduction
Gluteus Maximus
Name the muscle
Actions adduction of the thigh at
the hip aids in flexion
Adductor Brevis
Name the muscle
Actions abduction of the thigh medial rotation flexion
Gluteus Minimus
Name the muscle
Actions: adduction of the thigh assists in flexion of the thigh at
the hip
Adductor Longus
Name the muscle
Actions: abduction of the thigh anterior fibers: flexion
and medial rotation, posterior fibers:
extension and lateral rotation.
Gluetus Medius
Name the muscle
Actions: adduction at the hip medial rotation [flexion at the knee]
Gracilis
Name the muscle
Actions: flexion of the thigh at the
hip slight adduction flexion of the spine
IliopsoasName the muscle
Actions flexion of the hip adduction
Pectineus
Name the muscle
Actions: flexion of the thigh at the
hip medial rotation abduction of the thigh,
medial rotation (weak)
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Name the muscle
Actions: adduction of the thigh at the hip flexion (anterior fibers) extension (posterior fibers)
Adductor Magnus
Name the muscle
What is the most anterior hip rotator muscle? Obturator Externus
What is the common action of these muscles?
Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus
Gemellus inferior Quadratus femoris
External Rotation
Name the muscle
Deep muscle Action:
Extension of the hip Flexion of the knee Internal rotation of the hip
(and knee)
Semimembranosus
Name the muscle
Superficial muscle Action:
Extension of the hip Flexion of the knee Internal rotation of the hip
(and knee)
Semitendonosis
Name the muscle
Sartorius Action: Flexion of hip External rotation of the hip [Flexion of the knee]
Name the muscle
Actions: Flexion of the hip [Extension of the knee]
Rectus Femoris
Name the muscle
Action: Extension of hip Flexion of knee Lateral rotation of the hip (and knee)
Biceps Femoris
Name the muscle
Gluteus Medius
Name the muscles
Pectineus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Name the landmarks
Iliac crest
Anterior spine
Name the landmarks
1. Acetabulum
2. Sciatic notch
3. Ischial tuberosity
1
2
3
Name the muscles
1. Tensor fasciae latae
2. Sartorius
21
1. Name the muscle
2. Name the landmark
3. Name the structure
Gluteus Maximus
Iliac Crest
Iliotibial band