The Path to 5G:
Drivers, markets,
Research activities and
Technology framework
Dr. Taro Eichler
Technology Manager
Technology Day 2016, Singapore
June 1st, 2016
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Outline
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Drivers,
Market,
Standardizati
on
5G
Requirements
Overview
Infrastructure
Technology
Trends
Research
Activities
Channel
Sounding
OTA Static
Beamforming
Analysis
Spectrum
OTA Dynamic
Beamforming
Analysis
Traffic Types
„Tactile
Internet“
Technology
Framework
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Mobile Data Traffic Growth and Trends
Mobile Video / Global Forecast by Region
ı Mobile video traffic will grow 11.3-fold
from 2015 to 2020 (CAGR 62%)
ı Mobile video will generate 75% of the
mobile traffic by 2020
Ref : CISCO VNI mobile 2016
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5G – Continuing the success of 4G
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Very high data rate
Long battery lifetime
Mobility
Massive number of
devices
Reliability, resilience, security
Very lowlatency
Very high capacity
Ultra Reliable & Low Latency Communcationmassive Machine Type Communication
Enhanced Mobile Broadband
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5GWhat can be expected
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LTE R8/9LTE R10/11
LTE R12/13
2010
l LTE/LTE-A gradual evolution will not be sufficient, if the number of
devices (M2M) and data consumption will increase as forecasted and
if latency needs to be reduced significantly.
l Obvious that higher bandwidth and higher frequencies will play a role
l Potential new air interface(s), which would also allow to satisfy tight
latency requirements
l Integration of potential disruptive technologies
with LTE/LTE-A (2G/3G/WLAN) will be key!
2013 2015
LTE R14/15
Potential New
RAT
+
2020
“Horizon2020”
Adaptive New
RAT
LTE R14/15
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A potential timeline for 5G
Comparison with LTE
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Research
2015 20202012
Rel13 Rel14
Commercial networkscommercial
test solutions
Rel15
Development
2005 2010 2015
Rel8 Rel10 Rel12
Mass deployment
1st commercial
LTE network
R&S 1st commercial
LTE test solutions
Development
You are
here
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3GPP StandardizationSchedule
7
2015
3GPP 5G
Workshop
Channel modeling > 6 GHz
Release 15 Rel-16
ITU IMT-2020
Submission
Release 16Release 14
5G Study Items (Evaluation of Solutions)
5G Work Items Phase 2
Release 13
5G Scope and Requirements
5G Phase 2
Specification
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
5G Work Items Phase 1
5G Phase 1
Specification
LTE Advanced Evolution
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3GPP RAN 5G Workshop September 2015Additional design principles form 3GPP RAN WS
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ı 5G Phase I:
ı new RAT optimized for eMBB
ı Design principles: new 5G RAT of phase I should be forward-compatible to phase II,
but not backward-compatible to LTE
ı 5G new RAT as U-plane only (L1 and lower L2), signaling (C-plane) by LTE
= dual connectivity
ı Specification (stage-3 functional freeze) to be completed by H2 2018 (Rel.15)
ı 5G Phase II:
ı optimized for all 5G use cases / applications;
ı 5G new RAT also as stand-alone network
ı to be completed by Dec. 2019 (Rel.16) for IMT 2020 submission
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Outline
5G: Required Radio Technologies
Waveforms
Multiple Access Massive MIMO
mmWave Radio
fP
t Fiber
Interconnect
IoT
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
5G Spectrum OutlookHigh bandwidth is only possible at high frequencies
10
f [GHz]60 70 80 900 10 20 30 40 50
Available spectrumLink Budget
Used spectrum:
~ 700 - 900: ~ 20 – 100 MHz
~ 1500/1600: ~ 40 – 70 MHz
~ 1800/1900: ~ 120 MHz
~ 2100: ~ 120 MHz
~ 2300: ~ 100 MHz
~ 2600: ~ 140 MHz
~ 3600: ~ 200 MHz
Additional spectrum:
Chunks of 3 – 7 GHz!
Additional spectrum approved at WRC15:
450 – 470 MHz
470 – 608 MHz (selected countries)
614 – 698 MHz (selected countries)
698 – 790 MHz (selected countries)
698 – 960 MHz (region 2)
694 – 790 MHz (region 1)
790 – 960 MHz (region 1 and 3)
1427 – 1518 MHz (partly in region 1, 2 and 3)
3300 – 3400 MHz (selected countries)
3400 – 3600 MHz (region 2)
3500 – 3600 MHz (selected countries)
3600 – 3700 MHz (region 2, selected countries)
4800 – 4900 MHz (Uruguay)
4800 – 4990 MHz (selected countries)
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Mobile broadband communications spectrum Results from World Radiocommunication Conference 2015
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 f [GHz]
f [MHz]
694-790 1427-1518 3400-3600
source: RESOLUTION COM6/20 (WRC-15): studies on frequencies for IMT2020
Identified spectrum WRC-2015
Spectrum candidates WRC-
201924.25-27.5
GHz
31.8-33.4 GHz37-43.5
GHz
45.5-50.2 GHz
50.4- 52.6
GHz66-76 GHz 81-86 GHz
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ı Base station cell site is the major source of power consumption
ı Biggest expense is remote air conditioning
ı Target: 100 x Capacity at 1/10th energy consumption by 2020
ı Solution => C-RAN (cloud RAN): base station baseband processing in the cloud
5G network architecture: motivation for C-RANperspective by China Mobile Research Institute (“soft and green”)
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COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Outline
Radio Access Network Evolution to Massive MIMO
5-100 m
Traditional: 1G & 2G Distributed: 3G & 4G Centralized: 4.5G & 5G
0.45 to 1.9 GHz 0.7 to 3.6 GHz 0.7 to 4.6 GHz & 20-60 GHz
8 dual-polarized passive antennas 8 dual-polarized passive antennas 32-512 active antennas
Peak Data Rate: 114 kbps Peak Data Rate: 150 Mbps Peak Data Rate: 10 Gbps
Massive
MIMO
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Outline
Radio Access Network Virtualization
Elimination of cell boundaries
UE follows Network Network follows UE
Traditional Network
Data
Signaling
Macro Signaling
Cell
Data & Signal Splitting
Cloud/Centralized Radio Access Network
Radio Access Virtualization = New measurement paradigm
-15% CAPEX -50% OPEX-70% Power
Consumption
Centralized processing resource pool that can support
10~1000 cells: multi-cell joint scheduling & processing
X-haul
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Worldwide Research Activities and InitiativesOverview (chronological order)
ı NYU Wireless: US research center conducting massive work on propagation characterization at mm-wave
frequencies since 2012
ı 5GNOW: Non Orthogonal Waveforms (started in Sept 2012)
ı METIS: Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society (started in
Nov 2012)
ı MiWEBA – Millimetre-Wave Evolution for Backhaul and Access (June 2013)
ı IMT-2020 / Future Forum*: China 5G organizations (Feb 2013)
ı 5G Forum*: Korean industry-academy-R&D cooperation system established in May 2013
ı 2020 and Beyond Adhoc: In Japan ARIB established a new AdHoc working group in Sep 2013
ı 5G Innovation Centre*: 5G research in the UK started in Nov 2013
ı Horizon 2020: EU Research and Innovation program (2014 - 2020)*
mmMAGIC Project
ı NGMN 5G Initiative* (started at MWC 2014)
ı 5G Lab Germany* (TU Dresden, opened in Sept 2014)
ı WWRF (since many years)
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*R&S is member / active
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From Link Efficiency to System Efficiency
Link Efficiency
System Efficiency
Legacy
focus
Future
focus
One RAT: link adaptation with coding +modulation to send as much data as possible
System adaptation, to select the RAT thatoffers the best data transmission according tothe requested quality of service for each service
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Neighbor cell
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Synchronisation and orthogonality
Physical cell ID
Physical cell ID
Serving cellUE synchronizes to
serving cell
Ressource allocation is
orthogonal to other UEs
New connection situations require a re-thinking of sync + orthogonality: long standby time, MTC, heterogeneous network structures, various connection rates, simplicity of handling + re-thinking mobility aspects
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New types of traffic
Tactile Internet
ı High data rate and low
latency for videos, …
Internet of Things (M2M)
ı Sporadic asynchronous
Machine Type
Communications (MTC)
with medium latency and
energy-efficient costsSource : 5GNOW, “Unified Frame Structure and Waveforms for 5G”
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COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Outline
New types of traffic
Layerd type: Bit stream is sent over several radio link layers, even up to several
RATs. E.g. LTE and WLAN offloading or macro + pico cell in conjunction
00 11 01 10 01 01 11 01 ….
METIS: Type 2, layered bit pipe
Common buffer +
dispatcher
Scheduled RAT usage. Complex scheduling over multiple RATs
Orthogonality + synchronisation neededCOMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Outline
New types of traffic
MTC type: Very low latency! E.g. machine type communication or device to device
METIS: Type 3, Machine type communication MTC
Not necessarily full scheduling. Orthogonality + synchronisation
May not be given. Sporadic channel access, bursted traffic
Multi-hop communication,
ODMA: opportunity driven
multiple access
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Outline
New types of traffic
Sensor like type: Very energie efficient! E.g. machine type communication or multi-hop.
METIS: Type 4, Sensor like communication
Not necessarily full scheduling. Orthogonality + synchronisation may not be given. Sporadic
channel access, bursted traffic. Long standby time, low data rate.
Energy efficient sensor like
communication. Cognitive
radio.
e.g. Fire detectors
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
ı Order of magnitude of human reaction times
ı Exemplary latency budget of a system of the Tactile Internet
“The Tactile Internet”
Image: Fettweis, G.; Alamouti, S., "5G: Personal Mobile Internet beyond What Cellular Did to Telephony,“ Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 140-145, February 2014
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COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
5G The Tactile Internet – An exampleUltra-low latency enables new kind of services
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Dallas
New York City
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
5G technology framework: waveform is just one part
goals is to design the air interface
to meet the application areas for 5G
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Why a new radio interface ? – parameters to be considered.
What Bandwidth?Wideband Narrowband
How long
symbol duration?Short symbol
duration
Long symbol
duration
t t
Repetition rate of pilots?
Channel estimation:
Pilot signals mapping,
how many and where?
or
or
Time?Frequency?
Spectral distance of pilots?
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COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Example of radio channel design vs. requirements
Example: If I want to go
with 100km/h by using
fc of 2.3GHz, I have to
estimate the channel
every 2 msec
Reminder: radio channel aspects like coherence time, frequency selectivity and thus the amount
of reference signals depends on the requirements, e.g. what is the velocity of the mobile user?
Coherence time
~ 2msec
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COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
5G waveform candidates – some design aspectsOverhead Resistance to Interference Out of Band Emissions
Spectral Efficiency Flexibility Receiver/MIMO Complexity
TimeFrequency
Rx
Pow
er (
dB
)
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OFDM
Faster than Nyquist (FTN)
Filter Bank Multi-Carrier
Filtered-OFDM
Universal Filter Multi-Carrier
Generalized Freq-Div Multiplexing
5G Waveforms: OFDM + Filter OperationsFull-Band Filtering
Subcarrier-Band Filtering
Sub-Band Filtering
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5G – A(nother) new air interface
LTE air interface will not support all use casesı In particular low latency requirements require redesign
ı Many different use cases suggest more than a single air interface
ı Discussed candidates comprise: UFMC: Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier FBMC: Filter-Bank Multi-Carrier GFDM: Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing f-OFDM: Filtered-OFDM
ı Common advantages at the cost of higher complexity: Better robustness against imperfect synchronism Reduced out-of-band emission
ı Common key parameters: FFT size, number of active subcarriers, subcarrier spacing Number of symbols per subcarrier, symbol source
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reduced out of band emissions
Ideal: waveform is fully orthogonal in time & frequency. No inter carrier interference ICI & well known localization in time & frequencyBut: reality is different (real world channel conditions)!
no need to be synchronized + better spectral efficiencyfreq
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Very High Data RatePA Implementation Challenge
ı Existing power amplifier designs need to be adapted to slightly modified
frequency and bandwidth requirements (below 6GHz) or newly designed
for broadband support at cm-/mm-wave frequencies (e.g. 28GHz)
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PA
Provide different waveformSupport high
bandwidthSupport high
frequency
Judge frequency
localizationMeasure
modulation
accuracy (EVM)
RF A RF B
RF
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Broadband Communications: From Theory to Reality
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To: Real devices with non-linear elements From: Waveform theory and simulation
OFDM
FBMC
UFMC
GFDM
ARB
Waveform Files
R&S®FSW85 R&S®SMW200 DUT: Power Amplifier
-70 dBm
-90 dBm
Δ=20 dB
-45 dBm
-47 dBmΔ=2-3 dB
E2E testing required to compare & optimize new ideasCOMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
Outline
Downlink
Uplink
Guard band
Tx
Rx
Down- and Uplink
frequency
Rx
Txtime
Duplex = how to separate Rx and Tx?
Technology framework: Duplex methods
D S U U U D S U U U
D S U D D D D D D D
The classics: FDD (guard band)
and TDD (guard time)
The flexible: HetNet with flexible duplex
The future outlook:
Full duplex to obtain higher
Capacity
(at costs of higher complexity)
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Today‘s situation + future splitOutdoor cell
Today: one common RAT
for all access scenarios:
indoor, outdoor. High
velocity, large and small
cells, …
Outdoor cell
Future: various RATs for
various access scenarios:
indoor, outdoor, low + high
velocity, large and small
cell sites
i.e. low mobility, high data rate i.e. high mobility, large cell sizei.e. machine type,
long standby time
33March 2015
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Very High CapacityActive Antenna Systems (AAS) Potential
ı Very large (in terms of number of
Tx elements) antenna array at the
base station eventually also at the
end user device
ı Very small (in terms of dimensions)
antenna arrays possible at high
frequencies
ı Efficient OTA antenna pattern
verification is gaining significant
importance
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Beamforming and electronic tilt
Pattern A, Pattern B
Separate TX and RX tilt
RX
TXTilt per carrier / standard
e.g. GSM, WCDMA, LTE
Vertical sectorization
Feasibility Study: AAS MeasurementMeasurement Details
ı Far field conditions at 3.8 GHz with UUT diameter of 0.85 m (square with side lengths of 0.6 m) would
be reached at around 17 m 𝑅 >2 𝐷2
𝜆
ı Near-field to far-field transformation is required
FIAFTA: Fast Irregular Antenna Field Transformation Algorithm
Excellent flexibility (arbitrary probes, irregular grids)
Excellent accuracy
In use at R&S antenna test chamber in Memmingen
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Massive MIMO Passive Measurements
(Antenna)
Bas
esta
tio
n P
assi
ve A
nte
nn
a M
easu
rem
ent
Measurement Methodology
Spiral Spherical Scanner
Near Field to Far Field
3.8 GHz
0.6 x 0.6 m
6.0 GHz
radius 0.45 m
Angular
resolution5° 3°
Measurement
time2:45 min 5:30 min
Improvement
(vs. Spherical)32 times faster 40 times faster
Near Field E-field
Holographic Projection 3D Far Field Patterns
1710 MHz
Measurement Results
2170 MHz
Massive MIM
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
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0° tilt
30° tilt
Feasibility Study: AAS Measurement3D Results
ı Measurements of base station /
antenna array prototypes carried out
as part of cooperation between
CMCC and R&S
ı Collaboration with 3rd party test lab
in Beijing
ı Tests with base stations have been
carried out successfully for:
ı Angular resolution: 4°
(elevation & azimuth)
ı 11 frequencies @ ~2 GHz
3:30 minutes test time
QPS for Antenna Measurements (dynamic beamforming
measurements) RF unit with:
96 Tx Channel
96 Rx Channel
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COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
R&S test solutions to investigate, develop and standardize 5G
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Wideband Signal Tests
New 5G PHY Candidates E2e Application TestingComponent Characterization
Direct measurements up to 110 GHz
I 40 GHz signal generation without need for up-conversion
I 85 GHz analysis w/o down-conv.I 2 GHz bandwidth
Massive MIMO - Beamforming
R&S®ZNBT
R&S®SMW200+6x R&S®SGT100
R&S®SMW200
R&S®FSW85
DUT
UP
< 40 GHz > 40 GHz
R&S®RTO R&S®ZVA
I Phase-coherent RF generationI Multi-port VNA
R&S®NGMOR&S®CMW500
DUT
Analyze application behavior like signaling load, delay, power etc.
CONTEST
CMWrun
Signal generator
SpectrumAnalyzer
DigitalOscilloscope
NetworkAnalyzer
R&S®FS-K196
Channel Sounding Solution
R&S®SMW200 R&S®FSW85
I fast measurement in time domainI support for in- and outdoor sounding I very high dynamic range
Signal generator
Data AnalysisSoftware
Spectrum Analyzer w/ in-build amplifier
R&S®TS-5GCS
R&S®SMW200–K114
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5G – The Sophisticated Successor of 4GTake Away
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Significant test & measurement impact from:
ı Use of cm-/mm-wave frequencies and higher bandwidth
ı New air interface candidates
– still a number of options are investigated
ı The need to enhance OTA measurements
due to beam forming and advanced
active antenna implementations in eNB and UE
Rohde & Schwarz is committed to supporting the wireless communications
industry with the solutions needed to investigate, develop and standardize 5G
Essential 5G research is still ongoing (strong global momentum),
activities progress towards pre-R&D level
Thank you !
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