The process by which cells harvest the
energy stored in food
Cellular respiration
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SAVING FOR A Rainy Day Suppose you earned extra money by having a
part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend all of the money, but then you decide to open a bank account.
What are the benefits of having a bank account?
What do you have to do if you need some of this money?
What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities?
What does your body do when it needs energy?
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Feel the Burn
Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good
ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses
oxygen to get energy from glucose,
a six-carbon sugar.
How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance?
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How do living organisms fuel their actions?
Cellular respiration: the big picture
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ATP
Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
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ATP
ATP
Energy
Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
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Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs
cycle
Electron
transport
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
Alcohol or
lactic acid
Section 9-1 Chemical Pathways
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Cellular Respiration: The Big Picture C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
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Cellular
Respiration:
The big picture
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Glucose Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic
acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs
Cycle
Electrons
carried in
NADH and
FADH2 Electron
Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Cellular Respiration: The Big Picture
Mitochondrion
Section 9-1
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Three-Step
Process
Biggest ATP
“payoff” (90%)
occurs during the
electron transport
chain.
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Cellular Respiration Section 9-2
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
Glycolysis Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
+
Water
(H2O)
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Cellular Respiration
Requires (1) fuel and (2) oxygen.
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds of
sugar, protein, and fat molecules.
Breaks bonds to release the high-energy electrons
captured in ATP.
Oxygen is electron magnet.
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Cellular Respiration
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In Humans…
Eat food
Digest it
Absorb nutrient molecules into bloodstream
Deliver nutrient molecules to the cells
At this point, our cells can begin to extract
some of the energy stored in the bonds of the
food molecules
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Aerobic Respiration – the video
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Glycolysis is the universal energy-releasing
pathway
splitting (lysis) of sugar (glyco)
1st step all organisms on the planet
take in breaking down food
molecules
for many single-celled organisms
this one step is sufficient to provide
all of the energy they need
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Glycolysis is the universal energy-releasing
pathway
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Glycolysis Three of the ten steps yield energy
quickly harnessed to make ATP
High-energy electrons are transferred to NADH
Net result:
each glucose molecule broken down into two
molecules of pyruvate
ATP molecules produced
NADH molecules store high-energy electrons
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Glycolysis
Glucose (6C) is broken down into 2 PGAL
(Phosphoglyceraldehyde – 3 Carbon molecules)
Cost: 2 ATP
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Glycolysis
2 PGAL (3C) are
converted to 2
pyruvates
Result: 4 ATP, 2
NADH
net ATP production =
2 ATP
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How Glycolysis Works
Animation
Animation
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Glycolysis: The Movie
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The Fate of Pyruvate Yeast: pyruvic acid is decarboxylated and reduced by
NADH to form a molecule of carbon dioxide and one of ethanol accounts for the bubbles and alcohol in, for examples, beer
and champagne (alcoholic fermentation) process is energetically wasteful because so much of the free
energy of glucose (~95%) remains in the alcohol (a good fuel!)
Red blood cells and active muscles: pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH forming a molecule of lactic acid (lactic acid fermentation) process is energetically wasteful because so much free energy
remains in the lactic acid molecule
Mitochondria: pyruvic acid is oxidized completely to form CO2 & H2O (cellular respiration) ~ 40% of energy in original glucose molecule is trapped in
molecules of ATP
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If glycolysis is very inefficient, why do it?
1. Because pyruvate can be metabolized to yield
more water
2. Because pyruvate can be metabolized to yield
more CO2
3. Because pyruvate can be metabolized to
absorb more electrons
4. Because pyruvate can be further metabolized
to yield more energy
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The mitochondrion
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Mitochondria: found in all cells in the human body except RBCs
Surrounded by an outer membrane w/transport proteins through lipid bilayer
Inner membrane impermeable to ions and other small molecules, except where a path is provided by transport proteins
Inner membrane has many folds called cristae
Matrix: central area of organelle
Site for production of cellular energy using Krebs cycle
The Preparatory Phase to the Krebs Cycle
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The Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A for
Entry Into the Krebs Cycle
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After glycolysis (cytoplasm), pyruvic acid
interior of mitochondrion
CO2 removed from each 3C pyruvic acid molecule
acetic acid
acetic acid combines with coenzyme A acetyl
coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
Once acetyl CoA is formed, Krebs cycle begins
In the process, electrons and a hydrogen ion are
transferred to NAD to form high-energy NADH
The Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A for
Entry Into the Kreb's Cycle
2 NADH are generated
2 CO2 are released
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The Krebs Cycle extracts energy from sugar
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Acetic acid (from) + oxaloacetate = citrate
Acetyl CoA carries acetic acid from one enzyme
another
Acetyl CoA is released by hydrolysis, combine
w/another acetic acid, re-enters Krebs cycle
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The Kreb’s Cycle extracts energy from sugar
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2 (to
atmosphere)
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The Krebs Cycle extracts energy from sugar
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The Kreb’s Cycle extracts energy from sugar
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Animation
Krebs: The Movie
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Krebs: The Movie (Part 2)
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Building ATP in the electron transport chain
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2 key features of mitochondria
1. mitochondrial “bag-within-a-bag”
structure
2. electron carriers organized within
the inner “bag”
Building ATP in the electron transport chain
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2 mitochondrial spaces higher concentrations
of molecules in one area or the other
1. intermembrane space
2. mitochondrial matrix
concentration gradient = potential energy
energy released can be used to do work
ETC: energy used to build ATP
The “bag-within-a-bag”
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Follow the Electrons, as We Did in
Photosynthesis
#2) This proton concentration
gradient represents a significant
source of potential energy! 41
Proton Gradients and Potential Energy
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Force of H+ ion flow acts as fuel
free-floating phosphate groups +
ADP = ATP
Electron Transport: The Movie
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Electron Transport: The Movie (Part 2)
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Energy is obtained from a molecule of glucose in a
stepwise fashion. Why would this method of harvesting
energy be beneficial to the cell/organism?
1. It is more efficient to form sugars a little bit at a
time rather than all at once.
2. It is more efficient to release energy a little bit at
a time rather than in one giant explosion.
3. It is more efficient to make ATP from ADP than
to make it from scratch.
4. All of the above.
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Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Why?
1. The mitochondria also synthesize sugars.
2. The mitochondria are used to convert oxygen to
carbon dioxide for the plant.
3. The mitochondria break down sugars produced
by photosynthesis to provide energy for the
cellular work of the plant.
4. The mitochondria break down fat produced by
photosynthesis to provide energy for the cellular
work of the plant.
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Alternative Pathways to Energy Acquisition
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Rapid, strenuous exertion bodies fall behind in delivering O2 from lungs
bloodstream cells mitochondria
O2 deficiency limits rate at which the mitochondria can break
down fuel and produce ATP occurs because ETC requires O2 as final acceptor
of all e- generated during glycolysis & Krebs e- from NADH (and FADH2) have nowhere to go
Alternative Pathways to Energy Acquisition
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NAD+ /FAD+ halted
no recipient for e- harvested from breakdown of
glucose and pyruvate
process of cellular respiration stops
Most organisms have a back-up method for
breaking down sugar
animals: in absence of oxygen, pyruvate accepts e-
from NADH
when pyruvate accepts e-, forms lactic acid
Alternative Pathways to Energy Acquisition
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Animation: Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alternative Pathways to Energy Acquisition
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Yeast
e- acceptor is acetaldehyde
leads to the production of all drinking
alcohol
produce alcohol only in the absence of
oxygen
fermentation tanks used in producing
wine, beer, and other spirits are built
specifically to keep oxygen out
Alternative Pathways to Energy Acquisition
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Animation: Alcoholic Fermentation
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Which process below uses anaerobic respiration?
1. Running 10 miles
2. Swimming 1 mile
3. Sprinting 100 meters
4. Making beer
5. 3 and 4
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