The Rebirth of Exploration The Rebirth of Exploration and Settlement:and Settlement:
1754 - 18341754 - 1834
The Frontier Institutions
Mission (21) Pueblo (7) Presidio (4)
Spanish Colonial OrganizationSpanish Colonial Organization
MissionsMissions• A Christian church or
outpost established in a remote area for the purpose of spreading Christianity to non-Christians.
• Jesuits and Franciscans
• Provided: Spiritual Guidance
• 1st Mission: San Diego (1769)
San Juan Capistrano
Santa Barbara San Juan Capistrano
San Juan Bautista
Great Stone Church
PueblosPueblos
• A community of farmers and other civilians (village or town)
• Landowning Spaniards• Provided: Food for missions and presidios• 1st Pueblo: San Jose (1776)
Los Angeles
PresidiosPresidios
• Military fort under the command of a Spanish officer
• Provided: protection for pueblos and missions within military districts
• 1st Presidio: San Diego (1769)
San Francisco
Defending the Spanish EmpireDefending the Spanish Empire
• The Seven Years’ War (1756 – 1763):– The first world war
• The French and Indian War (1754 – 1763): The last war for colonial power– Surrender of French
Quebec and Spanish Cuba
– Spanish loss of Florida (to regain Cuba)
Last of the Mohicans
The Intercolonial WarsThe Intercolonial Wars
Expulsion of the Jesuits (1767)Expulsion of the Jesuits (1767)
• Charles III of Spain and his distrust of the Jesuits
• Father Serra and the Franciscans
• Jose de Galvez– Revitalization of New Spain’s government– Mission: Organize expeditions to establish
permanent settlements in Alta California
The Sacred ExpeditionThe Sacred Expedition
• Three by Sea– San Carlos (110 days to reach San Diego)– San Antonio (54 days to reach San Diego)– San Jose (Shipwrecked – no survivors)– 30 men survived (over 2/3 died on expedition)
• Two by Land– Captain Rivera– Captain Portola & Father Serra
• 1st mission & presidio in San Diego (1769)
• Establish settlements in San Diego and Monterey from Baja California
Father Serra’s JourneyFather Serra’s Journey
The Baja California Mission Trail (1769)
The Struggle for SettlementThe Struggle for Settlement
• Religious and Military Problems
– Disorderly behavior of soldiers
– Issue between soldiers and missionaries over mission locations
• Disputes With the Governor
– Lack of support for mission maintenance and protection
The Black Legend
The Black LegendThe Black Legend
• Term coined by Julian Juderias in 1914 (La Leyenda Negra) to depict the Spanish as cruel, intolerant, and fanatical.
• Anti-Spanish protestant propaganda
• Elements of the Legend:– The Conquest of
America (Conquista)– The Spanish Inquisition
The Spanish InquisitionThe Spanish Inquisition
• The Reconquista – The 800-year war of Christians retaking Iberia (Spain & Portugal) from the Muslims
• Established by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain (1478)
• Growing suspicion of recently converted Jews, Protestants, and Muslims.
• Estimated 150,000 prosecuted and 5,000 killed
• Hollywood’s Rendition
Cruelty of the Inquisition:Cruelty of the Inquisition:The ForkThe Fork
The Judas Cradle & Garrote The Judas Cradle & Garrote
The Spike & Head CrusherThe Spike & Head Crusher
The Spanish TicklerThe Spanish Tickler
The Lead Sprinkler & PearThe Lead Sprinkler & Pear
The Saw & Thumb ScrewThe Saw & Thumb Screw
Support From the ViceroySupport From the Viceroy
• Replacement of governor
• Creation of overland route from Sonora to Alta California
• Improvement of Supply System
• DeAnza’s 2nd Expedition– Establishment of permanent settlement in San
Francisco– Women and children
El Camino Real (1821)El Camino Real (1821)