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]NI RIDGHGFYS BIDGIAS FA ]NFE@S [@GOI
Bio Criosn`w
Cfdfog`d @eirgc` NGS 3=0
Mr. Eissir
Miciebir >, 2;;7
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Criosn`w 0
]ni cfocipt fa gomgvgmu`dgse gs ` n`dde`rj fa wistiro cgvgdgz`tgfo `om spicgagc`ddy @eirgc`o cudturi `om
gmiotgty. Gt miagois `om mgct`tis iviry a`cit fa fur dgvis< hfviroeiot `om pfdgcy, rghnts `om dgbirtgis, busgoiss `om
cfosueirgse, `om a`egdy `om pirsfo`d dgai. Nfwivir, tni pirspictgvi tn`t e`o gs prge`rgdy rispfosgbdi afr ngesida
`om tnio sicfom`rgdy tf ftnirs gs ` rid`tgvidy riciot cfocipt. ]ni e`lfrgty fa cudturis `rfuom tni wfrdm `om
tnrfuhnfut nue`o ngstfry n`vi biio cfddictgvi sfcgitgis tn`t pd`cim iepn`sgs upfo tni a`egdy `om sfcg`d
frh`ogz`tgfos `bfvi gomgvgmu`d oiims om w`ots. Gt w`s murgoh tni afurtiiotn ciotury Gt`dg`o Rio`gss`oci `om d`tir
tni ighntiiotn ciotury Iodghntioeiot tn`t e`o w`s idiv`tim tf tni st`tus fa ` supriei bigoh wnfsi pftiotg`d w`s
dgegtdiss. ]ni rgsi fa nue`ogstgc tnfuhnt pd`cim `o iepn`sgs upfo e`os mghogty, c`p`bgdgtgis, `om ispicg`ddy
r`tgfo`dgty, e`jgoh nge tni ei`suri fa `dd tngohs. D`tir, dgbir`dgse h`vi bgrtn tf tni bidgia fa gomgvgmu d ariimfe,
wngcn rilictim tni eimgiv`d oftgfos fa tni Mgvgoi Rghnt fa Jgohs, `rgstfcr`tgc rudi, nirimgt`ry succissgfo, `om
ridghgfus ist`bdgsneiots. @s tni rfdi `om `bgdgty fa tni gomgvgmu`d w`s iepn`sgzim `om gmi`dgzim, cirt`go pirsfos
rfsi tf tni nighnts fa nue`o pftiotg`d, siiegohdy iebfmygoh tnisi bidgias `om prfvgoh tnie cfrrict.
]nfe`s [`goi w`s foi sucn gomgvgmu`d. Bfro go
Iohd`om go tni i`rdy ighntiiotn ciotury, ni dgvim tnrfuhn tni
iom fa tni Iodghntioeiot (01=>-08>7)0`om wgtoissim tni
m`wogoh fa tni efmiro `hi (08>7).2 [`goi w`s ` prfmuct fa
ngs iovgrfoeiot `om ni iotnusg`stgc`ddy `om bfdmdy
p`rtgcgp`tim go tni oiw `om ixcgtgoh gmi`s fa ngs tgei. [`goi
w`s viry sjgddim wgtn ngs pio `om ngs e`oy bffjs `om
p`epndits wiri widd ricigvim, wgmidy ri`m, `om hri`tdy
goaduiotg`d bftn go @eirgc` `om Iurfpi. [`goi mgm oft dgegt
tni scfpi fa ngs wrgtgoh, `om tni v`rgity fa tfpgcs ni tfucnim
fo ivgmiocim ngs ctgvi, tnfuhntaud, `om cri`tgvi egom. Go
e`oy rispicts, [`goi w`s `ni`m fa ngs tgei. Ngs prfhrissgvi
gmi`s fo ripubdgc`o hfviroeiot, nue`o iqu`dgty, ariimfe, dgbirtgis, `om o`tur`d rghnts gospgrim e`oy fa ngs
cfotiepfr`rgis `om nidpim afre tni afuom`tgfo afr miefcr`tgc `om ripubdgc`o pfdgtgc`d systies fa hfviroeiot. 3
[`goi cfotrgbutim tf tni e`tur`tgfo `om pfpud`rgty fa Migse, sfcg`dgse, `om bgbdgc`d crgtgcgse: ngs scgiotgagc wfrj gs
`dsf qugti oft`bdi.= ]nrfuhnfut ngs dgai ni cfotgou`ddy e`ogaistim ` nue`ogt`rg`o spgrgt `om cfociro tf sirvi ftnir
Jiy M`tis go ]nfe`s [`goi's Dgai
0838 Bgrtn go ]nitafrm, Iohd`om
089=-0898 @t si`
0898-0897 Xfrjim go Dfomfo `om stumgim
Oiwtfog`o pnysgcs
0897 Efvim tf Jiot `om e`rrgim E`ry
D`ebirt
0897-0819 Ixcgsi faagcir go Iohd`om
0811-088=Dgvim go Diwis, Sussix `ome`rrgim Idgz`bitn Fddgvi
088= S`gdim afr @eirgc`
0881 Xrfti Cfeefo Siosi
0881-08>3 Xrfti ]ni @eirgc`o Crgsgs
08>8 ]r`vidim tf Iurfpi fo scgiotgagc
busgoiss
0870 Xrfti ]ni Rghnts fa E`o
0873 Xrfti p`rt foi fa tni@hi fa
Ri`sfo
0879 Xrfti p`rt twf fa tni@hi fa
Ri`sfo
0871 Xrfti@hr`rg`o Lustgci
0>;7 Mgim go Oiw Wfrj Cgty
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Criosn`w 2
pifpdi. Go efri pr`ctgc`d w`ys ni w`s gostrueiot`d go cn`epgfogoh tni @eirgc`o c`usi fa gomipiomioci murgoh tni
Rivfdutgfo`ry X`r (0889-08>3). Ngs p`epndit, Cfeefo Siosi, wrgttio go tni i`rdy wgotir fa 0881, `rhuim strfohdy
afr sip`r`tgfo arfe Iohd`om `om nidpim r`ddy tni @eirgc`o pifpdi bingom tni w`r iaafrt. Ngs oueirfus@eirgc`o
Crgsgsdittirs murgoh tni cfoadgct iocfur`him sfdmgirs `om cgtgzios `dgji, prfvgmgoh nfpi `om tgeidy ripfrts fo tni
prfhriss fa tni w`r.
[`goi w`s govfdvim go efri tn`o foi rivfdutgfo. Ni n`ppioim tf bi go Iohd`om wnio tni Ariocn
rivfdutgfo bih`o go 08>7, `om ni sffo bic`ei `ctgvi go cn`epgfogoh tni c`usi fa tni cfeefo Ariocn e`o.9 Go
rispfosi tf Imeuom BurjisRiadictgfos fo tni Ariocn Rivfdutgfo (go wngcn Burji miaiomim Jgoh Dfugs ^QG `om
cfomieoim tni rivfdt),1[`goi wrfti tniRghnts fa E`o, sittgoh afrtn ngs pfdgtgc`d pngdfsfpny go miaiosi fa e`os
rghnts `om ariimfes. D`tir go ngs dgai, [`goi purpfsidy ixpd`goim ngs vgiws fo ridghgfo, spicgagc`ddy rih`rmgoh
Cnrgstg`ogty. ]ni@hi fa Ri`sfocri`tim qugti ` stgr sgoci gt w`s ` cdi`r miouocg`tgfo fa bftn Cnrgstg`ogty `om tni
Bgbdi `om gosti`m prfeftim `om iebr`cim Migse. Ngs d`st e`lfr wfrj,@hr`rg`o Lustgci, wrgttio go 0871, `mvfc`tim
prfpirty rghnts `om `o iom tf pfvirty go Iohd`om.8 By tni tgei ni mgim go 0>;7 `t tni hi fa 82, ngs o`ei om
wrgtgohs wiri widd jofwo go @eirgc`, Iohd`om, `om Ar`oci.
@dtnfuhn tgei n`s m`epioim [`gois pfpud`rgty, ngs wfrms `om gmi`s `ri lust `s pfwiraud `om ridiv`ot
tfm`y `s tniy wiri twf cioturgis `hf. @eirgc`os ispicg`ddy snfudm n`vi rispict `om hr`tgtumi afr tngs e`o wnf
pd`yim sucn `o gotihr`d `om vgt`d rfdi go nidpgoh sn`pi tni Yogtim St`tis fa tfm`y. Eucn n`s biio wrgttio `bfut
[`goi sgoci (`om ivio biafri) ngs mi`tn. Ni n`s tiomim tf bi pfd`rgzgoh aghuri, igtnir ivfjgoh `mfr`tgfo `om
rispict, fr n`trim `om iovy arfe tnfsi wnf c`ei gotf cfot`ct wgtn nge fr wnf n`vi stumgim ngs dgai. E`oy n`vi
uomirt`jio tf wrgti ngs bgfhr`pny, sfei bigoh efri bg`sim `om sd`otim tn`o ftnirs. Hioir`ddy spi`jgoh, [`goi w`s
hri`tdy crgtgcgzim murgoh tni ogoitiiotn ciotury `om gt n`s oft biio uotgd riciotdy tn`t efri a`vfr`bdi eiefgrs n`vi
biio wrgttio `bfut nge.>
Bffjs `om `rtgcdis n`vi `bfuomim fvir tni yi`rs crgtgqugoh ngs pfdgtgc`d vgiws, ngs `rhueiots afr sfcg`dgse
`om iqu`dgty, ngs ridghgfus `om tnifdfhgc`d wfrjs, ngs rnitfrgc `om wrgtgoh stydi, `om tni gep`ct ni n`s n`m fo e`oy
mgaairiot mgscgpdgois `om agidms fa stumy. Mui tf tni e`oy vfdueis tn`t n`vi biio wrgttio `bfut [`goi, gt eghnt bi
tiepgoh tf tngoj tn`t oft eucn efri c`o bi s gm. Nfwivir, tni primfego`ot afcus n`s biio fo ngs pfdgtgc`d, sfcg`d,
`om icfofegc fpgogfos `om `ssirtgfos. [`goi n`s `ccur`tidy biio lumhim `om iv`du`tim by ngs wfrms, yit gt gs i`sy
tf ri`m wn`t ni wrfti but oft uomirst`om wnf [`goi w`s `om wny ni s gm wn`t ni mgm. ]ni hf`d fa tngs p`pir gs tf
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Criosn`w 3
mgscfvir tni ridghgfus `om tnifdfhgc`d cfovgctgfos fa ]nfe`s [`goi sgoci tniy cfostgtutim tni cfri fa ngs dgai `om
bidgias.7 Gt gs oft iofuhn lust tf jofwo wn t [`goi s`gm: tni jiy tf uomirst`omgoh wn`t ni s`gm gs tf jofw wnf ni
w`s `om wn`t ni bidgivim.
]f ` hri`t ixtiot, [`gois ridghgfus `om spgrgtu`d bidgias wiri efdmim by ngs iovgrfoeiot `om tni
cgrcuest`ocis surrfuomgoh ngs i`rdy dgai `om `mfdisciot mividfpeiot. Mispgti tni i`rdy goaduioci fa ngs a`tnirs
Pu`jir bidgias, [`goi w`s primfego`otdy ` cngdm fa tni Iodghntioeiot `om ngs ridghgfus bidgias wiri `dd gotirpritim
tnrfuhn tni dios fa o`tur`d d`ws `om ri`sfo, iviotu`ddy risudtgoh go nge `mnirgoh tf ` puridy Migstgc ridghgfus
pngdfsfpny.0; ]ni ridghgfus `om gotiddictu`d cfotixt bftn go ngs nfeitfwo `om go Iohd`om go tni i`rdy ighntiiotn
ciotury cfotrgbutim hri`tdy tf ngs pirsfo`d `om spgrgtu`d mividfpeiot. Ngs eftnirs `om ispicg`ddy ngs a`tnirs
ridghgfus bidgias (@ohdgc`ogse `om Pu`jirgse) wiri afre`tgvi go ngs cngdmnffm yi`rs, yit iviotu`ddy wiri icdgpsim
by tni Oiwtfog`o imuc`tgfo ni ricigvim tn`t dim nge tf iebr`ci Migse. Dgji efst pifpdi, [`gois bidgias wiri oft
st`tgc `om dgaidiss but cfotgou`ddy cn`ohim `om ivfdvim. ]ngs gs efst ivgmiot wnio cfep`rgoh ngs bidgias go
Cfeefo Siosi(0881) wgtn ngs ridghgfus wfrj, ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo, wrgttio 08 yi`rs d`tir. Go tni iom, [`goi
cfepditidy `om uttirdy rilictim Cnrgstg`ogty `om tni Hfm fa tni Bgbdi: stgdd, ni mgm oft tft`ddy `b`omfo ridghgfo 00but
rie`goim `o `m`e`ot tnigst wnf sfuhnt tf stie tni cfegoh tgmi fa `tnigse.
]r`cgoh tni mividfpeiot `om ivfdutgfo fa [`gois ridghgfus bidgias gs ` mgaagcudt t`sj sgoci [ `goi mgm oft
afre`ddy ixpriss ngs ridghgfus pirspictgvis uotgd ni w`s agaty-sgx. ]ni@hi fa Ri`sfocdi`rdy futdgois wn`t ni
bidgivim `s fa 0873 `om 0879, but tnisi bidgias c`ooft bi prflictim b`cj tf 0881, dit `dfoi ngs cngdmnffm `om yfuoh
`mudt yi`rs, afr ni cfudm n`vi bidgivim sfeitngoh idsi i`rdgir go ngs dgai. 02 ]niriafri, gt gs oiciss ry tf st`rt `t tni
bihgoogoh `om go tni efst `ccur`ti `om uobg`sim w`y pfssgbdi mgscfvir tni prfhrissgfo fa [`gois spgrgtu`d `om
ridghgfus dgai. ]ni cfocdusgfo fa tngs lfuroiy wgdd nfpiauddy ygidm ` efri gotge`ti `om cfepriniosgvi uomirst`omgoh
fa tni pirsfo fa ]nfe`s [`goi.
[`goi w`s bfro go tni e`rjit tfwo fa ]nitafrm, Iohd`om, go 0838. ]nitafrm w`s dfc`tim go tni dfwir-dygoh
Ofrafdj cfuoty go i`st Iohd`om `om w`s sgtu`tim `dfoh tni e`go rfuti cfooictgoh Dfomfo `om Ofrwgcn.
03
]nfe`ss
a`tnir, Lfsipn [`go, w`s 00 yi`rs yfuohir tn`o ngs wgai Ar`ocis Cfcji [`go,0=`om ni wfrjim go tni st`ye`jgoh
busgoiss.09 Ngs a`egdy dgvim go ` pd`go tn`tcnim cftt`hi nfusi fo Brgmhi Striit01`om [`goi w`s `o fody cngdm `atir
ngs yfuohir sgstir mgim.08
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Criosn`w =
Gt gs gepfrt`ot tf cfosgmir tni
pfdgtgc`d, ridghgfus, `om gotiddictu`d
iovgrfoeiot wngcn surrfuomim [`goi go
]nitafrm `om tnrfuhnfut Iohd`om sgoci gt
c`o bi ` cdui tf tni mividfpeiot fa ngs
ridghgfus bidgias. Murgoh tni tgei tn`t
[`goi dgvim go ]nitafrm, tni tfwo `om gts
surrfuomgoh `ri` w`s fwoim `om
cfotrfddim by tni Mujis fa Hr`atfo. ]ngs
a`egdy e`got`goim cfepditi `rgstfcr`tgc
cfotrfd `om wiri tni tfwos
riprisiot`tgvis tf tni Iohdgsn [`rdg`eiot.0>
Go typgc`d `rgstfcr`tgc a`sngfo, tni pfwiraud
`om wi`dtny Mujis wfudm fatio mgspd`ci
a`reirs `om pffr cfeefoirs wgtnfut mui
cfepios`tgfo `s tniy cfoagsc`tim d`om,
a`res, rf`ms, afrist, `om stri`es go frmir tf
gocri`si tnigr fwo `cri`hi `om rivioui. Go `mmgtgfo, sghogagc`ot wi`dtn h`ps bitwiio tni rgcn `om pffr dim tf crgeis
fa tniat `om burhd`ry `h`gost tni rgcn. Lustgci go tni cfurts (cfotrfddim by tni Mujis) w`s r`ri `om pitty prfpirty
crgeis wiri fatio puogsn`bdi by mi`tn, wngdi tni wi`dtny `om goaduiotg`d w`djim arii. 07 Lust futsgmi tni cgty `om
wgtngo vgiw fa [`gois nfusi stffmC`stdi Ngdd (`dsf c`ddim H`ddfws Ngdd), wngcn w`s ` d`rhi eimgiv`d i`rtnwfrj d`st
usim by tni Ofre`os `s ` afrtgagim eftti.2; [ubdgc ixicutgfos fa tni hugdty wiri nidm i`cn E`rcn `om tnisi iviots
brfuhnt ` eudtgtumi fa crfwms `om ` aistgv`d effm tf ]nitafrm.20 Nfw fatio [`goi wgtoissim tnisi ixicutgfos fr
aidt tni prisioci `om cfotrfd fa tni rgstfcr`tgc pfwir gs oft jofwo. Dgjiwgsi, tni prfspirgty `om sfcg`d st`omgoh fa
ngs a`egdy gs ` eystiry: yit gt gs ri`sfo`bdi tf cfocdumi tn`t ngs a`tnirs lfb `s ` st`ye`jir, wngdi oft fvirdy
prfagt`bdi, w`s `miqu`ti tf prfvgmi ` dgvgoh afr tni a`egdy.22 Gt gs `dsf pfssgbdi tn`t [`goi mividfpim ngs mgsm`go `om
`ogefsgty tfw`rm `bsfduti pfwir `om hfviroeiot murgoh tnisi yi`rs. D`tir go ngs dgai, [`goi wfudm wrgti
ixtiosgvidy fo tni `busi fa pfwir tn`t `rfsi arfe gddihgtge`ti efo`rcngc`d hfviroeiot `om nirimgt`ry succissgfo.
E`p fa Iohd`om. ]nitafrm gs nghndghntim by tni yiddfw st`r fo tni rim rf`m
bitwiio Ofrwgcn `om Dfomfo.
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Criosn`w 9
[`gois bgrtn tfw`rm tni iom fa tniIodghntioeiot `dsf ei`ot tn`t tni tnfuhnts, gmi`s, `om mgscfvirgis fa
tn`t tgei goaduiocim nge go ` mgrict w`y. ]f uomirst`om tni rffts fa tni Iodghntioeiot gt gs oiciss`ry tf hf b`cj tf
tni Egmmdi @his. Afr fvir ` egddioogue, Iurfpi n`m cfei uomir tni sw`y `om spgrgtu`d goaduioci fa tni Rfe`o
C`tnfdgc Cnurcn, wngcn strfvi tf `cngivi uogvirs`d Cnrgstiomfe.23 By tni d`ti agatiiotn `om i`rdy sgxtiiotn
cioturgis cr`cjs go C`tnfdgcgses Iurfpi`o nihiefoybih`o tf snfw `s tni cudtur`d `om ridghgfus rivfdutgfos fa tni
Rio`gss`oci `om Riafre`tgfo fccurrim. ]ni Rio`gss`oci, wngcn bih o go Gt`dy `om spri`m tnrfuhnfut Iurfpi, w`s
` rivgv`d fa gotirist `om stumy go cd`ssgc d Hriij `om Rfe`o dgtir`turi, `rt, `om pfdgtgcs. Ir`seus fa Rfttirm`e
(0=18-0931) w`s pirn`ps tni hri`tist fa `dd tni nue`ogsts wnf crgtgcgzim efo`stgcgse, tni Cnurcn, `om scnfd`stgc
ti`cngohs.2= ]ni Riafre`tgfo, dim by E`rtgo Dutnir (0=>3-09=1), tnriw faa tni ristr`gots fa C`tnfdgc tnifdfhy `om
fpioim tni mffr afr oiw gotirprit`tgfos `om pr`ctgcis fa tni Bgbdi. ]ni hf`d fa ri`cngoh ` uogtim Iurfpi`o
Cnrgstiomfe sdfwdy mgsgotihr`tim `s spdgotir ridghgfus hrfups cri`tim sfcg`d uorist `om mgsfrmir: Iurfpi n`m bih`o
tf ar`heiot.
@t tni s`ei tgei, hri`t scgiotgsts `om e`tnie`tgcg`os e`mi mgscfvirgis tn`t bih`o tf `dtir `cciptim vgiws
fa sfcgity, Hfm, `om tni uogvirsi. Ogcfd`us Cfpirogcus (0=83-09=3) prfvim tn`t tn`t tni suo, oft tni i rtn, w`s tni
ciotir fa tni uogvirsi: Lfn`oo Jidpir (0980-013;) mgscfvirim tn`t tni suos e`hoitgc afrci c`usimtni pd`oits tf
rft`ti: `om H`dgdif H`dgdig (091=-01=2) pfpud`rgzim tni tidiscfpi `om prfvim tn`t tni `ccidir`tgfo fa a`ddgoh fblicts
w`s cfost`ot.29 Wit gt w`s Gs``c Oiwtfo (01=2-0828) wnf brfuhnt `dd tnisi `om ftnir mgscfvirgis tfhitnir `om
succissauddy pfstud`tim ` sgohdi prgocgpdi, ` oivir-cn`ohgoh, `dd-iocfep`ssgoh d`w tn`t hfviroim tni iotgri uogvirsin`m `rrgvim
`om wngdi gt w`s prge`rgdy `o gotiddictu`d efvieiot, gt tfucnim iviry `spict fa dgai `s gt sfuhnt tf uogay ivirytngoh
gotf foi n`refogfus `om systie`tgc wfrdmvgiw. Scgiotgagc prgocgpdis `om nue`o ri`sfo `dgji wiri `ppdgim tf d`w
`om hfviroeiot, `rt, pngdfsfpny, pfdgtgcs, psycnfdfhy, itngcs, `om ridghgfo. ]ni cfocipts fa tni efmiro st`ti `om
sfcgity `s ` sfcg`d cfotr`ct tffj afre `om tni pursugt fa jofwdimhi, ariimfe, `om n`ppgoiss `bfuomim.27 Gt w`s `o
gotiro`tgfo`d efvieiot tn`t ri`cnim `rfuom tni wfrdm `om iviotu`ddy trgcjdim mfwo tf tni cfeefo e`o. Xnio gt
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Criosn`w 1
tfucnim [`gois dgai gt e`mi `o gomidgbdi e`rj,`om gt w`s foi fa tni efst auom`eiot`d goaduiocis tn`t sn`pim nge
tnrfuhnfut ngs iotgri dgai.
Biafri Iodghntioim tnfuhnts `om gmi`s cfudm e`ji tnigr w`y tf [`gois mffrstip, `oftnir iqu`ddy gepfrt`ot
goaduioci bih`o tf efdm `om sn pi nge go ngs yfutn. [`gois p`riots wiri qugti ridghgfus (`s wiri e`oy `t tn`t
tgei) ]ni efst mfego`ot om miagogoh bidgia fa tni Pu`jirs w`s
tni mfctrgoi fa `o Gooir Dghnt, wngcn w`s igtnir tni cfoscgioci fr tni Spgrgt fa Cnrgst (Nfdy Spgrgt) tn`t wfudm
gdduegoi `om hugmi tni gomgvgmu`d tf trutn. ]ngs gooir dghnt riefvim tni oiim afr cdirhy fr `oy ftnir spgrgtu`d
eimg`tfrs, `om w`s tni udtge`ti sfurci afr ridghgfus `utnfrgty tf bi fbiyim `t `dd cfsts. Pu`jirs iebr`cim tni vgiw
fa ` uogvirs`d prgistnffm fa bidgivirs `om nidm tn`t pirsfo`d s`dv`tgfo w`s oft mipiomiot upfo ` s vgfr. Stgdd, tniy
mgm oft rilict tni Scrgpturis cfepditidy, but sfuhnt tf afddfw tni spgrgt fa tni Bgbdi gosti`m fa gts rudi `om d`w.
[irsfo`d ixpirgiocis fa Hfm `om rivid`tgfos wiri iepn`sgzim `om prfcd`geim tf bi efri gepfrt`ot tn`o bgbdgc`d
rivid`tgfo. Go ` efri futw`rm ixprissgfo, Pu`jirs misgrim tngs eiijoiss om nuegdgty tf cn`r`ctirgzi tnigr dgvis `om
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Criosn`w 8
tniy sfuhnt tf ixircgsi trui lustgci `om hffmoiss. Efst fa tnie `mnirim tf p`cgagse `om prfeftim pi`ci,
nue`ogt`rg`o iaafrts, `om sirvgci tf foi `oftnir.37
]niri gs ` bgh mgaairioci bitwiio jofwgoh tni tr`mgtgfo`d vgiws `om bidgias fa Pu`jirgse `om jofwgoh
ix`ctdy wn`t ]nfe`s [`goi w`s t`uhnt om wn`t ni gocfrpfr`tim gotf ngs dgai. Oft fody w`s Pu`jirgse a`grdy oiw
(ivio by tni i`rdy 08;;s), but tni gssui gs cfepdgc`tim by tni a`ct tn`t ngs a`tnir bidfohim tf ` se`dd sict fa Pu`jirs,
wnf wiri efri `otg-frtnfmfx tn`o ftnir Pu`jirs `om tni fody ridghgfus mgssiotgoh hrfup go ]nitafrm `t tn`t tgei. =;
Go `mmgtgfo gt gs bidgivim tn`t ngs a`tnir w`s ixpiddim arfe tni ]nitafrm Pu`jirs `atir ngs e`rrg`hi tf Ar`ocis
([`gois eftnir) mui tf nir eiebirsngp go tni Cnurcn fa Iohd`om.=0 ]f bi suri, tni ]nitafrm Pu`jirs wiri otg
C`tnfdgc-frtnfmfxy, but tf wn`t ixtiot tniy t`uhnt `om iebr`cim Pu`jir bidgias gs uojofwo, `dtnfuhn tniy efst
dgjidy pr`ctgcim tni cfri v`duis eiotgfoim `bfvi.=2
[`gois fwo wfrms rih`rmgoh tni Pu`jirs mf oft cd`rgay tni gssui. [`goi oivir prfaissim tf bi ` Pu jir
(`dtnfuhn foci ni swfri `ddihg`oci tf bftn tni Cnurcn fa Iohd`om `om tf Migse),=3but `t tgeis ni wrfti pfsgtgvidy
`bfut tni Pu`jirs, pr`gsgoh tnigr nue`ogt`rg`ogse `om pngd`otnrfpy:==yit `t ftnir tgeis ni crgtgcgzim tnie afr
di`vgoh tni wfrjs fa Hfm fut fa tnigr systie, `om afr bigoh tff siviri `om ristrgctgvi.=9 @t tni iom fa Cfeefo
Siosi[`goi mivftim spicg`d `ttiotgfo tf `mmrissgoh ` hrfup fa [ngd`midpng` Pu`jirs wnf n`m wrgttio ` p`epndit
fppfsgoh @eirgc`o gomipiomioci `om tni gepiomgoh w`r, `om wiri c`ddgoh afr ricfocgdg`tgfo wgtn Hri`t Brgt`go.
[`gois wfrms wiri sn`rp `om cuttgoh `sni ribuaaim tnigr `rhueiots `om ixpfsim tnigr gocfosgstiocgis.=1 @dsf, gt gs
gotiristgoh tf ofti tn`t [`goi ngesida egsriprisiotim tni Pu`jirs wnio ni wrfti `bfut tnie go ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo.
Rfbirt A`dj t`cjdis tngs gssui go ngs `rtgcdi ]nfe`s [`goi< Migst fr Pu`jir6 A`dj cfep`ris om cfotr`sts tni twf
ridghgfos `om usis [`gois st`tieiots tf prfvi tn`t [`goi mgm oft trudy uomirst`om tni Pu`jir criim. @t foi pfgot
[`goi wrfti rih`rmgoh tni Pu`jirs tn`t tniy mf oft bidgivi eucn `bfut Lisus Cnrgst, `om tniy c`dd tni Scrgpturis `
mi`m dittir.=8 By usgoh tni wfrms fa Hifrhi Afx om Lfno Xffde`o `h`gost [`goi, A`dj miefostr`tis tn`t tngs
st`tieiot gs a`dsi `om tn`t tni Pu`jirs `ri wrfohdy riprisiotim.=>
@dd fa tngs bihs tni quistgfo, nfw eucn w`s [`goi goaduiocim by tni Pu`jirs `s ` cngdm6 X`s gt tni
prge`ry efr`d afuom`tgfo tn`t mgrictim nge afr tni rist fa ngs dgai, fr ` pirgpniry bidgia gocfrpfr`tim gotf `oftnir
wfrdmvgiw6 Efocuri M. Cfow`y, ` ogoitiiotn ciotury bgfhr`pnir fa [`goi, gosgstim tn`t [`goi c`o fody trudy bi
uomirstffm go tni dghnt fa ngs Pu`jirgse, wngcn w`s tni afuom`tgfo fa ngs ridghgfus `om pfdgtgc`d bidgias. =7
Pu`jirgse cirt`gody mgm n`vi `o gep`ct fo [`goi go ` ouebir fa w`ys, but Cfow`ys cd`ges `ri ix`hhir`tim. ]f
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uomirst`om nfw [`goi w`s goaduiocim by Pu`jirgse gt gs oiciss`ry tf jofw tni pfdgtgc`d `om ridghgfus cfotixt go
wngcn tngs ridghgfo bih`o. ]f mf tngs, wi eust hf b`cj tf siviotiiotn ciotury Iohd`om, ` tgei fa hri`t upni`v`d
`om sfcg`d uorist.
]ni st`ti fa ridghgfus tfdir`tgfo go Iohd`om by tni 083;s om 08=;s w`s wfrj go prfhriss. Qfgcis arfe
tni Iodghntioeiot n`m biio c`ddgoh afr `o iom tf ridghgfus cfoadgcts `om hri`tir `ccipt`oci fa ridghgfus mgvirsgty. 9;
]ni Hdfrgfus Rivfdutgfo go Iohd`om go 01>> risudtim go tni C`tnfdgc efo`rcn, L`eis GG, bigoh fvirtnrfwo `om
Xgddg`e `om E`ry fa Fr`ohi cfegoh tf pfwir. ]ngs iaaictgvidy jipt ` Rfe`o C`tnfdgc jgoh faa tni tnrfoi om
agredy ist`bdgsnim [`rdg`eiot `s tni rudgoh pfwir go Iohd`om. 90 Foi fa tni agrst efvis by [`rdg`eiot w`s tf gssui
tni ]fdir`tgfo @ct fa 01>7 hr`otgoh ariimfe fa wfrsngp tf mgssiotgoh [rftist`ot sicts `s dfoh `s tniy swfri f`tns fa
`ddihg`oci tf tni tnrfoi `om st`ti.92 Mispgti tngs prfhriss, C tnfdgcs, @ohdgc`os, `om [rftist`ots wiri stgdd viry
nfstgdi `om `ot`hfogstgc tfw`rm i`cn ftnir.93 @dtnfuhn gt w`s piraictdy dih`d afr tni ]nitafrm Pu`jirs tf pr`ctgci
tnigr bidgias, tiosgfos bitwiio [`gois @ohdgc`o eftnir `om Pu`jir a`tnir efst cirt`gody ixgstim tf sfei mihrii. 9=
Gt gs viry pfssgbdi tn`t sucn ridghgfus tiosgfo w`s `o i`rdy sfurci fa [`gois sjiptgcgse `om quistgfogoh fa `utnfrgty.
Cirt`gody tni ofo-frtnfmfx ]nitafrm Pu`jirs gostgddim go tni yfuoh bfy ` mgst`sti afr `dd tngohs tr`mgtgfo`d `om
c`usim nge tf quistgfo tni priv`gdgoh spgrgtu`d cfovgctgfos.99 @s foi bgfhr`pnir fa [`goi pnr`sim gt, [`goi e`y
widd n`vi `cqugrim arfe tni ]nitafrm Pu`jirs ngs n`bgts fa ofocfoafregty ngs i`si go rilictgoh `cciptim w`ys `om
fpgogfos.91
Fo tni ftnir n`om, gt gs pfssgbdi tf sii tni pfsgtgvi iaaicts fa Pu`jirgse go [`goi. ]ni Pu`jir iepn`sgs fo
nue`ogt`rg`ogse `om tni cgvgd muty eio n`vi tfw`rm i`cn ftnir tffj rfft go [`gois dgai `om w`s ` cfost`ot tr`gt
uotgd tni m`y ni mgim.98 Efri tn`o foci [`goi wrfti a`vfr`bdy `bfut tni pngd`otnrfpy `om hgvgoh spgrgt fa tni
Pu`jirs.9> Go `mmgtgfo, [`goi `cqugrim arfe tni Pu`jirs tni cfoagmioci go ngesida `om ngs pirsfo`d lumheiots tn`t
e`mi ngs Rivfdutgfo`ry dgtir`turi sf pfwiraud `om cfovgocgoh.97 ]nisi futw`rm e`ogaist`tgfos `ri cdi`r ix`epdis
fa tni goaduioci fa [`gois i`rdy spgrgtu`d iovgrfoeiot, but foi eghnt stgdd `sj ga Pu`jirgse ivir tffj ` efri gow`rm
rfdi go tr`osafregoh [`goi pirsfo`ddy. Rfbirt A`dj snims dghnt fo tngs gssui wnio ni `mmrissis [`gois
egscn`r`ctirgz`tgfo fa tni Pu`jirs bidgias. [irciptgvidy, A`dj mfis oft lust crgtgqui wn`t [`goi wrfti, but ni
oftgcis [`gois `ttgtumi. ]ngs `ttgtumi, A`dj ssirts, gs mgstgoctgvidy uo-Pu`jir, `om gs tni mgrict `otgtnisgs fa tni
eiijoiss `om nuegdgty afuom go trui Pu`jirs sucn `s Hifrhi Afx `om Lfno Xffde`o.1; @t foi pfgot go ngs dgai,
[`goi w`s hgvio tni ogcjo`ei Cgtgzio Ihftgse, ` pd`y faa `o i`rdgir tgtdi fa Cgtgzio [`goi ni i`roim afr ngs
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pfsgtgvi rfdi go tni @eirgc`o Rivfdutgfo.10 N`rry N`ymio Cd`rj, d`ti prfaissfr `t tni Yogvirsgty fa Xgscfosgo, `dsf
mgm ` mit`gdim cfep`rgsfo fa [`goi tf Afx `om Xffde`o `om c`ei tf tni cfocdusgfo tn`t [`gois cn`r`ctirw`s
uodgji tnigrs `t ` auom`eiot`d divid. [`goi w`s `o `rcn ihftgst, `rrfh`otdy crgtgc`d fa ftnirs, `om mgstgohugsnim by `o
fvirwiiogoh prgmi go ngesida `om ngs `cngivieiot. Mui tf ngs wfrdmdgoiss, cf`rsioiss, `om puhgdgstgc spgrgt, [`goi
w`s cdi`rdy mgaairiot arfe trui afddfwirs fa Pu`jirgse. 12 ]nus gt siies tn`t wngdi cirt`go `spicts fa Pu`jirgse
prfmucim futw`rm cn`ohis go `ctgfo `om purpfsi go [`gois dgai, gt a`gdim tf t`ji nfdm go ngs spgrgt `om ri`ddy
tr`osafre nge pirsfo`ddy.
Bisgmis Pu`jirgse, [`goi w`s `dsf t`uhnt @ohdgc`o frtnfmfxy `om bidgia arfe ngs eftnirs sgmi. [`goi mgm
oft t`dj eucn `bfut tni rfdi fa Cnrgstg`ogty go ngs i`rdy dgai, but `t foi pfgot go ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo, ni ricfuotim `o
gocgmiot tn`t gs wfrtn t`jgoh ` cdfsir dffj `t.
G widd rieiebir, wnio `bfut sivio fr ighnt yi`rs fa `hi, ni`rgoh ` sirefo ri`m by ` rid`tgfo fa egoi, wnfw`s ` hri`t mivftii fa tni Cnurcn, upfo tni sublict fa wn`t gs c`ddim rimieptgfo by tni mi`tn fa tni Sfo fa
Hfm. @atir tni sirefo w`s iomim, G wiot gotf tni h`rmio, `om `s G w`s hfgoh mfwo tni h`rmio stips (afr G
piraictdy ricfddict tni spft) G rivfdtim `t tni ricfddictgfo fa wn`t G n`m ni`rm, `om tnfuhnt tf eysida tn`t gt
w`s e`jgoh Hfm @deghnty `ct dgji ` p`ssgfo`ti e`o wnf jgddim Ngs sfo wnio Ni cfudm oft riviohi
Ngesida go `oy ftnir w`y, `om, `s G w`s suri ` e`o wfudm bi n`ohim wnf mgm sucn ` tngoh, G cfudm oft sii
afr wn`t purpfsi tniy pri`cnim sucn sirefos (iepn`sgs go tni frghgo`d).13
]f n`vi n`m sucn ` pfwiraud ridghgfus ixpirgioci `t tngs `hi siies tf n`vi miipdy gep`ctim tni bfy, sf
eucn sf tn`t [`goi cdi`rdy rieiebirs tni gocgmiot `defst agaty yi`rs d`tir. Ngs cngdm-dgji `om gogtg`d ri`ctgfo tf tni
stfry fa tni mi`tn fa Lisus gs uomirst`om`bdi go dghnt fa tni prfafuom cfepdixgty `om eystiry fa Lisus goc`ro`tgfo
`om sida-s`crgagci fo e`os bin`da. Xniri`s sfei cngdmrio fatio ixpirgioci Lisus mi`tn `s ` pfsgtgvi iviot arfe
wngcn tniy c`o bioiagt (`om afr e`oy ` pirsfo`d ri`dgty tn`t ivfjis hr`tgtumi `om mivftgfo), [`gois egom `s ` cngdm
siies tf rivi`d ` mgaairiot `o`dysgs, riadictgfo, `om pirspictgvi. @s ` sivio fr ighnt yi r fdm cngdm ni w`s strucj by
tni golustgci `om crgego`dgty fa tni iviot `om ni bidgivim tn`t Hfm w`s tff hffm tf mf sucn `o `ctgfo, `om `dsf tff
`deghnty tf bi uomir `oy oicissgty fa mfgoh gt. Afr [`goi tngs w`s oft ` se`dd e`ttir, but wn`t ni c`ddim ` sirgfus
riadictgfo.1=
Afr ` bfy fa tngs `hi tf ioh`hi go miip tnfuhnt `bfut Cnrgsts mi`tn `om cfei tf tni cfocdusgfo tn`t Hfm
wfudm oivir mf sucn ` tngoh fo tni b`sgs fa ngs hffmoiss `om pfwir (dit `dfoi tni a`ct tn`t gt wfudm bi cfosgmirim
eurmirfus) gs strgjgoh `om surprgsgoh. ]ngs gs ivgmioci fa [`gois eiot`d `om gotiddictu`d c`p`cgty. Sucn tnfuhnts
dim tni bfy tf aiid qugti sjiptgc`d fa tni wnfdi `aa`gr `om [`goi d`tir wrfti tn`t arfe ` yfuoh `hi ni igtnir mfubtim
tni trutn fa tni Cnrgstg`o systie fr tnfuhnt gt tf bi ` str`ohi `aa`gr. 19 @dtnfuhn [`goi iviotu`ddy c`ei tf rilict
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frtnfmfx Cnrgstg`ogty, gt gs wfrtn oftgoh tn`t ni mgm oft rilict Hfm, afr ivio `s ` cngdm ni `aagreim tni ixgstioci fa
tni @deghnty. Ngs sti`ma`st bidgia go Hfms bioivfdioci `om feogpftioci `s ` yfuoh d`m wfudm cfotgoui wgtn nge
`s ni e`turim `om iviotu`ddy afuom ixprissgfo go ` cfepditidy mgaairiot ridghgfo. ]ngs ridghgfo w`s oft afuomim fo
tni tioits fa C`tnfdgc fr [rftist`ot Cnrgstg`ogty, but fo `o iotgridy oiw cfocipt, nft arfe tni jgdo fa tni
Iodghntioeiot. ]ngs ridghgfo w`s b`sim fo scgioci `om ri`sfo gosti`m fa scrgpturi `om rivid`tgfo, `om gt tffj tni
gotiddictu`d wfrdm fa tni siviotiiotn `om ighntiiotn cioturgis by stfre. ]ngs cfocipt w`s Oiwtfog`o pnysgcs om
[`goi w`s `bfut tf mgscfvir gt.
]nfe`s [`goi mgm oft ricigvi eucn afre`d imuc`tgfo. Ni `ttiomim hr`ee`r scnffd go ]nitafrm afr ` tgei
`s ` cngdm, but w`s puddim fut by ngs a`tnir wnio ni w`s tngrtiio tf bihgo ` st`ye`jgoh `ppriotgcisngp afr tnrii
yi`rs.11 @dtnfuhn D`tgo w`s t`uhnt `t tni hr`ee`r scnffd, [`goi mgm oft di`ro gt ngesida, p`rtdy bic`usi ni w`s oft
gotiristim `om p`rtdy bic`usi fa tni Pu`jir fblictgfos tf tni bffjs tn`t wiri wrgttio go D`tgo. Mispgti tngs sit-b`cj,
]nfe`s sfuhnt tf uomirst`om tni v`rgity fa sublicts tn`t wiri t`uhnt `t tni scnffd.18 @atir hr`ee`r scnffd [`goi
spiot tni oixt aiw yi`rs wfrjgoh wgtn ngs a`tnir, yit ni w`s ristdiss. Sf, `t siviotiio ni sghoim fo bf`rm tni
prgv`tiir ]irrgbdicfee`omim by ` cirt`go C`pt`go Mi`tn om bih`o ngs s`gdgoh `mvioturis. [`goi st`yim `t si`
`bf`rm ` ouebir fa sngps uotgd ni w`s twioty.1>
Go 0898 ni rituroim tf Dfomfo `om wfrjim afr twf yi`rs `s ` st`ye`jir afr ` agre fwoim by ` Er.
Efrrgs.17 ]nisi wiri sfei fa tni efst gepfrt`ot yi`rs go [`gois dgai bic`usi gt w`s `t tngs pfgot tn`t ni bih`o `
sirgfus stumy fa scgioci, wfrjgoh murgoh tni m`y om `ttiomgoh dicturis go ngs sp`ri tgei. [`goi d`tir cfoaissim tn`t
tni o`tur`d biot fa ey egom w`s tf scgioci, `om `atir purcn`sgoh ` p`gr fa hdfbis `om `o frriry, 8;ni bih`o hfgoh
tf ni`r pngdfsfpngc`d dicturis by Biol`ego E`rtgo `om L`eis Airhusfo.80 E`rtgo `om Airhusfo wiri stumiots fa
Oiwtfog`o scgioci `om rispictim
scnfd`rs go tnigr fwo rghnt. E`rtgo n`m
riciotdy wrgttio tnrii bffjs fo
Oiwtfog`o pngdfsfpny
82
`om tni yi`r
biafri (0891), Airhusfo n`m pubdgsnim
@strfofey Ixpd`goim upfo Sgr Gs``c
Oiwtfos [rgocgpdis `om e`mi I`sy tf
tnfsi wnf n`vi oft stumgim[gcturi fa `o frriry dgji tni foi [`goi wfudm n`vi usim.
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E`tnie`tgcs. ]ngs w`s ` viry pfpud`r bffj `om gt wiot tnrfuhn efri tn`o tio imgtgfos by 0>;;.83
Ivgmiotg`ddy, [`goi w`s bigoh gostructim by sfei fa tni bist egoms go scgioci go Iohd`om `om w`s strfohdy
goaduiocim by Oiwtfog`o ti`cngohs murgoh tnisi Dfomfo yi`rs. [`goi eust n`vi di`roim eucn bfut `strfofey,8=
hr`vgty, `om e`tnie`tgcs. Nfwivir, `om efri gepfrt`otdy, [`goi wfudm n`vi cfei tf uomirst`om tni ridghgfus
gepdgc`tgfos fa Oiwtfog`ogse. Gt gs jofwo tn`t E`rtgo `om Airhusfo bftn tffj strfoh tnifdfhgc`d `pprf`cnis tf tni
stumy fa Oiwtfog`o pngdfsfpny89`om Oiwtfo ngesida wrfti fo tni ridghgfus `ppdgc`tgfo fa ngs scgiotgagc mgscfvirgis.
Oiwtfo n`m mgim go Dfomfo go 0828 fody tio yi`rs biafri [`gois bgrtn, `om ngs a`efus wfrj, E`tnie`tgc`d
[rgocgpdis fa O`tur`d [ngdfsfpny, n`m biio pubdgsnim go 01>8. Go gt, Oiwtfo ixpd`goim ngs d`ws fa eftgfo, ` tnifry
fo tgmis, `om tni d`w fa hr`vgt`tgfo, `dd fa wngcn d`gm tni afuom`tgfo afr efmiro tnifrgis fa eicn`ogcs `om pd`oit`ry
eftgfo.81 @t tni iom fa ngs[rgocgpg`, Oiwtfo faairim ngs fwo vgiws fo ridghgfo, wngcn ni aurtnir ixpd`goim go
Afur Dittirs arfe Sgr Gs``c Oiwtfo tf Mr. Biotdiy cfot`gogoh sfei @rhueiots go [rffa fa ` Migty pubdgsnim go
0891. Go tnisi dittirs Oiwtfo st`tim, wnio G wrfti ey ]ri`tgsi `bfut fur Systie, G n`m `o Iyi upfo sucn
[rgocgpdis `s eghnt wfrj wgtn cfosgmirgoh Eio, afr tni Bidgia fa ` Migty, `om oftngoh c`o rilfgci ei efri tn`o tf
agom gt usiaud afr tn`t [urpfsi, `om Hr`vgty e`y put tni [d`oits gotf Eftgfo, but wgtnfut tni mgvgoi [fwir gt cfudm
oivir put tnie gotf sucn ` cgrcud`tgoh Eftgfo `s tniy n`vi `bfut tni Suo: `om tniriafri, afr tngs, `s widd `s `dd
Ri`sfos, G `e cfepiddim tf `scrgbi tni Ar`ei fa tngs systie tf `o gotiddghiot @hiot. 88 Xnitnir fr oft [`goi
`ctu`ddy ri`m Oiwtfos[rgocgpg`fr ftnir wfrjs gs uojofwo, but tnisi cfocipts `om gmi`s wiri efst cirt`gody
jofwo `om t`uhnt go scgiotgagc `om gotiddictu`d cgrcdis, `om ispicg`ddy by E`rtgo `om Airhusfo.8>
Gt gs `t tngs pfgot tn`t ]nfe`s [`goi bih`o tf mividfp ngs fwo ridghgfus `om spgrgtu`d bidgias b`sim `rfuom
tni trutns fa Oiwtfog`o scgioci. Spicgagc`ddy, [`goi bih`o tf cfep`ri tni Cnrgstg`o ridghgfo wgtn scgiotgagc
mgscfvirgis fa tni uogvirsi.
@atir G n`m e`mi eysida e`stir fa tni usi fa tni hdfbis `om fa tni frriry, `om cfocigvim `o gmi` fa tni
goagogty fa sp`ci, `om tni itiro`d mgvgsgbgdgty fa e`ttir, `om fbt`goim `t di`st ` hioir`d jofwdimhi fa wn`t gs
c`ddim o`tur`d pngdfsfpny, G bih`o tf cfep`ri, fr, `s G n`vi s`gm biafri, tf cfoarfot tni itiro`d ivgmioci
tnfsi tngohs `aafrm wgtn tni Cnrgstg`o systie fa a`gtn. 87
[`gois cfocdusgfo, ixpd`goim go mit`gd fvir ` ouebir fa p`his, w`s tn`t sgoci Oiwtfog`o scgioci
mie`omim tn`t tniri bi ` pdur`dgty fa wfrdms tnrfuhnfut tni uogvirsi (`om cfosiquiotdy ftnir dgai oft fo i`rtn), gt
cfotr`mgctim tni Bgbdis gepdgcgt ti`cngoh tn`t tni i`rtn gs ` uogqui pd`oit.>; Bic`usi fa tngs, [`goi s gm Oiwtfog`o
trutn riomirs tni Cnrgstg`o systie fa a`gtn `t foci dgttdi `om rgmgcudfus, `om sc`ttirs gt go tni egom dgji ai`tnirs go tni
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`gr.>0 Xnitnir [`goi cfepditidy rilictim Cnrgstg`ogty `t tngs pfgot gs uojofwo, but gt siies cdi`r tn`t ni cfosgmirim
gt qugti mfubtaud, ga oft rgmgcudfus.>2
Xn`t c`o bi jofwo afr cirt`go arfe tngs tgei go [`gois dgai gs tn`t ngs pfdgtgc`d tnifrgis wiri afreim `atir
`om fo tni b`sgs fa ngs ridghgfus bidgias. @atir t`djgoh `bfut ngs imuc`tgfo uomir E`rtgo `om Airhusfo, [`goi tfucnim
brgiady fo tni gssui fa pfdgtgcs. G n`m of mgspfsgtgfo afr wn`t gs c`ddim pfdgtgcsXnio, tniriafri, G turoim ey
tnfuhnts tfw`rm e`ttir fa hfviroeiot G n`m tf afre ` systie afr eysida tn`t `ccfrmim wgtn tni efr`d `om
pngdfsfpngc`d prgocgpdis go wngcn G n`vi biio imuc`tim.>3 Oft fody mgm [`goi s`y tn`t ni sfuhnt tf afre ngs
pfdgtgc`d vgiws fo tni b`sgs fa ngs efr`d bidgias (Pu`jirgse `om frtnfmfx Cnrgstg`ogtyrieiebir [`goi `ttrgbutim
ngs a`tnirs Pu`jir prfaissgfo wgtn prfvgmgoh nge wgtn ` hffm efr`d imuc`tgfo>=), `om pngdfsfpngc`d afuom`tgfo
(Oiwtfog`ogse), but ni mgm oft ivio c`ri `bfut pfdgtgcs! [`goi s`w ngesida prge`rgdy `s ` scgiotgst, oft ` pfdgtgcg`o,
tnifdfhg`o, fr wrgtir.
By 0897 `t tni `hi fa twioty-twf, [`gois n`m dgai sittdim gotf ` rihud`r p`ttiro. @ st`ye`jir by m`y `om `
stumiot by oghnt, foi c`o sii nge biot fvir ngs bffjs d`ti go tni iviogoh, stumygoh `s tni c`omdi buroim dfw. Xgtn
ngs hdfbis `om frriry oi`rby, [`goi eghnt n`vi str`ghntioim up iviry ofw `om tnio tf piir goqugsgtgvidy `t tni frriry
wgtn gts eicn`ogc`d pd`oits, ngs cf`rsi n`oms hiotdi spgoogoh tni spniris go tnigr frbgt`d tr`cjs. @ siosi fa
ixngd`r`tgfo `om ixcgtieiot eust n`vi surhim tnrfuhn nge `s tni structuri `om frmir fa tni uogvirsi uoafdmim biafri
ngs iyis. [usngoh b`cj ngs cn`gr `om hfgoh tf tni mgrty `om cr`cjim wgomfw, ni wfudm n`vi trgim tf hit ` hdgepsi fa
tni ni`viody bfmgis ni w`s stumygoh. Ni eghnt n`vi ivio stippim futsgmi tf hit ` bittir vgiw. [`goi wfudm n`vi
piirim tnrfuhn tni dghnts `om Dfomfo afh, pfssgbdy e`jgoh fut ` aiw st`rs `om pirn`ps ivio Qious.>9 Ni joiw tn`t
tni uogvirsi w`s oft ` ari`j `ccgmiot fr n`m sfeinfw spfot`oifusdy hioir`tim gtsida, afr ni tistgagim `h`go `om
`h`go tn`t gt w`s tni n`om fa tni @deghnty wngcn n m cri`tim ivirytngoh `om mgrictim gts cfursi. Mgm [`goi wfrsngp
ngs Cri`tfr-Hfm afr tni hffmoiss, wgsmfe, `om `wisfeioiss mgspd`yim go Ngs n`omgwfrj6 Xnitnir [`goi n`m `
pirsfo`d rid`tgfosngp wgtn Hfm gs uojofwo, but ni miagogtidy pfomirim miipdy Hfms `ttrgbutis `om o`turi.
]ni Hfm tn`t [`goi bidgivim go w`s prge`rgdy tni Hfm fa cri`tgfo `om oft tni Hfm fa tni Bgbdi, Jfr`o, fr
`oy ftnir ridghgfus bffj.>1 ]ni Hfm tn`t [`goi prfaissim w`s go a`ct tni Hfm fa Migse, wngcn w`s ` o`tur`dgstgc
ridghgfo tn`t c`ei arfe tni i`rdy Iodghntioeiot. Migses frghgos c`o bi tr`cim tf tni Iohdgsn wrgtir Imw`rm
Nirbirt murgoh tni i`rdy 01;;s, `om w`s tni risudt fa ri`sfo `ppdgim tf ridghgfo. >8 Rio`gss`oci nue`ogse murgoh tni
afurtiiotn `om agatiiotn cioturgis nidpim p`vi tni w`y afr Migse by rilictgoh tni Cnrgstg`o ti`cngoh tn`t e`os
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Criosn`w 03
ri`sfo `om o`turi wiri cfrruptim by sgo. Gosti`m, nue`ogse iebr`cim tni gmi` tn`t e`o w`s c`p`bdi fa mgscirogoh
jofwdimhi `om trutn usgoh ngs fwo risfurcis `p`rt arfe mgvgoi rivid`tgfo fr cnurcn `gm. ]ngs trutn w`s oft lust
dgegtim tf e`tnie`tgcs `om scgioci but gocdumim jofwdimhi fa Hfm om efr`dgty `s widd. Migse w`s b`sim fo `
hrfwgoh trust go nue`o wgsmfe `om jofwdimhi, `om gts suppfrtirs ri`ctim wgtn mgstrust `om mgshust `h`gost tni
ist`bdgsnim cnurcn `om tni gotfdir`oci `om mfhe`tgse tn`t tni cnurcn prfeftim. Biafri dfoh ri`sfo n`m mgspd`cim
rivid`tgfo `om eystiry `s tni st`om`rm by wngcn ivirytngoh w`s lumhim. Migsts bidgivim go foi Hfm` r`tgfo`d
`om feogpftiot Hfmwnf w`s tni e`stir `rcngtict fa tni uogvirsi. Ni w`s oft uoprimgct`bdi `om c`prgcgfus but
ridg`bdi `om bioiagciot. ]ni frmir `om r`tgfo`dgty bugdt gotf tni uogvirsi tn`t Oiwtfo mgscfvirim sgepdy riadictim tni
Hfm wnf n`m e`mi gt `dd.>>
Migsts `dsf cd`geim tn`t Hfm n`m ` systie fa riw`rms `om puogsneiots afr e`ojgom wngcn `ccfuotim afr
tni hffm `om ivgd prisiot go tni wfrdm. ]ni ridghgfo prfeftim tni si`rcn afr cfeefo efr`d cfmis om uogvirs`d
trutns `om iocfur`him eio tf siij afr vgrtui `om pgity. @dtnfuhn Migsts bidgivim go Hfm, efst bidgivim go wn t
w`s tireim ` X`tcne`jir Hfm, wniri Hfm sit go pd`ci `dd tni o`tur`d d`ws tf hfviro tni wfrdm `om tnio riefvim
ngesida. ]ni Cnrgstg`o uomirst`omgoh fa ` pirsfo d Hfm wnf w`s `ctgvidy govfdvim go nue`o aa`grs `om
prfvgmiotg`ddy mgrictgoh nue`o ngstfry w`s rilictim. Nfwivir, tniri wiri sfei mgssiotgoh Migsts wnf suppfrtim `
efri tnigstgc vgiw fa Hfm, cd`gegoh tn`t Hfm w`s cfotgou`ddy sust`gogoh `om c`rgoh afr tni uogvirsi. >7 ]ni nghn
pfgot fa Migstgc tnfuhnt go Iohd`om fccurrim bitwiio 01>7-08=2, fvird`ppgoh wgtn [`gois cngdmnffm afr ` ouebir
fa yi`rs.7; @t wn`t pfgot [`goi bic`ei ` audd-bdfwo Migst gs uojofwo, but tni a`ct tn`t ni w`s ` Migst gs uomiog`bdi
bic`usi go ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo[`goi pr`gsis tni Migstgc ridghgfo `om Migty `s bigoh supirgfr tf tni Cnrgstg`o a`gtn
`om Hfm.70 Gt siies efst pd`usgbdi tn`t [`goi bih`o tf efri afre`ddy `mniri tf Migstgc tnfuhnt `om ti`cngoh murgoh
ngs imuc`tgfo uomir E`rtgo `om Airhusfo. Go snfrt, gt w`s Oiwtfog`o prgocgpdis `ppdgim tf [`gois ridghgfus
b`cjhrfuom `om bidgias tn`t e`mi nge ` Migst.
Sgoci [`gois mi`tn, ngstfrg`os `om bgfhr`pnirs n`vi mib`tim tni rid`tgvi goaduiocis fa Pu`jirgse `om
Migse go ngs dgai. X`s [`goi efri ` Pu`jir fr ` Migst6 ]f wn`t ixtiot mgm tnisi twf mgaairiot ridghgfos fvird`p go
ngs dgai6 Rfbirt A`dj `pprf`cnis tngs gssui go ` ouebir fa `rtgcdis ni wrfti `om ngs tnfuhnts `om cfocdusgfos nidp
snim dghnt fo tnisi quistgfos. Arfe ` mgst`oci, Pu`jir gmifdfhy siieim tf p`r`ddid tn`t fa Migse tf ` d`rhi ixtiot.
Bftn ridghgfos strissim tni mgvgoi o`turi fa e`o `om ngs `bgdgty tf agom ngs fwo w`y. 72 Bftn `hriim fo tni nue`o
rghnt fa prgv`ti lumheiot, sn`rim ` mgst`sti afr prgists `om tni cdirgc`d cd`ss, `om oigtnir cfosgmirim tni Bgbdi tf bi
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Criosn`w 0=
viry gepfrt`ot. Gotiristgohdy, bftn ridghgfos dsf strissim tni vgt`d rfdi fa nue`ogt`rg`ogse go tni wfrdm. Wit tniri
wiri sghogagc`ot mgaairiocis. Xngdi tni Pu`jirs e`gody pircigvim Hfm go tnigr ni`rts, tni Migsts binidm Hfm go tnigr
egoms. Cfosiquiotdy, Pu`jirs wiri cfociroim tf riafre e`os ni`rt by ti`cngoh tni gomwiddgoh fa tni Nfdy Spgrgt,
wngdi Migsts sfuhnt efri tf cn`ohi e`os futw`rm bin`vgfr. Afr tni Migsts, tni ciotr`d cfoadgct fa nue`ogty d`y oft
go tni b`ttdi fvir eios ni`rts, but bitwiio o`tur`ddy hffm eio `om tni iccdisg`stgc`d `om efo`rcngc`d pfwirs tn`t
righoim. Go `mmgtgfo, wngdi tni Pu`jirs stgdd rispictim tni Bgbdi `om nidm p`rts fa gt `s trutn, tni Migsts bidgivim tni
Bgbdi w`s a`dd`cgfus `om tnriw gt fut cfepditidy.73
@atir cfep`rgoh tni mfctrgois fa tnisi ridghgfos tf [`gois fwo a`gtn cfoaissgfo go ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo, A`dj
cfocdumis tn`t [`goi `ppi`rs tf bi go n`refoy wgtn efst fa tni prgocgpdis fa Migse `om mgstgohugsnim arfe tnfsi
fa tni Pu`jirs.7= Cfow`ys tnifry go tni d`ti 0>7;s tn`t Pu`jirgse w`s tni miagogoh goaduioci go [`gois dgai n`s
biio rilictim by efst ngstfrg`os go a`vfr fa tni Migstgc st`oci. ]ngs mfis oft ei`o, nfwivir, tn`t [`goi mgm oft
gocfrpfr`ti Pu`jir efr`ds gotf ngs ridghgfus pngdfsfpny, afr ni cirt`gody mgm, efst spicgagc`ddy go rih`rms tf
nue`ogt`rg`ogse. Xn`t gs stgdd uojofwo gs wn`t jgom fa Migst [`goi bic`ei om wniri fo tni Migstgc cfotgouue ni
aidd. Nfw mgm ngs Migstgc bidgias mividfp `om gs tniri `oy w`y wi c`o tr`ci tnigr ivfdutgfo6 ]ni fody w`y tf `oswir
tnisi quistgfos gs tf ixpdfri [`gois fwo wrgtgohs `om si`rcn tnie afr cduis. @om tn`t st`rts wgtn Cfeefo Siosi,
ngs agrst e`lfr wfrj tn`t w`s wgdmdy pfpud`r go @eirgc`.
Dit us rituro tf Dfomfo wniri wi diat [`goi uomir tni ti`cngoh fa E`rtgo `om Airhusfo `om Oiwtfog`o
scgioci. Bitwiio 0897, wnio [`goi agogsnim ngs st`ye`jgoh `om stumgis go Dfomfo, `om 0881, wnio Cfeefo Siosi
w`s wrgttio, ngs dgai tffj fo ` viry pimistrg`o `om cfeefo ad`vfr. I`rdgir go 0897 [`goi efvim tf Jiot `om
cfotgouim st`ye`jgoh tniri: `om go Siptiebir ni tffj wgai by tni o`ei fa E`ry D`ebirt. Xnio sni mgim ` aiw
snfrt efotns d`tir, [`goi diat tni st`ye`jgoh busgoiss `om iotirim tni ixcgsi sirvgci `atir bigoh ixpfsim tf tni tr`mi
by E`rys a`tnir.79 [`goi w`s rid`tgvidy succissaud (tnfuhn oft wi dtny) `s ` custfes faagcir, but tni cfrruptgfo go
tni busgoiss iviotu`ddy iot`ohdim nge `om ni w`s c`uhnt `om mgsegssim go 0819 afr st`epgoh, wngcn w`s ` afre
fa mgsnfoist bffj jiipgoh.
71
Afr ` yi`r [`goi mrgatim bitwiio st`ye`jgoh `om ti`cngoh Iohdgsn uotgd go i`rdy 0811
ni mr`atim ` dittir fa `pfdfhy `om w`s rigost`tim by tni ixcgsi bf`rm. Go Aibru`ry 081>, ni w`s `ssghoim `s `o
`ppfgoteiot faagcir tf Diwis, Sussix, wniri ni biargiomim `om dfmhim wgtn ` tfb`ccf-snfp fwoir S`euid Fddgvi.
Xnio Fddgvi mgim tni oixt yi`r, [`goi efvim go wgtn S`euidswgai `om m`uhntir `om go 0880 ni w`s wim tf
Idgz`bitn Fddgvi, ngs sicfom e`rrg`hi.78
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Criosn`w 09
[`goi sirvim `s `o faagcir go Diwis afr sgx yi`rs, `om gt w`s `t tngs pfgot tn`t ni bic`ei pfdgtgc`ddy govfdvim
`om sfcg`ddy futspfjio. Ni tffj up tni c`si fa tni ixcgsi faagcirs wnf wiri ricigvgoh dfw p`y `om wrfti C`si fa
tni Faagcirs fa Ixcgsi, wngcn w`s ` dgst fa wrfohs subegttim tf ngs supirgfrs `om mgstrgbutim tf [`rdg`eiot `om ftnir
nfpiauddy syep`tnitgc i`rs. Gosti`m fa `gmgoh tni faagcirs c`usi [`gois ppi`d h`roirim nge oih`tgvi `ttiotgfo `om
go @prgd fa 088= ni w`s foci `h`go mgsegssim arfe sirvgci.7> Xgtnfut ` lfb `om a`cgoh gosurefuot`bdi mibts, [`goi
w`s afrcim tf sidd ngs bidfohgohs `om tni tfb`ccf snfp: `s ` risudt, Idgz`bitn mgvfrcim nge go Luoi fa 088= `om [`goi
foci `h`go afuom ngesida sgohdi `om pioogdiss.77 Ni turoim ngs afftstips tf Dfomfo om go ` twgst fa hffm ducj
n`ppioim tf eiit Biol`ego Ar`ojdgo, wnf w`s go tni c`pgt`d sirvgoh `s cfdfog`d `hiot tf Iohd`om. Ar`ojdgo
ricfeeiomim tni yfuoh e`o try ngs n`om go @eirgc` `om wrfti nge ` dittir fa gotrfmuctgfo tf foi fa ngs
`cqu`got`ocis go tni St`tis. Sf go Fctfbir fa 088=, `t tngrty-sivio yi`rs fdm, [`goi bf`rmim tniDfomfo [`cjit`om
sit ngs sghnts fo tni Oiw Xfrdm.0;;
[`goi d`omim go [ngd`midpng` fo Ofviebir 3;, 088=.0;0 ]ni trgp `crfss tni @td`otgc n`m oft hfoi widd afr
nge `om ni `rrgvim viry gdd `om wgtn ` siviri aivir. @atir sittdgoh go tni `ri` `om bicfegoh `cqu`gotim wgtn argioms
fa Ar`ojdgo, [`goi w`s `bdi tf `cqugri ` lfb wgtn tni [ioosydv`og` E`h`zgoiruo by Rfbirt @gtjio. By E`rcn 0889
[`goi w`s sirvgoh `s nidpgoh imgtfr tf tni e`h`zgoi (`om w`s iviotu`ddy prfeftim tf ni`m imgtfr), `om mui tf ngs
cfotrgbutgfos tni e`h`zgois custfeir b`si hriw r`pgmdy.0;2 Bitwiio i`rdy 0889 om L`ou`ry 0881 (wnio ni wrfti
Cfeefo Siosi) [`goi pubdgsnim e`oy mgaairiot jgoms fa `rtgcdis fo v`rgity fa tfpgcs. Ni trgim ngs n`om `t pfitry
`om iss`ys `om `dsf wrfti fo nue`ogt`rg`o gssuis, ngs efst oft`bdi pgici bigoh@argc`o Sd`viry go @eirgc`, ` c`dd
afr tni `bfdgtgfo fa sd`viry go @eirgc`.0;3 Bisgmis [`gois agoir wrgtgohs (pfitry `om iss`ys) `om iepn`sgs fo sfcg`d
lustgci, ngs wfrjs `dsf gocdumim pfdgtgc`d tnfuhnts tn`t d`tir sura`cim go Cfeefo Siosi.0;= @dtnfuhn [`gois wfrj
`om cfotrgbutgfos tf tni[ioosydv`og` E`h`zgoiwiri oft`bdi `om sghogagc`ot tf tni pubdgc`tgfo, tniri w`s ri`ddy
oftngoh go ngs dgai up tf tngs pfgot tn`t gomgc`tim ni w`s `bfut tf bri`j fut `om wrgti foi fa tni efst goaduiotg`d `om
pfwiraud p`epndits go @eirgc`o ngstfry. Go a`ct, gt n`s biio oftim by ngs bgfhr`pnirs tn`t up uotgd 0881 ngs dgai w`s
` sirgis fa a`gduris< twf a`gdim e`rrg`his, oueirfus a`gdim lfbs, `om of efoiy fr prfpirty tf ngs o`ei.
0;9
But tngs
w`s `dd `bfut tf cn`ohi.
[`goi bih`o tf wrgti Cfeefo Siosi`t tni iom fa 0889, ` yi`r `atir ngs `rrgv`d go @eirgc`. 0;1 D`tir ni
ricfuotim go ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo tni cgrcuest`ocis tn`t prfeptim nge tf wrgti tni p`epndit.
G s`w, fr `t di`st G tnfuhnt G s`w, ` v`st scioi fpiogoh gtsida tf tni wfrdm go tni `aa`grs fa @eirgc`, `om gt
`ppi`rim tf ei tn`t uodiss tni @eirgc`os cn`ohim tni pd`o tniy wiri pursugoh wgtn rispict tf tni
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Criosn`w 01
hfviroeiot fa Iohd`om, `om micd`rim tniesidvis gomipiomiot, tniy wfudm oft fody govfdvi tniesidvis go `
eudtgpdgcgty fa oiw mgaagcudtgis, but snut fut tni prfspict tn`t w`s tnio faairgoh gtsida tf e`ojgom tnrfuhn
tnigr ei`os. Gt w`s arfe tnisi eftgvis tn`t G pubdgsnim tni wfrj jofwo by tni o`ei fa Cfeefo
Siosi.0;8
[`goi w`s oft fody cfociroim `bfut tni auturi `aa`grs fa
@eirgc`, but tni st`ti fa nue`ogty `om tni fppfrtuogty fa ariimfe
tn`t w`s prisiotgoh gtsida tf tni wfrdm. Xnio ni wrfti Cfeefo
Siosi, ni mgvgmim tni p`epndit gotf afur sictgfos. ]ni agrst p`rt w`s
iotgtdim Fa tni frghgo `om misgho fa hfviroeiot go hioir`d, `om
cfotr`stim tni mividfpeiot fa sfcgity wgtn tn`t fa hfviroeiot. [`goi
wrfti, sfcgity gs go iviry st`ti ` bdissgoh, but hfviroeiot ivio go gts
bist st`ti gs but ` oiciss`ry ivgd.0;> Hfviroeiot w`s misghoim tf
prftict e`os ariimfe `om prfvgmi sicurgty, but wnio cfrruptim gt
cfudm turo gotf `o fpprissgvi tyr`ot. Ngs mgscussgfo fa tni rfdi fa
efo`rcny `om `rgstfcr`cy go tni Iohdgsn cfostgtutgfo dim tf tni sicfom
p`rt fa tni p`epndit wniri [`goi bd`stim efo`rcngis `om nirimgt`ry
succissgfo `s ivgds tn`t hriw fut fa tni usurp`tgfo fa pfwir.0;7 Go tni tngrm p`rt fa Cfeefo Siosi,[`goi h`vi ngs
tnfuhnts fo tni curriot st`ti fa @eirgc`o `aa`grs. ]ngs w`s tni efstdy diohtny p`rt fa tni mfcueiot `s [`goi
iepn`sgzim tn`t @eirgc` w`s ri`my tf bri`j `w`y arfe Iohd`om geeimg`tidy, `ssirtgoh tn`t tni tgei afr
ricfocgdg`tgfo `om cfeprfegsi n`m p`ssim. [`goi ribuaaim ` ouebir fa `rhueiots e`mi by mvfc`tis afr pi`ci,
`om rilictim tni oftgfo tn`t @eirgc` `om Iohd`om uogtim cfudm afre `o gepriho`bdi `ddg`oci: ni `dsf ixpd`goim `dd
tni mgs`mv`ot`his @eirgc` a`cim by st`ygoh cfooictim tf Brgt`go. [`goi ricfuotim tni crgeis `om vgfdioci
cfeegttim `h`gost @eirgc`o cgtgzios `s ivgmioci tn`t pi`ci w`s gepfssgbdi `om tni fody ri`sfo`bdi `om o`tur`d
cfursi fa `ctgfo w`s sip`r`tgfo.00; Go tni ago`d p`rt fa tni p`epndit, [`goi futdgoim tni striohtns fa @eirgc` om tni
hri`t o`tur`d risfurcis `t nir mgspfs`d tn`t e`mi sip`r`tgfo oft fody ri`sfo`bdi but `ssurimdy succissaud.000 Go ngs
cfocdusgfo, [`goi `ctu`ddy c`ddim afr ` micd`r`tgfo fa gomipiomioci `om `ssirtim tn`t gt w`s tgei afr @eirgc` tf bi
cfosgmirim `o iqu`d o`tgfo go tni wfrdm.002
[`gois `rhueiots wiri brgddg`ot `om cfovgocgoh. Gt gs of wfomir tn t gomgvgmu`ds dgji Hifrhi X`sngohtfo
`om @bgh`gd @m`es nghndy pr`gsim tni p`epndit afr gts `bgdgty tf cn`re `om cn`ohi eios egoms. 003 But biyfom tni
Agrst p`hi fa tni frghgo`d prgot fa Cfeefo Siosi.
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Criosn`w 08
pfdgtgc`d, sfcgfdfhgc`d, `om ripubdgc`o rnitfrgc, Cfeefo Siosirivi`dim tni tnifdfhgc`d `om ridghgfus pirspictgvis fa
[`goi tf ` hri`t mihrii. ]f st`rt, tni ixgstioci fa Hfm w`s `ssueim `s [`goi e`mi oueirfus riairiocis tf mgvgoi
bigoh tnrfuhnfut. Nfwivir, go rih`rm tf Scrgpturi, [`goi diat egxim cfeeuogc`tgfo: `t tgeis ni siieim tf bidgivi
tni Bgbdi `om gts ngstfry, but `t ftnir tgeis miogim gts cd`ges.
Go ngs `rhueiots `h`gost jgohsngp `om nirimgt`ry succissgfo, [`goi riairrim tf tni Bgbdi, tni Gsr`idgtis,
cri`tgfo, `om ftnir bgbdgc`d cn`r`ctirs `om iviots. Go i`cn fa tnisi riairiocis, ni rih`rmim tni Bgbdi `s `o ngstfrgc`d
`om `ccur`ti mfcueiot `om mriw fo gts trutn tf v`dgm`ti ngs pfsgtgfo. Ni `ssueim tn`t Efsiss `ccfuot fa cri`tgfo
`om tni ngstfry fa tni Liws w`s cfrrict. [`goi t`djim `bfut cri`tgfo go tni cfotixt fa `dd eio bigoh cri`tim iqu`d go
Hfms sghnt, wngcn e`jis tni mgvgsgfo bitwiio jgoh `om sublict, rgcn `om pffr, ` mgstfrtgfo. 00= Go rhugoh `h`gost
jgohsngp, [`goi st`tim tn`t efo`rcny gs r`ojim go scrgpturi `s foi fa tni sgos fa tni Liws, tni ngstfry fa wngcn ni
ricfuotim. [`goi miscrgbim go mit`gd tn`t `atir tni Gsr`idgtis n`m sittdim go tni prfegsim d`om tniy mie`omim tf n`vi
` jgoh ivio tnfuhn tniy wiri w`roim tn`t gt wfudm fody brgoh fpprissgfo `om n`rmsngp. [`goi usim tngs gocgmiot tf
prfvi tn`t Hfm oivir gotiomim afr e`o tf bi rudim by jgohs, but gosti`m efri mgrictdy by mgvgoi d`w.009 [`goi
gomgc`tim ni bidgivim go tni v`dgmgty fa Scrgptur`d arfe 0 S`euid > wnio ni st`tim tni afddfwgoh< ]n`t tni @deghnty
n`tn niri iotirim ngs prftist `h`gost efo`rcngc`d hfviroeiot, gs trui, fr tni scrgpturi gs a`dsi. 001 D`tir fo, [`goi
`dsf riairiocim Ducgairs ribiddgfo `om go tni @ppiomgx st`tim tn`t tngs tgei go ngstfry w`s uodgji `oy sgoci tni m`ys
fa Of`n `om tni adffm.008
Wit [`gois vgiw fo @m`e `om Ivi om frghgo`d sgo gs mgaagcudt tf mitiregoi. @t foi pfgot i`rdy go tni
p`epndit, murgoh ngs mgscussgfo fo sfcgity `om hfviroeiot, [`goi st`tim tn`t hfviroeiot, dgji mriss, gs tni b`mhi
fa dfst goofcioci: tni p`d`cis fa jgohs `ri bugdt fo tni rugos fa tni bfwirs fa p`r`mgsi. 00> Ni w`s e`jgoh `o
gddusgfo tf tni sgo fa @m`e `om Ivi tn`t c`usim tnie tf ri`dgzi tnigr o`jimoiss `om siw agh di`vis tfhitnir afr
cdftnis. Hfviroeiot, dgji @m`e `om Ivis cdftnis, riprisiots ` a`gduri by e`o tf cfomuct ngesida go `o `pprfprg`ti
e`ooir go sfcgity, sgoci hfviroeiot gs fody oiciss`ry wnio cfrruptgfo `om vgfdioci bfuom. X`s [`goi usgoh tngs
`s ` stydgstgc cfep`rgsfo fr mgm ni ri`ddy bidgivi go tni A dd `s miscrgbim go Hioisgs 36 Gt gs gepfrt`ot tf `scirt`go ngs
vgiw fa frghgo`d sgo sf wi c`o jofw ngs bidgia fa e`os o`tur`d st`ti fa bigoh. Migsts bidgivim tn`t e`o w`s
goniriotdy hffm, wngcn dgbir`tim nge arfe mipiomiocy fo Hfm `om iccdisg`stgc`d gostgtutgfos. ]ngs prfmucim a`gtn
`om trust go e`os ri`sfo `om `bgdgty tf mgsciro trutn afr ngesida. Mgm [`goi bidgivi tngs vgiw fa e`os o`turi go
0881 fr mgm ni stgdd cdgoh tf tni Cnrgstg`o pirspictgvi fa ` cfrrupt `om a`ddio r`ci6
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Arfe tni `bfvi qufti, gt e`y siie arfe ` supiragcg`d hd`oci tn`t [`goi w`s `aagregoh tni mfctrgoi fa tni
A`dd, but tni gssui bicfeis efri cfepdix. Go ngs mgscussgfo fa jgohsngp `om nirimgt`ry succissgfo [`goi futdgoim
tnrii efmis fa jgohmfe ist`bdgsneiot< dft, idictgfo, `om usurp`tgfo. By cnffsgoh ` jgoh tnrfuhn dft fr idictgfo,
nirimgt`ry succissgfo gs ixcdumim: yit wnio ` jgoh gs idictim `dfoh wgtn ngs uobfro prfhioy `om ist`bdgsnis
nirimgt`ry rudi, tngs typi fa idictgfo, [`goi iepn`sgzim, n`tn of p`r`ddid go fr fut fa scrgpturi but tni mfctrgoi fa
frghgo`d sgo, wngcn suppfsis tni arii wgdd fa `dd eio dfst go @m`e. 007 Ni cfotgouim tf cfep`ri nirimgt`ry
succissgfo wgtn frghgo`d sgo.
Afr `s go @m`e `dd sgooim, `om `s go tni agrst idictfrs `dd eio fbiyim: `s go tni foi `dd e`ojgom wiri
sublictim tf S`t`o, `om go tni ftnir tf Sfvirighoty: `s fur goofcioci w`s dfst go tni agrst, `om fur `utnfrgty
go tni d`st: `om `s bftn mgs`bdi us arfe ri`ssuegoh sfei afreir st`ti `om prgvgdihi, gt uo`oswir`bdy
afddfws tn`t frghgo`d sgo `om nirimgt`ry succissgfo `ri p`r`ddids. Mgsnfofur`bdi r`oj! Gohdfrgfus
cfooictgfo! Wit tni efst subtgdi sfpngst c`ooft prfmuci ` lustir sgegdi.02;
[`goi w`s cirt`gody dgjiogoh nirimgt`ry succissgfo tf frghgo`d sgo, but go wn`t w`y6 By c`ddgoh tni agrst `
p`r`ddid fa tni sicfom w`s ni s`ygoh tn`t lust `s nirimgt`ry succissgfo w`s `o gov`dgm w`y tf rudi, sf frghgo`d sgo w`s
`o gov`dgm mfctrgoi6 Gt siies efri dgjidy tn`t [`goi w`s cfep`rgoh tni cfosiquiocis fa i`cn, agomgoh tni p`r`ddid go
tni ivgd tn`t bftn brgoh upfo e`ojgom. But lust bic`usi ni govfjim frghgo`d sgo go ` cfep`rgsfo, mfis tn`t ei`o ni
bidgivim go gt6 ]ni tixt mfis oft hgvi us cfocdusgvi `oswirs tf tngs quistgfo, but tniri `ri ` aiw cduis. Agrst, [`goi
s`gm tn`t frghgo`d sgosuppfsistn`t `dd eio dfst tnigr arii wgdd go @m`e. Ni mgm oft cfoagre tni mfctrgoi, but sgepdy
st`tis wn`t tni mfctrgoi cd`ges. @dd ftnir st`tieiots go tngs sictgfo `bfut frghgo`d sgo `ri pricfomgtgfoim by tngs
suppfsgtgfo. ]niriafri, wnio ni e mi tni st`tieiots, go @m`e `dd sgooim, `dd e`ojgom wiri sublictim tf S`t`o,
`om fur goofcioci w`s dfst go tni agrst, [`goi w`s oft `ctu`ddy cfoagregoh tn`t ni bidgivim tngs, but sgepdy tn`t tngs
w`s wn`t tni mfctrgoi suppfsimdy t`uhnt. Wit gt wfudm siie str`ohi afr [`goi tf usi sucn ` strgjgoh `om pfwiraud
cfep`rgsfo ga ni pirsfo`ddy mgsbidgivim go frghgo`d sgo. Go dghnt fa tni ftnir bgbdgc`d riairiocis tn`t c`o bi t`jio `t
a`ci v`dui, `om mui tf tni a`ct tn`t [`goi mgm oft mgsfwo e`os sgo o`turi `t `oy ftnir pfgot go Cfeefo Siosi,gt gs
ri`sfo`bdi tf cfocdumi tn`t [`goi prfb`bdy bidgivim go frghgo`d sgo tf sfei mihrii.020
]ngs tiot`tgvi cfocdusgfo gs sdghntdy buttrissim by ftnir rie`rjs [`goi e`jis rih rmgoh e`os vgrtui. Oi`r
tni bihgoogoh fa tni p`epndit, [`goi cfeeiotim tn`t hfviroeiot w`s oiciss`ry mui tf tni go`bgdgty fa efr`d
vgrtui tf hfviro tni wfrdm,022`om nfpim gt wfudm suppdy tni miaict fa efr`d vgrtui023tn`t e`o d`cjs. ]f [`goi,
sfei eio cdi`rdy d`cjim vgrtui `om hffmoiss `om wiri mfworghnt wgcjim. @h`go, rghnt biafri ngs cfocdusgfo, [`goi
e`mi tngs trutnaud st`tieiot< Xnio wi `ri pd`oogoh afr pfstirgty, wi fuhnt tf rieiebir, tn`t vgrtui gs oft
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nirimgt`ry.02= Arfe tnisi sogppits wi c`o mgsciro twf tngohs< agrst, vgrtui gs oft `o gonirgtim tr`gt but eust bi
mividfpim by iviry gomgvgmu`d: `om sicfom, e`os vgrtui `s ` wnfdi gs oft c`p`bdi fa hfvirogoh tni wfrdm prfpirdy
`om tngs oicissgt`tis tni ixgstioci fa hfviroeiot. [`goi siieim tf `megt tn`t e`o gs oft o`tur`ddy hffm but gosti m
gs gocdgoim tfw`rm ivgd. @dtnfuhn ni oivir st`tim tn`t e`o gs gotrgosgc`ddy cfrrupt tngs siies tf bi wn`t ni w`s
gepdygoh.029
Dit us `dsf cfosgmir [`gois vgiw fa Hfms o`turi `om rfdi go tni wfrdm tf `scirt`go wnitnir ni bidgivim go
` pirsfo`ddy govfdvim migty, fr mgst`ot X`tcne`jir Hfm. Go `rhugoh h`gost efo`rcny [`goi st`tim tn`t `s tni
ix`dtgoh fa foi e`o sf hri`tdy `bfvi tni rist c`ooft bi lustgagim fo tni iqu`d rghnts fa o`turi, sf oigtnir c`o gt bi
miaiomim fo tni `utnfrgty fa scrgpturi: afr tni wgdd fa tni @deghntyixprissdy mgs`pprfvis fa hfviroeiot by
jgohs.021 Go tngs p`ss`hi [`goi usim o`turi, scrgpturi, `om Hfms wgdd tf miofuoci tni Mgvgoi Rghnt fa Jgohs. Niri,
Hfm n`m e`mi ngs wgdd jofwo tnrfuhn Gsr`ids ngstfry `s miscrgbim go tni Bgbdi `om [`goi s`w gt`s bgomgoh tf `dd
eio. Mgm [`goi vgiw tni rist fa Scrgpturi `s `dsf ixpd`gogoh Hfms ixprissgvi wgdd afr e`o6 Mgm ni bidgivi tn`t
Hfm stgdd cfeeuogc`tim ngs wgdd tf eio go tni curriot `hi6 [`goi mgm oft s`y ixpdgcgtdy afr ni fody t`djim `bfut tni
wgdd fa tni @deghnty `t foi ftnir pfgot go Cfeefo Siosi, `om tngs mfis oft cd`rgay tni gssui. Nfwivir, tni a`ct
tn`t [`goi bidgivim Hfm n`m ` mgvgoi wgdd tn`t gocdumim gostructgfo `om hugm`oci afr e`o gomgc`tis tn`t [`gois Hfm
w`s oft sf mgst`ot.
]niri `ri ftnir gomgc`tgfos tn`t tngs w`s gomiim tni c`si. [`goi e`mi tni o`tur`d `rhueiot tn`t @eirgc`
w`s oivir ei`ot tf bi subvirsgvi tf Iohd`om sgepdy mui tf tni hri`t mgst`oci bitwiio tni twf cfuotrgis. Ivio tni
mgst`oci `t wngcn tni @deghnty n`tn pd`cim Iohd`om `om @eirgc`, gs ` strfoh `om o`tur`d prffa, tn`t tni `utnfrgty fa
tni foi, fvir tni ftnir, w`s oivir tni misgho fa Ni`vio.028 Arfe tngs p`ss`hi wi c`o sii tn`t [`goi gotirpritim tni
fci`o bitwiio tni o`tgfos `s Hfms prfvgmiotg`d futwfrjgoh `om ` o`tur`d prffa tn`t tniy snfudm bri`j `p`rt. Hfm
n`m misghoim tni hifhr`pngc`d sgtu`tgfo go sucn cdi`r tires tn`t gt wfudm bi affdgsn tf try tf lfgo tfhitnir tn`t wngcn
Hfm ei`ot tf bi sip`r`ti. @t foi pfgot [`goi riairrim tf Hfm `s tni Jgoh fa @eirgc`,go cfotr`st tf Jgoh Hifrhi
GGG tni Rfy`d Bruti fa Brgt`go, `om prfcd`geim tn`t @eirgc` snfudm bi rudim oft by tni tnrfoi, but by tni mgvgoi
d`w, tni wfrm fa Hfm.02> Ni siieim tf bidgivim tn`t Hfm w`s cfociroim `bfut tni `aa`grs fa @eirgc` `om w`s
hugmgoh tni o`tgfo go gts sip`r`tgfo arfe Brgt`go.
[`gois usi fa Scrgpturi, riairiocis tf frghgo`d sgo, e`os vgrtui, `om Hfms wgdd go rid`tgfo tf @eirgc` `dd
gomgc`ti ` tnigstgc vgiw fa tni mgvgoi. Wit tniri gs ` cfotgoufus Migstgc tfoi tnrfuhnfut Cfeefo Siositn`t b`d`ocis
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ngs mgrict `om gomgrict tnigstgc rie`rjs.027 Agrst, [`goi cfotgou`ddy riairrim tf Hfm `s tni @deghnty, gomgc`tgoh tn`t
[`goi vgiwim Hfm `s `o `wisfei `om feogpftiot cri`tfr `om rudir fa tni uogvirsi.03; Ni oivir foci riairrim tf
Hfm `s ngs A`tnir fr S`vgfr. [`goi `dsf `ppi`dim tf ri`sfo, o turi, `om cfeefo siosi cfotgou`ddy tnrfuhnfut tni
p`epndit.030 @t foi pfgot ni mriw upfo tni prgocgpdis fa o`turi `om cfeefo siosi tf lumhi tni rid`tgfosngp
bitwiio @eirgc` `om Iohd`om.032 Ni usim ri`sfo `om tni bidgia go `o uogvirs`d frmir tf `rhui `h`gost subluh`tgfo
tf `o ixtiro`d pfwir.033 @t tgeis, [`goi ivio siieim tf pirsfogay o`turi by c`ddgoh gt nir, e`jgoh o`turi ` dgvgoh,
`ctgvi, `om tngojgoh iotgty.03= ]nisi riairiocis `om e`oy efri fa ` sgegd`r o`turi prfvi tn`t [`goi n`m `dri`my
mividfpim strfoh Migstgc bidgias.
Cfeefo Siosihgvis us `o gov`du bdi hdgepsi gotf tni ridghgfus vgiws fa ]nfe`s [`goi by 0881. Ni
bidgivim p`rts fa tni Bgbdi oft fody `s `ccur`ti ngstfrgc`d ricfrm, but rivid`tgfo fa tni Mgvgoi Xgdd. @defst cirt`gody
[`goi mgm oft bidgivi tni iotgri Bgbdi afr ni w s sjiptgc`d fa Cnrgstg`o bidgias ivio `s ` cngdm. @dtnfuhn ni oivir
fpiody miofuocim `oy Scrgptur`d p`ss`his go Cfeefo Siosi,oigtnir mgm ni mgrictdy `aagre tnie (ixcipt fo r`ri
fcc`sgfos). Sgoci ngs wrgtgoh gs tnfrfuhndy s`tur`tim wgtn ridghgfus d`ohu`hi, ix`epdis, `om `ddusgfos, [`goi
fbvgfusdy w`s oft `o `tnigst but ` miipdy spgrgtu`d gomgvgmu`d. ]ni priv`diot usi fa `rhueiots arfe ri`sfo, cfeefo
siosi, `om o`turi `dfoh wgtn ngs riairiocis tf Hfm `s ` Cri`tfr `om @deghnty Bigoh ivgmiocis Migstgc str`gos `om
Iodghntioeiot tnfuhnt arfe ngs Oiwtfog`o imuc`tgfo. [`goi n`m iebr`cim e`oy `spicts fa Migse, but ni n`m oft
yit rilictim Cnrgstg`ogty. Ni w`s oigtnir auddy Migstgc ofr auddy Cnrgstg`o but sfeiwniri bitwiio tni twf, ` sfrt fa
syocritgstgc a`gtn. Jofwgoh tn`t [`goi iviotu`ddy bic`ei ` puri Migst `om cfepditidy rilictim tni Bgbdi `om
Cnrgstg`o a`gtn systie, gt siies ri`sfo`bdi tf cfocdumi tn`t by 0881 ni w`s go pirsfo`d tr`osgtgfo. Qistghis arfe ngs
cngdmnffm Cnrgstg`o upbrgohgoh stgdd pirsgstim ivio `s Migstgc bidgias bic`ei mfego`ot. [irn`ps [`goi ivio
cfosgmirim ngesida tf bi ` tnigstgc Migst, `mnirgoh tf tni bidgia go ` prfvgmiotg`d `om gotirviotgfogst Hfm wnf w`s
sust`gogoh tni wfrdm `om hugmgoh gts `aa`grs. Sgoci [`goi oivir wrfti ` pirsfo d st`tieiot fa a`gtn `t tngs pfgot go ngs
dgai, cfocdusgfos fo ngs ridghgfus mividfpeiot `om pirspictgvis `ri tiot`tgvi `t bist. Stgdd, foi fa tni efst gepfrt`ot
tngohs tf ri`dgzi w`s [`goispfsgtgvi vgiw tfw`rm Cnrgstg`ogty. @s `o ix`epdi, lust biafri ni cfocdumim Cfeefo
Siosi[`goi `mvfc`tim afr ridghgfus ariimfe.
Afr eysida, G auddy `om cfoscgiotgfusdy bidgivi, tn`t gs tni wgdd fa tni @deghnty, tn`t tniri snfudm bi
mgvirsgty fa ridghgfus fpgogfos `efoh us< Gt `aafrms ` d`rhi agidm afr fur Cnrgstg`o jgomoissG dffj fo tni
v`rgfus miofego`tgfos `efoh us, tf bi dgji cngdmrio fa tni s`ei a`egdy, mgaairgoh fody, go wn`t gs c`ddim,
tnigr Cnrgstg`o o`eis.039
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]ngs p`ss`hi cfoagres tn`t [`goi n`m oft yit spuroim Cnrgstg`ogty. Ni `pp`riotdy bidgivim go Cnrgstg`o
jgomoiss, wngcn uoafrtuo`tidy ni mfis oft id`bfr`ti fo. Ga by tngs pnr`si ni ei`ot Cnrgstg`o dfvi, bioivfdioci, fr
`ccipt`oci, ni `pp`riotdy bidgivim Cnrgstg`ogty w`s c`p`bdi fa sucn `ctgfo. Nfwivir, go dghnt fa ngs st`tieiot `bfut
miofego`tgfos cfegoh arfe sgegd`r rffts, Cnrgstg`o jgomoiss cfudm bi uomirstffm tf ei`o Cnrgstg`o sgegd`rgty.
Igtnir w`y, niri [`goi w`s `aagregoh tni Cnrgstg`o ridghgfo `om oft miofuocgoh gt `s gov`dgm `s ni mgm yi`rs d`tir. Gt
gs `dsf a`scgo`tgoh tf ofti ngs usi fa tni prfofuo fur biafri Cnrgstg`o jgomoiss. [`goi w`s gocdumgoh ngesida
uomir tngs tire6 By tngs mgm ni ei`o tn`t ni cfosgmirim ngesida tf bi Cnrgstg`o `t tngs pfgot go ngs dgai6 Fr w`s ni
usgoh gt efri `s ` cfddictgvi wnfdi go riairrgoh tf @eirgc`6 G `e oft suri gt gs pfssgbdi tf tidd.
]ni pubdgc`tgfo `om mgstrgbutgfo fa Cfeefo Siosie`mi [`goi ` nfusinfdm o`ei `om nirf fa @eirgc`o
gomipiomioci. ]ni gogtg`d twf tnfus`om prgots sfdm fut go twf m`ys: by E`rcn 0881 gt n m sfdm 02;,;;; cfpgis `om
iviotu`ddy iomim up siddgoh fvir 9;;,;;;. Gt w`s prgotim go @eirgc`, Iohd`om, `om Ar`oci, `om wiot tnrfuhn
ogoitiio imgtgfos.031 Ngs wfrj pr`ctgc`ddy e`mi nge a`efus fviroghnt, yit [`goi mgm oft siij pirsfo`d h`go fr
prfspirgty arfe tngs afrtuo`ti turo fa iviots. [`goi riausim tf `ccipt `oy ago`ocg`d h`go arfe tni pubdgc`tgfo but
gosti`m h`vi tni cfpyrghnt tf iviry st`ti go @eirgc` `om mfo`tim ngs fwo i`rogohs tf tni w`r iaafrt. 038 ]ngs `ttgtumi
fa hgvgoh ivgmiocim ngs hiougoi cfociro tf `gm nue`ogty go tni aghnt `h`gost tyr`ooy `om fpprissgfo `om gs ` aurtnir
gomgc`tgfo fa tni nue`ogt`rg`o goaduiocis arfe tni Pu`jirs.03>
Bitwiio 0881 `om 0873 wnio ni wrfti tni agrst p`rt fa ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo, [`goi w`s `ctgvidy govfdvim go
tni @eirgc`o `om Ariocn Rivfdutgfos, wrgtgohs e`oy dittirs, p`epndits, `om iss`ys. Ni sirvim go tni Cfotgoiot`d
@rey `s `o `gmi-mi-c`ep tf Hioir`d O`tn`ogid Hriio, `om wrfti ]ni @eirgc`o Crgsgsp`pirs, ` sirgis fa
pubdgc`tgfos tr`cjgoh tni w`r iaafrt `om ixnfrtgoh pifpdi tf nfpi `om br`viry.037 @atir tni w`r iomim go 08>3, [`goi
turoim ngs egom b`cj tf scgioci, ngs agrst dfvi. @efoh ftnir tngohs ni wfrjim fo mividfpgoh ` misgho afr ` sgohdi-
`rcn brgmhi tn`t wfudm e`ji rgvir p`ss`hi s`air murgoh tni wgotir.0=; Xgtn tni iocfur`hieiot fa Biol`ego
Ar`ojdgo, [`goi tr`vidim tf Ar`oci `om Iohd`om go 08>8 tf subegt ngs misgho `t tni Ariocn @c`miey fa Scgioci `om
tni Brgtgsn Rfy`d @c`miey.
0=0
]wf yi`rs d`tir tni Ariocn Rivfdutgfo bih`o om [`goi qugcjdy bic`ei c`uhnt up go
gts `aa`grs. Go rispfosi tf `o iss`y wrgttio by ngs Iohdgsn argiom Imeuom Burji cfomieogoh tni uprgsgoh go Ar`oci,
[`goi piooim tniRghnts fa E`ogo 0870, `mvfc`tgoh ripubdgc`o hfviroeiot `om `tt`cjgoh tni Iohdgsn efo`rcny.0=2
@ b`ttdi fa wfrms bih`o bitwiio tni twf eio wngcn iomim wgtn [`goi e`jgoh sucn strfoh st`tieiots `h`gost tni
Iohdgsn hfviroeiot `om sfcgity tn`t ngs bffj w`s b`ooim go tni cfuotry `om ` w`rr`ot wiot fut afr ngs `rrist. 0=3
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Criosn`w 22
[`goi w`s widd fo ngs w`y tf Ar`oci by tn`t pfgot. Ni n`m biio idictim `s riprisiot`tgvi tf tni Ariocn
O`tgfo`d Cfoviotgfo go Siptiebir 0872 mui tf ngs rgsgoh pfpud`rgty.0== @t `bfut tni s`ei tgei, tni Hgrfomgo p`rty
c`ei tf pfwir go Ar`oci, wngcn pusnim fut tni efo`rcngsts `om a`vfrim ` ripubdgc`o hfviroeiot. Gt siieim `s ga
[`gois mri`es fa riprisiot`tgvi rudi wfudm bi audagddim. Sffo, nfwivir, tni r`mgc`d L`cfbgo p`rty dim by
E`xgegdgio mi Rfbispgirri imhim Ar`oci cdfsir tf `o`rcny `om tni Righo fa ]irrfr.0=9 Xngdi [`goi w`s id`tim wgtn
tni fvirtnrfw fa tni Ariocn efo`rcny, ni mipdfrim tni vgfdioci `om ixicutgfos. Xnio Jgoh Dfugs ^QG w`s
brfuhnt tf trg`d lust ` snfrt wngdi `atir [`goi `rrgvim fo tni cfotgoiot, ni afuhnt tf s`vi tni jgohs dgai. 0=1 [`goi
a`gdim `om tni ix-efo`rcn w`s ixicutim by hugddftgoi fo L`ou`ry 20, 0873. [`gois fwo dgai w`s ofw go m`ohir `s
tni L`cfbgos tffj cfotrfd fa Ar`oci `om risiotim [`gois iaafrts tf priviot bdffmsnim. Ai`rgoh tn`t ni n`m dgttdi tgei
diat, [`goi wgtnmriw arfe pubdgc dgai `om bih`o wfrjgoh fo ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo, ngs pirsfo`d bidgias `bfut ridghgfo.
[`goi wrfti tnrfuhnfut tni sueeir `om a`dd fa 0873 `om upfo cfepditgoh tni agrst p`rt ni w`s prfeptdy `rristim by
tni L`cfbgos fo Miciebir 2> `om tnrfwo gotf tni Duxiebfurh prgsfo.0=8 @atir spiomgoh ` yi r go prgsfo ni w`s
ridi`sim `om bih`o ricupir`tgoh `t tni [`rgs nfei fa L`eis Eforfi, tni curriot @eirgc`o egogstir tf Ar`oci. Gt
w`s niri tn`t ni piooim p`rt twf fa ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo,wngcn w`s pubdgsnim go d`ti 0879.0=>
Xnio [`goi wrfti p`rt foi ni mgm oft n`vi ` Bgbdi go arfot fa nge, sf ni wrfti efri hioir`ddy `bfut
ridghgfus bidgias, iccdisg`stgc`d gostgtutgfos, `om v`rgfus Fdm `om Oiw ]ist`eiot gssuis. Go tni sicfom p`rt, [`goi
n`m fbt`goim ` Bgbdi `om wiot gotf hri`t mit`gd ix`egogoh `om mgsprfvgoh cd`ges e`mi go bftn ]ist`eiots
(sfeitgeis bffj by bffj).0=7Go tni bihgoogoh fa p`rt foi, [`goi ixpd`goim wny ni w`s wrgtgoh, s`ygoh, gt n`s biio
ey gotiotgfo, afr sivir`d yi`rs p`st, tf pubdgsn ey tnfuhnts upfo ridghgfo. G `e widd `w`ri fa tni mgaagcudtgis tn`t
`ttiom tni sublict, `om arfe tn`t cfosgmir`tgfo, n`m risirvim gt tf ` efri `mv`ocim pirgfm fa dgai. 09; Ni n m w`otim
tngs ridghgfus pgici tf bi tni d`st tngoh ni wrfti, but tni m`ohirfus sgtu`tgfo go Ar`oci prfeptim nge tf wrgti gt
sffoir.090 Ni tnio cfotgouim by hgvgoh ` st`tieiot fa ngs fwo a`gtn, s`ygoh, G bidgivi go foi Hfm, `om of efri: `om
G nfpi afr n`ppgoiss biyfom tngs dgai.092 [`goi st`tim tn`t ni mgm oft bidgivi go oy fa tni scrgpturis fa tni Liws,
Cnrgstg`os, fr ]urjs (Eusdges) but bidgivim gosti`m tn`t ridghgfus mutgis cfosgst fa prfeftgoh lustgci, dfvgoh eircy,
`om siijgoh tf e`ji ftnirs n`ppy.093 Ni mgscfuotim `oy nfdy bffj s bigoh rivid`tgfo bic`usi ni cd`geim tn`t
rivid`tgfo c`o fody t`ji pd`ci bitwiio Hfm `om `o gomgvgmu`d fo ` pirsfo`d b`sgs: wnio rivid`tgfo tf foi pirsfo gs
wrgttio mfwo `om ri`m by `oftnir, gt ci`sis tf bi rivid`tgfo `om bicfeis ni`rs`y. Nfwivir, go tires fa tni
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cn`r`ctir fa Lisus ngesida, [`goi n`m rispict afr nge `om ngs efr`dgty, c`ddgoh nge ` vgrtufus `om `o `eg`bdi e`o.
[`goi bidgivim tn`t Lisus eghnt n`vi dgvim `s tni hfspids ricfuotim, but ni uoquistgfo`bdy miogim Lisus mgvgogty.09=
[`goi tnio d`uocnim gotf `o ix`ego`tgfo fa tni ngstfrgcgty fa tni Bgbdi `om Cnrgstg`o Eytnfdfhy, `om
c`ei tf tni cfocdusgfo tn`t sgoci tni Bgbdi cdfsidy `dghos wgtn e`oy `ocgiot eytnfdfhgc`d stfrgis gt gs tniriafri
b`sim upfo tnie.099 ]ni stfry fa S`t`os a`dd, e`os subsiquiot cfrruptgfo `om iosd`vieiot, `om Lisus `s tni
Eissg`n w`s oftngoh but ` a`bdi irictim by tni Cnrgstg`o Cnurcn tf cfotrfd `om e`ogpud`ti eio. ]ngs a`dsi tnifdfhy
w`s mirfh`tfry tfw`rm tni @deghnty sgoci gt mipgctim nge `s bigoh goc`p`bdi. @s fa trui tnifdfhy, [`goi pfgotim tf
tni cri`tgfo fa tni wfrdm tn`t e`o binfdms wgtn ngs iyis iviry m`y.091 [`goi tnio ix`egoim tni Fdm `om Oiw
]ist`eiots arfe eiefry, dffjgoh `t tni afre`tgfo fa tni c`ofo `om tni d`cj fa ixtiro`d ivgmioci, sn`jy gotiro`d
ivgmioci, `om v`rgfus Bgbdi stfrgis `om cn`r`ctirs.098 Ni tnio ixpd`goim tni cfocipt fa prfpnit, cd`gegoh tn`t gt
frghgo`ddy riairrim tf ` pfit, oft sfeifoi wnf afritfdm tni auturi. D`tir, ni snfwim nfw tni Cnurcn n`m gepfsim
ridghgfo upfo e`ojgom by tni usi fa eystiry, egr`cdis, `om prfpnicy, `dd tnrii fa wngcn [`goi cd`geim wiri
gocfep`tgbdi wgtn trui ridghgfo.09>
[`goi spiot qugti ` bgt fa tgei cfosgmirgoh Lisus dgai arfe tni hfspids `om c`ei tf tni cfocdusgfo tn`t tni
`ccfuots wiri oft ngstfrgc`d but `oicmft`d. Ni mriw cfep`rgsfos bitwiio Efsis, Lisus, `om Eun`ee`m `om oftim
tn`t Lisus c`ddim fo eio tf bi vgrtufus `om bidgivi go foi Hfm, s`ygoh, tni hri`t tr`gt go ngs cn`r`ctir gs
pngd`otnrfpy.097 @s tf Lisus suppfsim wfrj fa rimieptgfo, [`goi afuom of ixtiro`d ivgmioci `om sf turoim tf
gotiro`d prffa. Ni cd`geim tn`t Lisus mi`tn w`s oft `o ix`epdi fa efr`d lustgci, but wn`t ni c`ddim picuog`ry
lustgci, ei`ogoh ` efoit`ry mibt p`gm fo bin`da fa `oftnir. ]ni mfctrgoi fa rimieptgfo e`mi Hfm tf bi uolust
bic`usi Hfm riausim tf puogsn @m`e `om gosti`m eurmirim `o goofciot e`o go @m`es pd`ci. Oft fody mgm [`goi
cfocdumim tn`t rimieptgfo w`s a`dsi, but tn`t gt `dsf h`vi e`o ` se`dd `om oih`tgvi vgiw fa ngesida `om e`mi nge
uon`ppy. Gt c`usim nue`os tf mispgsi tni cnfgcist hgat fa Hfm tf e`o, tni HGA] FA [email protected]; ]ngs st`tieiot
h`vi [`goi tni fppfrtuogty tf ixpfuom fo ngs gmi` fa trui rivid`tgfo `om Hfms wfrm. [`goi upnidm cri`tgfo `s tni
fody puri `om uo`mudtir`tim wfrm fa Hfm, s`ygoh tn`t gt gs fody go tni CRI@]GFOtn`t `dd fur gmi`s `om cfociptgfos
fa ` Xfrm fa Hfmc`o uogti.010 Dgjiwgsi ni prfeftim ri`sfo `s tni fody w`y fa agomgoh Hfm.012 [`goi `dsf
`ssirtim tn`t tni bist w`y tf sirvi Hfm gs tf sirvi ftnir pifpdi by e`jgoh tnie n`ppy sgoci Hfm mfis oft oiim
`oytngoh arfe us.013
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Criosn`w 2=
[`gois tfoi go tni agrst p`rt fa ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfow`s rid`tgvidy a`gr `om fblictgvi, but ni cirt`gody c`ei tf
tni cfocdusgfo tn`t tni Bgbdi w`s a`dsi tnifdfhy truepim up by prgists. ]ni sicfom p`rt w`s eucn efri cn rhim `s
[`goi midgvirim `o fosd`uhnt `h`gost Cnrgstg`ogty `om tni Bgbdi: `om n`vgoh `cqugrim ` Bgbdi afr ngesida ni tffj `
efri mit`gdim dffj `t `utnfrsngp `om gotiro`d gocfosgstiocgis.01= Ngs `ttgtumi tfw`rm tni Cnrgstg`o a`gtn n`m cn`ohim
rie`rj`bdy sgoci ni piooim Cfeefo Siosisiviotiio yi`rs i`rdgir. Ni mgm oft bidgivi go tni utnfrgty fr v`dgmgty
fa tni Bgbdi, ni mgscfuotim tni Hioisgs `ccfuot fa cri`tgfo, mgsbidgivim go frghgo`d sgo, `om s`w tni Rimieptgfo `s
uolust eurmir.019 [`goi w`s ofw ` agredy rfftim Migst, n`vgoh ixprissim ngs bidgia go foi Hfm, tni cri`tgfo fa tni
wfrdm (but oft `s tfdm go Hioisgs), `om tni trguepn fa ri`sfo `om scgioci. [`goi mgrictdy riairiocim Migse `om `t
foi pfgot, `atir t`djgoh `bfut tni ]rgogty `om Lisus mi`tn, micd`rim ngs cfoagmioci go tni ridghgfo. Nfw mgaairiot gs
tngs tf tni puri `om sgepdi prfaissgfo fa Migse! ]ni trui Migst n`s but foi Migty, `om ngs ridghgfo cfosgsts go
cfotiepd`tgoh tni pfwir, wgsmfe `om bioghogty fa tni Migty go Ngs wfrjs, `om go iomi`vfrgoh tf gegt`ti Nge go
ivirytngoh efr`d, scgiotgagc`d `om eicn`ogc`d.011
Nfw c`o wi ricfocgdi ngs gomgrict rie`rjs `bfut ridghgfo go Cfeefo Siositn`t wiri a`vfr`bdi tfw`rm tni
Bgbdi `om Cnrgstg`ogty wgtn ngs mgrict cfomieo`tgfo fa tni s`ei a`gtn go ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo6 [`gois pirsfo`d
bidgias n`m cirt`gody mividfpim `om cn`ohim, but nfw `om wnio6 [`gois e`lfr wfrjs go tni gotirviogoh yi`rs
cfosgstim fa tngrtiio Crgsgsdittirs `om tniRghnts fa E`o.018 ]ni Crgsgsmfis oft hgvi us eucn fa ` cdui sgoci [`goi
cfotgouim ngs siotgeiots `om st`tieiots `dfoh sgegd`r dgois `s Cfeefo Siosi. Ni rigtir`tim ngs bidgia go
[rfvgmioci `om Hfms hfviro`oci fa tni wfrdm, tn`t @eirgc` w`s ` cnfsio `om spicg`do`tgfo wgtn ` lust `om
vgrtufus c`usi, `om tn`t ri`sfo `om siosi wiri tni bist hugmis go n`rrfwgoh tgeis.01> ]niRghnts fa E`ow`s puridy
`o ixprissgfo fa [`gois pfdgtgc`d pirspictgvis `om mgm oft `mmriss ngs ridghgfus vgiws mgrictdy. 017 ]ni rist fa [`gois
wrgtgohs bitwiio 0881 `om 0873 `defst iotgridy cfosgstim fa cfrrispfomioci tf gepfrt`ot @eirgc`o pfdgtgc`d
di`mirs `om tnfuhnts fo egscidd`oifus ftnir tfpgcs, ofo fa wngcn wiri spicgagc`ddy ridghgfus.08; Sf gt gs oft arfe ngs
wrgtgohs murgoh tngs pirgfm tn`t wi c`o uomirst`om tni cn ohi go ]nfe`s [`goi. Go a`ct, wi eust hf b`cj tf ]ni @hi
fa Ri`sfoafr ngots `s tf wn`t c`usim nge tf wrgti sf pfwirauddy `h`gost Cnrgstg`ogty `om tni Cnurcn.
@s eiotgfoim `bfvi, go tni bihgoogoh fa ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo,[`goi st`tim tn`t ni gotiomim ngs tnfuhnts
upfo ridghgfo tf bi d`st tngoh ni wrfti. Wit tni iviots fa tni Ariocn Rivfdutgfo n`m pricgpgt`tim tni cfepditgfo fa
ngs wfrj sffoir tn`o ni ge`hgoim bic usi ni tnfuhnt ni w`s hfgoh tf mgi. Go tni [ria`ci tf p`rt foi, biafri hgvgoh
ngs st`tieiot fa a`gtn, [`goi ixpd`goim spicgagc`ddy wn`t eftgv`tim nge tf wrgti.
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]ni cgrcuest`oci tn`t n`s ofw t`jio pd`ci go Ar`oci fa tni tft`d `bfdgtgfo fa tni wnfdi o`tgfo`d frmir fa
prgistnffm, `om fa ivirytngoh `ppirt`gogoh tf cfepudsgvi systies fa ridghgfo, `om cfepudsgvi `rtgcdis fa
a`gtn, n`s oft fody pricgpgt`tim ey gotiotgfo, but riomirim ` wfrj fa tngs jgom ixciimgohdy oiciss`ry, dist go
tni hioir`d wricj fa supirstgtgfo, fa a`dsi systies fa hfviroeiot `om a`dsi tnifdfhy, wi dfsi sghnt fa
efr`dgty, fa nue`ogty `om fa tni tnifdfhy tn`t gs trui. 080
@t agrst tni Ariocn Rivfdutgfo siieim tf bi tni audagddeiot fa [`gois mri`es. ]ni cfeefo e`o n`m rgsio
up `h`gost tni Ariocn efo`rcny om fvirtnrfwo gt, `om ` ripubdgc`o hfviroeiot n`m biio prfpfsim. Nfwivir, `s
pfwir sngatim tf tni L`cfbgos, pubdgc vgfdioci `om ixicutgfos efuotim `s pifpdi tffj riviohi `h`gost tni ofbgdgty
`om `rgstfcr`cy. [`goi w`s hri`tdy gep`ctim `om ngs mgsgddusgfoeiot cfudm oft n`vi biio hri`tir `s ni dfst nfpi go
tni spri`m fa dgbirty `om iqu`dgty tnrfuhnfut Iurfpi.082 [`goi aidt viry strfohdy `bfut tni ivgds fa jgohsngp `om
nirimgt`ry succissgfo, but ni w`s oft ` vgfdiot e`o `om oivir `mvfc`tim afrci, cruidty, fr brut`dgty tf gepdieiot
riafre.083 Go tni [ria`ci tf tni sicfom p`rt fa ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo, [`goi eiotgfoim tngs vgfdioci `s ` e`lfr ri`sfo
wny ni wrfti `h`gost tni Cnurcn.
G N@QI eiotgfoim go tni afreir p`rt fa ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo tn`t gt n`m dfoh biio ey gotiotgfo tf pubdgsn
ey tnfuhnts upfo ridghgfo: but tn`t G n`m frghgo`ddy risirvim gt tf ` d`tir pirgfm go dgai, gotiomgoh gt tf bi tni
d`st wfrj G snfudm uomirt`ji. ]ni cgrcuest`ocis, nfwivir, wngcn ixgstim go Ar`oci go tni d`ttir iom fa tni
yi`r 0873, mitiregoim ei tf mid`y gt of dfohir. ]ni lust `om nue`oi prgocgpdis fa tni Rivfdutgfo wngcn
pngdfsfpny n`m agrst mgaausim, n`m biio mip`rtim arfe. ]ni gmi`, `dw`ys m`ohirfus tf sfcgity `s gt gs
mirfh`tfry tf tni @deghnty, tn`t prgists cfudm afrhgvi sgos, tnfuhn gt siieim tf ixgst of dfohir, n`m bduotim
tni aiidgohs fa nue`ogty `om prip`rim eio afr tni cfeegssgfo fa `dd crgeis. ]ni gotfdir`ot spgrgt fa Cnurcn
pirsicutgfos n`m tr`osairrim gtsida gotf pfdgtgcs: tni trgbuo`d stydim rivfdutgfo`ry suppdgim tni pd`ci fa `o
goqugsgtgfo: `om tni hugddftgoi fa tni st`ji. G s`w e`oy fa ey efst gotge`ti argioms mistrfyim, ftnirs m`gdy
c`rrgim tf prgsfo, `om G n`m ri`sfo tf bidgivi, `om n`m `dsf gotge`tgfos hgvio ei tn`t tni s`ei m`ohir w`s
`pprf`cngoh eysida.08=
[`goi e`mi gt viry cdi`r tn`t ni bidgivim tni vgfdioci `om uorist wiri p`rtg`ddy gogtg`tim by tni ridghgfus
gostgtutgfos go Ar`oci. Go tngs ni w`s oft wrfoh, sgoci tni Ariocn cdirhy wiri `dghoim wgtn tni efo`rcny `om
`rgstfcr`cy `om wiri gotge`tidy govfdvim go pfdgtgc`d `aa`grs. 089 Sf gt `ppi`rs tn t [`goi wrfti `h`gost tni Cnurcn afr
afur ri`sfos< agrst, ni w`otim tf bri`j tni `ddg`oci bitwiio tni efo`rcny `om cdirhy: sicfom, ni s`w tni Cnurcn `s `
e`lfr sfurci fa vgfdioci `om pirsicutgfo `om `o fbst`cdi tf ripubdgc`o prgocgpdis: tngrm, tf cfeb`t a`dsi tnifdfhy
tn`t w`s `ssurgoh eio fa afrhgvioiss afr tnigr crgeis, wngcn ixcusim tnigr egsmiims: `om ago`ddy, tf cfeb`t `tnigstgc
bidgias wngcn wiri rgsgoh `s cdirgc`d govfdvieiot go tni Rivfdutgfo sp`rjim ` b`cjd`sn `h`gost ridghgfo `om Hfm
`efoh tni pifpdi. [`gois iyis siieimtf n`vi biio fpioim tf wn`t ni pircigvim tf bi tni ivgds fa Cnrgstg`ogty `om
ni w`s `pp`ddim tn`t oft fody n m gt crusnim ngs ripubdgc`o nfpis, but gt w`s dsf di`mgoh tf mgsbidgia go Hfm. ]ngs
ixpd`gos wny [`gois tfoi go ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfow`s sf n`rsn `om uocfeprfegsgoh `s ni midgvirim bdfw `atir bdfw
mgsprfvgoh `om c`ddgoh gotf mfubt tni Cnrgstg`o a`gtn `om bidgia systie. Gt gs `dsf wny ni sf hdfrgfusdy prfeftis
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Migse `s bigoh cfepditidy uodgji Cnrgstg`ogty `om ` a`r supirgfr ridghgfo tft`ddy cfep`tgbdi wgtn tni prgocgpdis fa
dgbirty `om lustgci.
Xngdi wi c`o uomirst`om tni Ariocn Rivfdutgfo `s tni sp`rj tn`t prfeptim [`gois siviri cfomieo`tgfo fa
Cnrgstg`ogty, tni quistgfo stgdd rie`gos `s tf wnitnir tngs w`s ` oiw mividfpeiot go ngs bidgias fr aurtnir e`tur`tgfo
fa dfoh nidm pirspictgvis. Arfe fur ix`ego`tgfo fa Cfeefo Siosi, [`goi snfwim ofoi fa tni crgtgcgse `om mgshust
afr Cnrgstg`ogty tn`t `ppi`rim go ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo. Gs tniri `oyw`y tf tidd ix`ctdy nfw [`goi aidt `bfut tni
Cnrgstg`o gostgtutgfo go 08816 ]ni fody hdgepsi wi hit gs arfe ` st`tieiot ni e`mi go tni bihgoogoh fa p`rt twf fa
]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo.
Sffo `atir G n`m pubdgsnim tni p`epndit Cfeefo Siosi, go @eirgc`, G s`w tni ixciimgoh prfb`bgdgty
tn`t ` rivfdutgfo go tni systie fa hfviroeiot wfudm bi afddfwim by ` rivfdutgfo go tni systie fa ridghgfo.
]ni `mudtirfus cfooictgfo fa cnurcn `om st`ti, wnirivir gt n`s t`jio pd`ci, wnitnir Liwgsn, Cnrgstg`o fr
]urjgsn, n`s sf iaaictu`ddy prfngbgtim by p`gos `om pio`dtgis iviry mgscussgfo upfo ist`bdgsnim criims, `om
upfo agrst prgocgpdis fa ridghgfo, tn`t uotgd tni systie fa hfviroeiot snfudm bi cn`ohim, tnfsi sublictscfudm oft bi brfuhnt a`grdy `om fpiody biafri tni wfrdm: but tn`t wnioivir tngs snfudm bi mfoi, `
rivfdutgfo go tni systie fa ridghgfo wfudm afddfw. Nue`o goviotgfos `om prgistcr`at wfudm bi mitictim:
`om e`o wfudm rituro tf tni puri, uoegxim `om uo`mudtir`tim bidgia fa foi Hfm, `om of efri. 081
]ngs p`ss`hi gs gdduego`tgoh go ` ouebir fa w`ys. Agrst, [`goi e`mi gt cdi`r ngs mgsdgji afr tni cdfsi
rid`tgfosngp bitwiio cnurcn `om st`ti oft lust go @eirgc`, but `oywniri go tni wfrdm wniri tniy cffpir`tim. [`goi
bidgivim tni cnurcn w`s supprissgoh tni st`ti, priviotgoh gt arfe crgtgqugoh tni cnurcn, ixpfsgoh a`dsinffm, `om
prfeftgoh ripubdgc`o rudi. ]ni cnurcn tn`t [`goi t`djim `bfut w`s oft oiciss`rgdy tni Cnrgstg`o Cnurcn, but
gocdumim tni Liwgsn `om Eusdge cnurcnis s widd. Ivio `s i`rdy `s 0881 [`goi `pp`riotdy cfosgmirim `dd ridghgfus
gostgtutgfos `rfuom tni wfrdm tf bi nue`o goviotgfos om prgistcr`at. Mfis tngs st`tieiot `bfut wn`t ni bidgivim
sffo `atir `rrgvgoh go @eirgc` cfoadgct wgtn tni ridghgfus siotgeiots ixprissim go Cfeefo Siosi6 Of gt mfis oft.
Go Cfeefo Siosi,[`goi fody spfji pfsgtgvidy `bfut tni Bgbdi (go ` dgegtim w`y) `om Cnrgstg`o gomgvgmu`ds, but
oivir foci `bfut Cnrgstg`ogty fr ftnir ridghgfus gostgtutgfos. [`goi siieim tf bi `h`gost ridghgfo wnio gt w`s
gostgtutgfo`dgzim `om pfdgtgcgzim, but oft oiciss`rgdy `h`gost spicgagc bidgias `om tioits tn`t cfudm e`ji eio vgrtufus
`om hffm. ]niriafri, `t sfei pfgot `atir 0881 `om biafri 0873, [`goi bih`o tf bidgivi tn`t tni ti`cngohs fa
Scrgpturi wiri lust `s ivgd `s ridghgfus gostgtutgfos. Xngdi [`goi v`duim tni efr`d ti`cngohs fa Lisus, ni rilictim tni
ngstfrgcgty fa tni Fdm ]ist`eiot `om `oyfoi wnf bidgivim tni Bgbdi arfe cri`tgfo tf rimieptgfo. @t wn`t pfgot
[`goi ri`m `om iv`du`tim tni Bgbdi go gts iotgrity gs uojofwo, but gt w`s miagogtidy biafri tni wgotir fa 0873 wnio ni
wrfti tni agrst p`rt fa ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfo. Efst dgjidy, [`goi stumgim tni Bgbdi `om c`ei tf ngs cfocdusgfos `atir
`rrgvgoh go Iohd`om `om Ar`oci go 08>8. Yp tf tngs pfgot ni n`m biio tft`ddy mivftim tf tni @eirgc`o w`r iaafrt
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Criosn`w 28
(0889-08>3) `om tf ngs scgiotgagc risi`rcn `om misghos, wngcn n`m dim nge tf Iurfpi go tni agrst pd`ci. Stgdd, wi eust
oft cfepditidy dgegt [`gois ridghgfus tngojgoh `om govistgh`tgfo tf ` cirt`go tgei pirgfm, sgoci ni ngesida st`tim tn`t
gt n`m dfoh biio ey gotiotgfo tf pubdgsn ey tnfuhnts upfo ridghgfo.088 Nfw dfoh ni n`m biio wgsngoh tf mf tngs gs
uojofwo.
@atir ]ni @hi fa Ri`sfow`s pubdgsnim [`goi w`s wgmidy crgtgcgzim `om cfomieoim `s `o goagmid.08>
]niri wiri dgtir`ddy nuomrims fa rispfosis bftn go @eirgc` `om go Iurfpi, e`oy fa tnie cfegoh arfe @ohdgc`o `om
[risbytirg`o cdirhy.087 [`goi mgm oft b`cj mfwo arfe ngs cd`ges, but rispfomim fo ` ouebir fa fcc sgfos tf tnfsi
wnf cfomieoim ngs wfrj.0>; Oft fody mgm [`goi miaiom ngs ridghgfus tnfuhnts, but ni rigtir`tim tnie fo fcc`sgfo go
ftnir wfrjs `om iss`ys. @atir 0879, [`goi wrfti qugti ` aiw ridghgfus wfrjs r`ohgoh arfe iss`ys fo tni ixgstioci
fa Hfm `om mri`es, tf C`go `om @bid, tni S`bb`tn, `om ` cfep`rgsfo bitwiio Migse `om Cnrgstg`ogty. 0>0 ]nrfuhn
ngs d`tir yi`rs [`goi mgm oft cn`ohi ngs ridghgfus pirspictgvis, but cfotgouim tf miofuoci Cnrgstg`ogty `om `mv`oci
tni c`usi fa Migse.0>2
]ngs p`pir n`s `ttieptim tf hgvi ` brgia fvirvgiw fa ]nfe`s [`gois dgai wgtn spicgagc rih`rm tf ngs bidgias
`bfut Hfm `om ridghgfo: yit wn`t gs prisiotim fody scr`tcnis tni sura`ci. ]ni vfduei fa [`gois fwo wrgtgoh `aafrms
wfomiraud fppfrtuogtgis afr aurtnir risi`rcn `bfut ngs bidgias `om nfw tniy sn`pim nge. [`rtgcud`rdy, gt wfudm bi
bioiagcg`d tf mf ` efri go-miptn cfep`rgsfo `om cfotr`st fa [`gois ridghgfus siotgeiots go Cfeefo Siosi `om ]ni
@hi fa Ri`sfo. @dsf, ` efri tnfrfuhn stumy snfudm bi uomirt`jio tf tr`ci [`gois ridghgfus mividfpeiots bitwiio
0881 `om 0873, dffjgoh `t dd ngs pubdgc`tgfos `om dgai `ctgvgtgis. Go `mmgtgfo, G tngoj eucn cfudm bi hdi`oim `bfut
ngs bidgia go Hfm `om iccdisg`stgc`d gostgtutgfos arfe tni Rghnts fa E`o. Ago`ddy, gt wfudm bi gotiristgoh tf ri`m
[`gois d`tir wfrjs sgoci e`oy fa tnie mgrictdy `mmrissridghgfus gssuis. Nfw mgm [`gois bidgias cfotgoui tf
mividfp uotgd ngs mi`tn6 Mgm tniy cn`ohi t `dd go `oy sghogagc`ot w`y6 Mgm ni s`y oytngoh `bfut ngs ridghgfus
pirspictgvis d`tir go ngs dgai tn`t eghnt hgvi cduis tf quistgfos `mmrissim go tngs p`pir6 @ efri cfepditi pgcturi fa
tni spgrgtu`d pirsfo fa ]nfe`s [`goi cfudm bi cfostructim ga risi`rcn go tnisi `ri`s w`s uomirt`jio `om cfepgdim.
Go tni ei`o tgei, gt gs stgdd pfssgbdi tf ricfostruct go ` dgegtim e`ooir tni mividfpeiot fa ]nfe`s [`gois
ridghgfus bidgias. Bfro go Iohd`om murgoh tni d`ttir yi`rs fa tni Iodghntioeiot ni w`s agrst sn`pim by ngs Pu`jir
a`tnir `om C`tnfdgc eftnir. ]ni efst cfosgstiot goaduioci arfe tngs tgei tn`t iomurim wgtn nge afr tni rist fa ngs
dgai w`s tni nue`ogt`rg`o cfociro ni snfwim tfw`rm ftnir pifpdi. [`goi n`m ` brghnt `om goqugsgtgvi egom tn`t
eftgv`tim nge tf pursui scgioci, but gt `dsf c`usim nge tf quistgfo frtnfmfx ridghgfo `om `utnfrgty. Xnio
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Criosn`w 2>
prisiotim wgtn tni trutn `om hri`toiss fa Oiwtfog`o scgioci, [`goi mgm oft lust gocfrpfr`ti gt gotf ngs wfrdmvgiw but
ni e`mi gt tni tfucnstfoi fa ngs dgai. ]ni risudt w`s ` bidgia go Migse egxim wgtn ngs Cnrgstg`o nirgt`hi, `om o
fvirrgmgoh cfoagmioci go ri`sfo, Hfms bioivfdioci, `om tni Cri`tgfo `s trui ridghgfo. [`goi w`s oft fvirtdy nfstgdi
tfw`rm tni ti`cngohs fa Cnrgstg`ogty `s `
egmmdi-`him e`o, `dtnfuhn ni w`s qugti
sjiptgc`d fa e`oy tnifdfhgis `om n`rsn go ngs
vgiws fa tni gostgtutgfo`dgzim Cnurcn.
Foci ngs o`ei bic`ei jofwo go
@eirgc`, ngs pfdgtgc`d tnfuhnts `om `ctgvgtgis
gocri`sim mr`e`tgc`ddy `s [`goi pd`yim
gepfrt`ot rfdis go bftn tni @eirgc`o `om
Ariocn Rivfdutgfos. Go Ar`oci, ngs pfdgtgc`d
mri`es wiri bftn ri`dgzim `om snfrt dgvim, `om
ngs ri`ctgfo tf tni Righo fa ]irrfr c`usim nge
tf cfepditidy turo ngs b`cj fo Scrgpturi `om
Cnrgstg`ogty, uttirdy rilictgoh tni Cnurcn `om
gts sfurci fa gospgr`tgfo. Arfe tngs pfgot fo
[`goi `ctgvidy wfrjim tf ixpfsi tni
cfrruptgfos `om vgcis fa tni iccdisg`stgc`d
mfe`gos `om `dsf strfohdy w`roim `h`gost
`tnigse. Ni uo`sn`eimdy prfeftim bidgia go ` hffm, jgom, `dd wgsi, `om `dd pfwiraud Hfm wnf rivi`dim ngesida tf
e`o tnrfuhn cri`tgfo. [`goi bidgivim tn`t Hfm w`s efri tn`o lust ` X`tcne`jir, but w`s `ctgvidy c`rgoh afr `om
hfvirogoh tni wfrdm, hugmgoh eio `om o`tgfos go tnigr quist afr trutn, wgsmfe, lustgci, `om iqu dgty. @dtnfuhn [`goi
bidgivim tn`t Hfm risirvim tni rghnt tf rivi`d ngesida tf e`o `t `oy pfgot `om go `oy w`y ni cnfsi, ni oivir n`m `
pirsfo`d rid`tgfosngp wgtn Hfm ngesida. Ni mgm oft bidgivi ni oiimim tf bic`usi `dd wfrsngp, jofwdimhi, `om vgrtui
cfudm bi h`goim tnrfuhn mgdghiot stumy fa tni uogvirsi, scgioci, `om sirvgci tf ftnirs. Go ngs wgdd, wrgttio lust biafri
ni mgim fo Luoi >, 0>;7, [`goi ixprissim ni`rtaidt cfoagmioci `om pi`ci `bfut ngs dgai.0>3 G n`vi dgvim `o nfoist
`om usiaud dgai tf e`ojgom: ey tgei n`s biio spiot go mfgoh hffm, `om G mgi go piraict cfepfsuri `om risgho`tgfo tf
[frtr`gt fa ]nfe`s [`goi `s ` egmmdi `him e`o.
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Criosn`w 27
tni wgdd fa ey Cri`tfr, Hfm.0>= Xnitnir tnisi ago`d wfrms `ri trui gs jofwo fody tf Hfm om ]nfe`s [`goi. Wit
wi `ri govgtim tf agom fut afr fursidvis wn`t hffm fr gdd tngs e`os dgai n`m upfo pifpdi `om o`tgfos. Iqugppim wgtn
tni jofwdimhi fa ]nfe`s [`goi `s ` pirsfo`d `om spgrgtu`d bigoh, wi `ri piraictdy pfsgtgfoim tf gep`rtg`ddy iv`du`ti
ngs wrgtgohs `om gmi`s `om tni gep`ct tniy n`m upfo tni wfrdm.
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Criosn`w 3;
Bgbdgfhr`pny
G.
[rge`ry Sfurcis
@.
Bffjs
Oiwtfo, Gs``c.Afur Dittirs arfe Sgr Gs``c Oiwtfo tf Mfctfr Biotdiy cfot`gogoh sfei @rhueiots go [rffa fa `
Migty. Dfomfo< R. om L. Mfmsdiy, 0891.
[`goi, ]nfe`s. Cfeefo Siosi, Rghnts fa E`o, `om ftnir Issiotg`d Xrgtgohs fa ]nfe`s [`goi. Oiw Wfrj< Sghoit
Cd`ssgcs, 2;;3.
VVVVVVVV]ni Dgai `om E`lfr Xrgtgohs fa ]nfe`s [`goi. Imgtim by [ngdgp S. Afoir. Sic`ucus, OL< ]ni Cgt`mid
[riss, 078=.
VVVVVVVV]nfe`s [`goi< Cfddictim Xrgtgohs.Imgtim by Irgc Afoir. Oiw Wfrj< ]ni Dgbr`ry fa @eirgc`, 0799.
VVVVVVVV]ni Xrgtgohs fa ]nfe`s [`goi.Imgtim by M`ogid Efocuri Cfow`y. Qfd. 0< 088=-0887. Oiw Wfrj< H.[.
[uto`es Sfos, 0>7=.
VVVVVVVV]ni Xrgtgohs fa ]nfe`s [`goi.Imgtim by M`ogid Efocuri Cfow`y. Qfd. 2< 0887-0872. Oiw Wfrj< H.[.[uto`es Sfos, 0>7=.
VVVVVVVV]ni Xrgtgohs fa ]nfe`s [`goi.Imgtim by M`ogid Efocuri Cfow`y. Qfd. 3< 0870-0>;=. Oiw Wfrj< H.[.
[uto`es Sfos, 0>79.
VVVVVVVV]ni Xrgtgohs fa ]nfe`s [`goi.Imgtim by M`ogid Efocuri Cfow`y. Qfd. =. Oiw Wfrj< H.[. [uto`es
Sfos, 0>71.
B.
Xibsgti
]nfe`s [`goi O`tgfo`d Ngstfrgc`d @ssfcg`tgfo. nttp
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Criosn`w 30
Xgddg`es, [itir X.@eirgc`s Ridghgfos< Arfe ]nigr Frghgos tf tni ]wioty-agrst Ciotury.Cngc`hf< Yogvirsgty fa
Gddgofgs [riss, 2;;>.
Xgdsfo, Lirfei M., `om Xgddg`e A. Rgcjitsfo. ]nfe`s [`goi< Ypm`tim Imgtgfo.Bfstfo< ]w`yoi [ubdgsnirs, 07>7.
B.
Scnfd`rdy @rtgcdis
Cd`rj, N`rry N`ymio. @o Ngstfrgc`d Gotirprit`tgfo fa ]nfe`s [`gois Ridghgfo. Yogvirsgty fa C`dgafrog` Cnrfogcdi
39 (0733)< 91->8.
VVVVVVVV]fw`rm ` Rigotirprit`tgfo fa ]nfe`s [`goi.@eirgc`o Dgtir`turi 9, of. 2 (0733)< 033-0=9.
nttp)< 92-13. nttp8;>8 (`ccissim Fctfbir 08, 2;;7).
[`deir, R.R. ]fe [`goi< Qgctge fa tni Rghnts fa E`o. ]ni [ioosydv