COLONIES
Land owned & operated by another country, usually referred to as the mother country
16th & 17th century, competition amongst European nations to discover & own the most land Portugal, Spain England, France
JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)
Several investors who pooled their wealth in support of a colony
Business venture for profit Received a charter from the King
an official permit to start a colony from the English monarch who was entitled to a portion of the profits
JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)
Advantages: Mother Country: her colony is
developed & protected at no cost to her
Company: receives all the profits
JOINT STOCK COMPANY (Charter Colony)
Proprietorship Colony: Type of charter
colony, but the charter is granted to an individual or family, eg. William Penn
ROYAL COLONY
Colony is owned & operated by the Mother Country.
Monarch appoints a Governor manage the colony in his name
Mother Country provides: Supplies Capital Settlers Military support & protection A form of government & officials
Colony provides: Natural resources Market for manufactured goods
Roanoke Colony, 1585The Lost Colony
Sir Walter Raleigh 1585-founded the Virginia
Company 1587- lead an expedition with 100
people Planted the first English Colony on Roanoke Island (off the coast of what is now North Carolina)
named the land in North America he claimed for England Virginia
Returned in 1590--Mystery
The Charter of the Virginia CompanyThe Charter of the Virginia Company:: A joint-stock company that guaranteed to A joint-stock company that guaranteed to
colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmen rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.
This provision was This provision was incorporated into incorporated into future colonists’ future colonists’ documents.documents.
Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!they had the rights of Englishmen!
VIRGINIA, 1608VIRGINIA, 1608
VIRGINIA
Spring 1607 Spring 1607 about 144 colonists [all about 144 colonists [all men] sailed on the men] sailed on the Susan B. ConstantSusan B. Constant landed at mouth of Chesapeake Bay& landed at mouth of Chesapeake Bay& named it Jamestownnamed it Jamestown
May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 land at Jamestown, along land at Jamestown, along banks of James River, after King James Ibanks of James River, after King James I Easily defended, but swarming with disease-Easily defended, but swarming with disease-
causing mosquitoes.causing mosquitoes.
VIRGINIA
Problems:Problems: 1606-1607 1606-1607 40 people died on the voyage to 40 people died on the voyage to
the New World.the New World. 1609 1609 another ship from England lost its another ship from England lost its
leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda. Settlers died by the dozens! 1608, another ship Settlers died by the dozens! 1608, another ship
arrived & found only 38 people still alivearrived & found only 38 people still alive
““Gentlemen” colonists would not Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.work themselves. Game in forests & fish in river uncaughtGame in forests & fish in river uncaught..
Settlers wasted time looking for gold Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.instead of hunting or farming.
John Smith,1580-1631
Became a leader of the Jamestown colony its first winter at age 28
“If any would not work, neither should he eat.”
Developed a relationship with the Powhatan tribe able to survive
daughter of Chief Powhatan
defends the life of John Smith
marries John Rolfe
Pocahontas “saves” Captain John SmithPocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith
A 1616 engravingA 1616 engraving
Pocohantas
1608-1618, Over 200 new settlers are
transported Only 400 survive 1618, colony reorganized .granted
100 acres of free land to all free men Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%
THE STARVING TIME
TOBACCO
What finally made the What finally made the colony prosperous??colony prosperous??
John Rolfe developed a John Rolfe developed a new strain of tobacconew strain of tobacco
Tobacco PlantTobacco Plant
Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver..
-- John Rolfe, 1612-- John Rolfe, 1612
Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco
16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.
Tobacco Economy required a labour force
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM, (1618) Each Virginian got 50
acres for each person whose passage they paid.
INDENTURED SERVANTS
(Indenture Contract) 5-7 years. Promised “freedom
dues” [land, £] Forbidden to marry. 1610-1614: only 1
in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!
SLAVERY (1619)First Africans arrived First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.in Jamestown in 1619. Their status was not Their status was not
clear clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.indentured servants.
Slavery not that Slavery not that important until the important until the end of the 17c.end of the 17c.
First Africans arrived First Africans arrived in Jamestown in in Jamestown in 16191619..
Their status was not Their status was not clear clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.indentured servants.
Slavery not that Slavery not that important until the important until the end of the 17end of the 17cc..
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:
Vital role in putting Virginia on a firm Vital role in putting Virginia on a firm economic footing.economic footing.
Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.
Chained Virginia’s economy to a single Chained Virginia’s economy to a single crop.crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.
Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.
VirginiaVirginia
Relations between Indians & Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.settlers grew worse.
General mistrust because of different General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.cultures & languages.
English raided Indian food supplies during English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.the starving times.
1614-1622 1614-1622 peace between Powhatans peace between Powhatans and the English because of the marriage of and the English because of the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.
Problems with the NativesProblems with the NativesProblems with the NativesProblems with the Natives
1622-1644 1622-1644 periodic attacks periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.between Indians and settlers.
1622 1622 Indians attacked the English, Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].killing 347 [including John Rolfe].
Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.war” against the Native Americans.
Raids reduced native population and Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.drove them further westward.
James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia
He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.
He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..
1624 1624 he revoked the charter of he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.the bankrupt VA Company.
Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!under the king’s direct control!
Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony
Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony
Rebels attacked Indians, whether they Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.
They burned the capital.They burned the capital.
Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.and hanged 20 rebels.
Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon
GovernorGovernorWilliam BerkeleyWilliam Berkeley
English Reformation
16th century movement for religious reform
Led to the founding of churches that rejected the Pope’s authority
Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England (Anglican Church)
Puritans
A group in England who wanted to purify or reform the Church of England
Wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholicism
2 Groups of Puritans:
Separatists: Puritans who wanted to reform the
Church of England and form their own separate congregations
Reformers: Puritans who did not want to leave
the Church of England just reform it & believed that reform was possible
Separatists in England felt they were being persecuted in went to Holland
1620,a group of 102 Separatists, lead by Captain Myles Standish negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction.
Set sail on the Mayflower from Plymouth,England
PLYMOUTH COLONY, 1620
Mayflower Compact
Written & signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship on November 11, 1620
Considered the first written constitution in North America
Radical idea Government depends on
the consent of the governed
Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.
Winter of 1620-1621
Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.
Fall of 1621 First “Thanksgiving.”
Colony survived because of the help of the local native tribe, lead by Squanto with fur [especially beaver], fish, and lumber.
1626-they bought out their backers, and formed Plymouth Colony, based on puritan principles
But, Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.
1691 only 7,000 people
Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.
PLYMOUTH COLONY, 1620
Massachusetts Bay Company, 1630
Joint Stock company funded by Reformer Puritans that received a charter in 1629 to form the Massachusetts Bay
1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships Established a colony with Boston as its
hub
Great Puritan Migration, 1629-1642
Over 14,000 settlers , mainly Puritans , arrived brought over by the Massachusetts Bay Company fleeing religious persecution against Puritans under King Charles I Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] Plymouth Colony incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony
John WinthropJohn Winthrop
..we shall be as a ..we shall be as a City on a hill. The eyes City on a hill. The eyes of all people are upon of all people are upon
us.us.
Wealthy attorney and manor lord in England.
A Model of Christian Charity.
Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.
Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead
Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.
Puritanism Beliefs:
Part of the Church of England Churuch was the centre of the community Controlled by the Elect or Visible Saints
Education: Harvard, 1626
Government: Democracy-the Elect
Fundamental Orders
1639 A constitution governing colonial
Connecticut Establishing a democratic state
controlled by “substantial” citizens
Lord Baltimore
Catholic Englishman Founded the Maryland colony on the
idea of religious freedom where Protestants and Catholics could live together in peace
Maryland Act of Toleration
Landmark act passed by the Maryland assembly
Guaranteed freedom of religion ( but only for Christians ) Radical idea at this time
The penalty for anyone who did not believe in Christ was to be hanged No toleration for Jews, atheists,
muslims, etc…
Roger Williams
Puritan who was tolerant of other religions Did not believe in killing or punishing
people in the name of Christianity Did not believe in a tax supported
church Supported separation of church and state
Indian land should be paid for Banished from MBC for his beliefs
Roger Williams
Started a colony called Providence which would become RI
Bought land from the Native Americans to start the colony Narranganset Indians helped him when he
was banished Based on “freedom of conscience”
Attracted Quakers, Catholics, Jews
Roger Williams" We may praise him .. for his defense of
religious liberty and the separation of church and state . He deserves the tribute … but it falls short of the man. His greatness was simpler. He dared to think. " - Edmund Morgan who wrote a book about
Roger Williams
Ann Hutchinson
Religious dissenter (like Roger Williams)
Put on trial for her beliefs Banished from the MBC Fled to RI and later to NY
Chronological Order
Protestant Reformation Founding of the Plymouth Colony The Great Puritan Migration Founding of Rhode Island
SOUTHCAROLINA
FIRST SETTLEMENT Charles Town (later Charleston)
FOUNDED 1663
LEADER Group of eight proprietors
Henry Hudson
Dutch explorer searching for the Northwest Passage
Land in North America he claimed for Holland called New Netherlands
Dutch West India Company
The business that owned most of Holland’s colonies Fur trading More interested in its colonies in India
1664 –British take New Netherlands
from Holland without firing a shot Given to the Duke of York by the
King of England (his brother) renamed it New York
Proprietor
Owners of colonies who expected the people who lived on their land to pay them a tax called a “quit rent”.
NEW JERSEY
FIRST SETTLEMENT East Jersey – Carteret West Jersey – Salem
FOUNDED 1664
LEADER Lord Berkeley Sir Carteret