A quarterly online magazine published for Master Gardeners and trainees in support of the educational mission of the UF/IFAS Extension Service

TheDirt April2015

A quarterly online magazine published for Master Gardeners in support of the educational mission of UF/IFAS Extension Services

January2016Issue4

TimetoTakeaWalkontheWildSide

FragrantWhiteWaterLiliesinFLPonds

It’sAllAbouttheDirt

PomegranatesasViableFLCrop

Soil…Let’sStopTreatingItLikeDirt

LifeUnderground

Invasives:Nature’sDizzyBalancingAct

InvasiveSpeciesAreEverywhere

FabulousFadingFlorida

ControllingWeedsinLawns

NewEditor&Co-EditorAnnounced

TimetoTakeaWalkontheWildSide ByEllenMahany

OnacloudyOctoberdayatBrookerCreekPreserve,Iwasoneofninefortunateparticipantsinafive-houradvancedplantidentificationclasstaughtbyJamesStevenson,extensionspecialist.Whatawonderfulday.IfyouhavenotyetjoinedJamesononeofhisBrookerCreekwalksorinoneofhisplantidentificationclasses,youshouldtakethisopportunitysoon.

Trudgingtwohoursthroughwetlands,wecooledoffinaheavyshower,trampedonpennyroyaltoreleaseapungentfragrance,viewednewbornrattlesnakes,shotaclose-upofadewyspiderandgazedatgreatvarietyofwildplants,collectingseveralforpossibleidentification.

Backintheclassroomwebegantheseriousworkofplantidentification.Weconsultedbooks,lookedundertheround

microscopeand,asmuchaspossible,houndedJames.Eventually,Jamesandhisninedisciplessattogetheratalarge

ImagescourtesyofSoutheasternFlora.com BeachFalseFoxgove,Agalinusfasciculate

tablewithreferencebooks,magnifyingglasses,thespecimensandninepuzzledexpressions.Inaharmoniouslycooperativeventure,punctuatedbyJames’advice,weslowlyidentifiedwildflowersandafernhereandonthefollowingpage.Continued…

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TimetoTakeaWalkontheWildSideContinued…

St.Peter’sWortHypericumtetrapetalum(ClusiceaeorSt.John’sWortfamily)ImagecourtesyofSoutheasternFlora.com

Blazing-starLiatristenuifolia(Asteraceaefamily)Image©ShirleyDentoncourtesyofFloridaNativePlantSociety.

VirginiaChainFernWoodwardiavirginica(Blechnaceaefamily)Photoby©BettyWargo

SeasideGoldenrodSolidagosempervirens(AsteraceaeorSunflowerfamily)ImagecourtesyofWikipedi.org.

FragrantWhiteWaterLiliesinFloridaPondsLindaSmock,MasterGardenerTrainee2015

Waterlilieshavefloatingleavesandareoftenseeninshallowwateraroundapondorlakesedges.TheonesinmanyretentionpondsthroughoutPinellasCountyareknownasthefragrantwaterlily(Nymphaeaodorata),andoccurthroughoutFloridaandthecontinentalUnitedStates.Therearemanysubspeciesandvarieties,whichmaybeseeninponds,lakesandsluggishstreamsthroughoutNorthAmerica.

AsanativeFloridaplant,waterlilieshelpprovidecoverformanynativefish,turtles,frogs,insectsandotherthingsthathelpcreateahealthyenvironmentforapondandrelatedpondlife.Ottersandlargefishliketohideamongthemalso.

Waterlilyleavesarecircularshapedandarenotchedtothecenter.Theleaflobesarepointedandleavesariseonstalksfromlongrhizomesinthemud,whichmeanstheyareonlyinshallowwater.

Theflowersarewhiteandveryaromatic.Ifwaterliliesarefoundinthemiddle,notjusttheedgeofthepond,thisisanindicationthatthepondhasbecomefilledwithsediment,andisnolongerabalancedpondthatprovideshealthforwaterlifeatseverallevelsofwaterdepth.Aslongastheliliesarejustattheedgeofthepond,youcanbeassuredthatthepondismaintainingadegreeofhealth.

Moreinformationcanbefoundathttp://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/nymphaea-odorata/

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TheDirt January2016

It’sAllAbouttheDirtBySherryDodson

Wouldyouliketoproducemoreveggiesandfruitsonyourplants?Itcouldbeassimpleasaddingcomposttooursandysoil.Organicandconventionalfruitandvegetablegrowers,whetherdooryardorcommercial,haveapowerfulalleyincompost.

Compostisbasicallydeteriorating,organicmaterialsuchasyardwaste,kitchenwaste,manures,andchemicals.

Compostingisthebiologicalbreakdownoftheseorganicmaterialsbymicroorganismsintoastablehumusproduct.

AllAboutCompost

• Compostmustbemature,sterile,andpathogen-free.

• Compostdoeswonderfulthingsinoursoil,byimprovingthesoil’swater-holdingcapacitytherebyreducingourneedforirrigation,andimprovingthesoil’sstructuretherebyreducingerosion.

• Compostiseffectivelyaslow-releasefertilizertherebyrestructuringourfertilizerprogram,aswellas,providingabufferforfertilizerimbalances.

• Compostcanimproveplantroothealth,andaidinthesuppressionofplantdiseases.

Althoughallthesebenefitsaffectourfinancialandenvironmentaloverhead,thoselasttwobenefits(roothealthanddiseasesuppression)areofgreatinteresttothegrowertoday.Forexample,citrusgrowersarelookingtoincreaseplantandroothealthtocombatHLB.Itappearscompostmayaidinthatfight.

MakingCompost

“Hot”compostingisonlyonemethodofproducingcompost,andit’sthemethodpresentlyfocusedonbyFloridagrowerstoday.Thecompostrecipeisbothcomplicatedandsimple:

1. Oxygen2. Optimumorganicparticlesize,3. Propercarbon:nitrogenratio,andwater

Eachcomponentandapplicationisfine-tunedtomakethefinalproduct:compost.Notethatjustshreddingorganicsandscreeningtheparticlesdoesnotproduceaqualitycompostproduct.

Manybackyardcompostpileshavelimitedsuccessprimarilyduetothecompostpile’scoretemperaturenotreachingandsustaininghighenoughtemperatures.Federallawsrequirebiosolidcomposttoaverageacoretemperatureof55oCforthefirst15days.Inaddition,thecompostpileistobeturnedfive(5)timeswithinthattimeframe.Thisstipulationallowsthecomposttobeusedasanorganicamendmenttosoil.Compostcanbepelletizedinordertobeusedinorganicsystems.

Approximately400,000environmentallawsandregulationsexistintheU.S.withFloridabeingoneofthetopfivestateshardestimpactedbytheserulings.Tomakesureyouareworkingwithaqualitycompostproduct,checkforcertificationspassinghealthandsafetyregulations.CompostwiththeSTA(SealofTestingAssurance)labelmeetsthesecertifications.

AddingComposttoYourBeds

Beforeplantingnewcrops/trees,fullycuredandgoodqualitycompostisrecommendedtobemixeddirectlyintotheplantingbedsduringsitepreparation.Continued…

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It’sAllAbouttheDirtContinued…

Compostapplicationforestablishedcrops/grovesisbetweentherows.Compostforexisting,ediblecrops,suchascitrusandblueberries,isappliedannuallyaftercropharvest.Thecompostreplenishesthesoilfornextgrowingseason.Thisapplicationtimingalleviatesaconcernaboutthehealthorsafetyofthecropfromuptakeofcompostelements,suchasmetals.

Additionofqualitycompostchangesthesoil’schemicalandmoistureprofile.Florida’ssoilsaverage1%compost.Soilcompositionwith2%compostisrecommendedforgoodgrowingconditions.Bothfertilizerandirrigationwillneedtobeadjustedbasedonthenewprofiles.

Theresultingimprovedrootandtreegrowthpromptsincreasedplantflushes.Althoughtheincreasedtreeandroothealthimprovesdiseaseresistance,increasedflushingalsoattractsincreasedinsectpopulationssuchasleafminerandpsyllids.Moreresearchneedstobedoneontherelationshipoftheincreasedinsectactivitywithincreasedtreeandroothealth.

TheBottomLine

Compostdefinitelyincreasesplantandroothealth,aswellassoilhealth.Consequently,thedifferentcomponentsoftheenvironmentarefoundtobeintricatelyintegrated.

Reference:CitrusandCompostProductionandUtilizationWorkshopbyDr.MonicaOzores-HamptonSeptember22,2015

PomegranatesAsViableFLCropBySherryDodson

Iattendedthe4thAnnualFloridaPomegranateAssociationMeetingco-hostedbytheUniversityofFlorida,LakeAlfredonOctober23rd.Dr.JohnPreecefromtheNationalClonalGermplasmRepositoryinCalifornia,Dr.GlennWrightfromtheUniversityofArizona,Dr.GaryValladfromUniversityofFlorida/GCREC,Mr.WillLovettfromUniversityofGeorgia,andMr.RichardBonsteelfromPomNaturalLLCwerethemainspeakers.California,Arizona,George,andFloridaareallworkingtogethertoresearchandpromotepomegranatesasaviablealternativecrop.

PomegranatesaretraditionallyconsideredtobenativetoIran.Pomegranateswerepropagatedaslongagoas3450BCEinJericho.

PomegranatesgrowverywellinCalifornia.AlthoughFloridahassimilartemperatureranges,CaliforniaisaMediterraneanclimateversusFlorida’ssubtropicalclimate.Thetwoclimatespresenttotallydifferentchallengesingrowingpomegranates,aswellasallplantsingeneral.OnemajorchallengeFloridahasisgrowingred-coloredpomegranates.UnlikeCalifornia,Florida’snightsdonotgetsignificantlycooler.Coolertemperaturescausethefruit’sstarchestoturntosugarandsugarisneededforanthocyanin(redcoloration).

Inadditiontosupplementingeachregion’sprimarycrop(citrusinFlorida),pomegranatesmakegreatalternativecropsforthefollowingreasons:

• Pomegranates,boththeedibleandtheornamentalvarieties,canbeusedinlandscapingdesigns

• Locallygrownfoodisanincreasinglypopulartrendinagricultureandpomegranateseasilyfitintothisscenariocontinuedonnextpage…

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PomegranatesAsViableFLCropContinued…

Pomegranates,althougheasytogrowandresistanttodrought,withanincrediblearrayofflavorsandcolorsstillhavequitethelistofproblemstoovercome.Florida’sdifficultiesingrowing“pretty”fruitwillmorethanlikelylendtoanarilandjuicecropratherthanfreshfruit.

(Note:MostpeoplehaveonlyseenandeatenthelargeCalifornia-grownWonderfulorAngelRedpomegranates.Thereisatremendousrangeofwhite/yellowtopink/redcoloredfruitandarilcombinations,aswellaswell-balancedtarttosweet-tarttomildtoverysweetarilswithinedibletoedibleseedscombinations.)

Sunburnedfruit,wind,lowtemperatures(highteensisconsideredtoolow),toomuchheat,pathogens,leaf-footedbug,animals,birds,fruitsplitting,fruitdrop,lackofflowering,lackofinteriorcolor,andlackofexteriorcolorareissuesbeingresearchedforresolutions.

PathogensareamajorconcernforthesuccessoftheFloridapomegranatecrop.Pathogensarealwayspresentandfungicide-resistantpathogenspresentlyexistinthepomegranatecrops.Resistantpathogenswillcompletelytakeoverthepomegranategrovesunlessresearchdiscoversnewmethodstocontroltheseresistantpathogens.Atthistime,itappearsmostpathogensinpomegranatesarespecifictopomegranatesalthoughfurtherresearchisneededtoconclusivelyconfirmthisfinding.

Acombinationofculturalpracticesandrotationoffungicidesisverycrucialindiseasemanagementofpomegranates.Culturalpracticesinclude(1)pruningdiseasedlimbsand(2)orchardhygiene;i.e.,removingallcuttings,debris,droppedleavesandfruit.

Amazingly,Floridahaslivingdooryardpomegranatesthatareover60yearsold!PomNaturalLLCtriestolocatetheseold-timetrees/shrubsandpropagatetheminordertoincorporatethemintofuturebreedingprograms.ThesepomegranatesareconsideredtobeFlorida’sveryownheirloomvarieties.

TheDirt January2016

Soil…Let’sStopTreatingItLikeDirtByMelindaMoreschi,MasterGardenerTrainee

Soil,althoughanextremelypreciousresource,iscompletelyunder-appreciated.

Pavedover,trampleduponandsaturatedwithchemicalfertilizersandpesticides,thismagicalsubstanceisnotgivenmuchthought.Essentialforlifeonearth,soilhastheabilitytotransformmaterialsintonutrient-availablefoodsinorderforplantstothrive.Technically,soilisthemineralandorganicmatterfoundontheupperlayeroftheearth’scrust.

Onlyabouttenpercentofthisearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbylandthathasthepotentialtosupportlife–asmallpercentage,consideringtheworld’spopulationsofsix-billionpeopledependonit.Classicsoilsciencefocusesonsoil’sphysicaltexture(sand,siltorclay),andporosity,inadditiontoitschemicalproperties,soil’spHandcationexchange.NPK(Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium)fertilizersareconsideredthesolutionformanyproblems.WeoftenareinstructedtojustaddthesesoilamendmentswithamyriadofNPKcombinations(10-10-10,25-9-9…)invaryingamountsandallwillbewell.However,soilismorethanjustdirtwithanaddedchemicalmixofnitrogen,phosphorusandpotassium.Healthysoilisabiologicalandmicrobiologicalmarvel.Usingelectronmicroscopes,scientistsaroundtheworldhaveuncoveredtheextraordinarylifethatresideswithinthesoil.

Theyhavefoundthathealthysoilisteemingwithlife,connectedinamagnificentsoilfoodweb,wheredifferentlifeformsinterrelateandinteract.Earthworms,ants,fungi,mites,beetles,bacteria,algae,yeasts,protozoa,nematodesandothermicroscopicinsectsareallpresentandhavethemightyjobofturningorganicmatterintofoodforplants.

Theyhavefoundthathealthysoilisteemingwithlife,connectedinamagnificentsoilfoodweb,wheredifferentlifeformsinterrelateandinteract.Earthworms,ants,fungi,mites,beetles,bacteria,algae,yeasts,protozoa,nematodesandothermicroscopicinsectsareallpresentandhavethemightyjobofturningorganicmatterintofoodforplants.

“Humankind,despiteitsartisticabilities,sophisticationandaccomplishments,owesitsexistencetoasix-inchlayeroffarmablesoil–andthefactthatitrains.”Anonymous

Image copyright Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. www.denniskunkel.com. Many thanks! Electron microscope of photograph of organic compost (brown = humus, green = decaying plant material, purple & yellow = mineral particles) “Teaming with Microbes,” Jeff Lowenfels and Wayne Lewis

TheDirt January2016

Soil…Let’sStopTreatingItLikeDirtContinued…

Whatismostastonishingaboutthesoilfoodwebisthenotionthatplantsareincontrol.Notonlydoplantstakeupnutrientsthroughtheirrootstofeedtheirleaves,theyalsosecretechemicals,calledexudates,throughtheirrootsandintothesoil,whichthenattractspecificbacteriaandfungi.

Plantscancontrolthenumbersandkindsofbacteriaandfungiattractedtotheirrootzone(rhizosphere)dependingonthenutrientstheyneedandtheexudatestheyproduce.Thenthesmorgasbordbegins.Bacteriaandfungieattherootexudates;inturn,nematodesandprotozoaeatthebacteriaandfungi.Thewastesthatareproducedbytheseorganismsarethenabsorbedasnutrientsbytheplant’sroots.

Scientistshavefoundthatcommercialfertilizersdisruptthisbalanceofmicroorganismsinthesoilfoodweb.Plowingandtillinghavealsobeencalledintoquestionasitdisturbssoil’sstructure,chopsupearthwormsandbeneficialinsects,andcontributestosoilerosionandthelossofcarboninthesoil.

Dr.ElaineIngham,asoilmicrobiologistatOregonStateUniversity,recommendstakingapreventativeapproachtogardening.Sheaddressesthe‘causes’ofdisease,pestsandpoorfertilityinsteadofsimplysuppressingthesymptomsbyusingtoxic,chemicalfertilizersandpesticides.Goodsoilisapropermixtureofminerals,organicmatter,airandwater.Goodsoillifeproducesitsowngoodsoilnutrients.Dr.Inghamexplainsthatbacteriaandfungitie-upnutrientsintheirbodiesbecominglikelittlesacsoffertilizerthatdon’tleachoutwhenwaterpassesthrough,aschemicalfertilizerstendtodo.Thenthesebacteriaandfungiareeatenbyprotozoaandnematodes,whichreleasethenutrientsinaplant-availableform.

Dr.Inghamgoesontoemphasizethatthecorrectmicrobesneedtobepresent.Forinstance,therearebeneficialnematodesthateatbacteriaandfungiandtherearealsoparasiticnematodesthatcauseplantdiseasebyeatingplantroots.Dr.Inghamexplains,“thebeneficialspeciesofbacteria,fungi,protozoa,nematodesandmicroarthropodsarenaturallyfoundinhealthygrowingsystems,notthediseasespecies.”

So,howdowerestoreadiverseandwholesoilfoodweb–compost,mulchandcomposttea(andsometimesmycorrhizalfungi).Feedthemicrobesthatfeedtheplants.TherecipeforDr.Inham’sactivelyaeratedcompostteacanbefoundonherwebsite:www.soilfoodweb.com

SomeofDr.Ingham’skeytakeaways:

• Organicmatterholds10timesitsweightinwater• Bacterialsecretionsprovideagluetohelpholdsoiltogether• **80%ofinorganicfertilizersleachoutofsoil(**notreflectedinUF/IFAStestsonFLsoils)• Lookatperennialdeeprooted,shortplantsascovercropsthatputmorebio-massinthegroundvia

rootsversusabovegroundbio-mass• Rainfallcancompactbaresoil.Keepbaresoilsurfacescovered.Oneoptionisabiologicalcoverthat

feedsthemicrobialsoillifeContinuedonnextpage…

Soil…Let’sStopTreatingItLikeDirtContinued…

Theworkingsofthesecomplexandvastsoilfoodwebinteractionsarenotcompletelyunderstood.However,inthebook,“TeamingwithMicrobes,”authorsJeffLowenfelsandWayneLewispresentafascinatingvisualconnectionbetweenhealthysoilandbeneficialorganisms.Theauthorsshowanelectronmicroscopeimageofanematodetrappedintheloopofafungalstrandknownasahypha.Thefungiarehelpingtoprotecttheplant’srootsfromtheinvadingnematode.

Afungusiskillinganematode…remarkable!

Theauthorsshowasecondimage,thisoneofanematodepenetratingandfeedingontherootofa

tomatoplantunstoppedbythefungalhyphae.Onceinside,thenematoderobstheplantofnutrientsandcreatesagallontheroots.

Welaterfindoutthattheloopfungiinthefirstimageprotectedtheplant’srootsbycapturingtheparasiticnematode.Inthesecondimage,thenematodepenetratedthetomatorootandwasnotstoppedbecausechemicalshadbeenaddedtothesoil,killingtheprotectivefungi.Hadthenaturalfungibeenpresent,thetomatoplantmighthavebeenspared.

Theseimagesshowthecomplexityofthesoilfoodwebandtheimportanceofusingorganicpractices.Itreinforcesthenotionthateverythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse.

Healthysoilcreatesgoodsoilstructureinthegarden,provides

soilnutrientsforplantsandhelpssuppressplantdisease.Feedingyourmicrobeswillhelpthemworkforyou.Yoursoilwillneedlesswaterandnofertilizer.Youwillhavefewerplanthealth

problemsandwon’thavetotillorturnyourgardensoilseveragain.Asabonus,therewillbenodangerouschemicalsleachingintothewatertable.

Ifthatisn’tenough,RattanLal,professorofsoilscienceatOhioStateUniversityandanauthorityinhisfield,contendsthatgoodsoilpracticescandoevenmore.Hesuggeststhattheycanreverseglobalwarming.Plants,throughtheprocessofphotosynthesis,havetheabilitytodrawcarbonfromtheairandformcarboncompoundsintheground,wheretheycanremainforthousandsofyears.Hecontendsthatsequesteringcarboninagriculturalsoilsisawin-winstrategy.Continuedonnextpage…

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Courtesy H. H. Triantaphyllou; Reproduced, by permission, from Davis, E. L., and MacGuidwin, A. E. 2000. Lesion nematode disease. The Plant Health Instructor. doi: 10.1094/PHI-I-2000-1030-02. Updated 2005

Photo by William Wergin and Richard Sayre, USDA-ARS

“Uponthishandfulofsoiloursurvivaldepends.Husbanditanditwillgrowourfood,ourfuelandourshelterandsurrounduswithbeauty.Abuseitandthesoilwillcollapseanddie,takinghumanitywithit.”Sanskrittextwritten1500BC

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Soil…Let’sStopTreatingItLikeDirtContinued…

Weneedtothinkdifferentlyaboutsoil.Weneedtothinkofitasanecosystemthatweourselvesarepartof.Ifweshiftthefocusandviewthegardenasanentiresystem,wecanconcentrateon‘growingoursoil,’andourplantswillgrowthemselves.

Areyoua“SoilHealthScholar?”Takethequiz:

http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=mte1mduwoaih7n

ThisarticleisdedicatedtoMasterGardener,DorothyHall,awonderful,sweetladywhohadthegiftofgardeninginhersoul.Restinpeace,dearfriend.

LifeUndergroundByDianneL.Fecteau

Soilswarmswithlife.AccordingtotheAudubonSociety,atablespoonofsoilcanhavemoreorganismsthantherearepeopleonearth.JasonWeller,chiefofUSDA'sNaturalResourcesConservationService,wrote,"Mostpeopledon'trealizethatjustbeneathourfeetliesadiverse,complex,life-givingecosystemthatsustainsourentireexistence."

It'seasytoseetheorganismsthatliveabovegroundbutnotsoeasytoseetheonesbelow.Bacteria,fungi,protozoa,nematodes,andarthropodscontributetotheweboflifewithinthesoil.

Bacteriaaresingle-celledmicroorganisms.Theyformcomplexcommunitiesthatdecomposeorganicmatter,cyclenitrogen,sulfur,andcarbon,andbiodegradetoxicchemicals(Scalera,2015).

Fungithatliveinsoilaremulti-cellularorganisms,growingaslongstrands.Mycorrhizaeforma

relationshipwithplantroots,helpingthemtoimprovenutrientuptake,stabilizesoil,andincreaseplanttolerancetodrought,salts,heavymetals,andpathogens(Scalera,2015).Moreamazingisthatthosemycorrhizalfilamentsappeartoallowplantstocommunicatewitheachotherandsetupdefensesystems(Amaranthus&Allyn,2013).Inonestudy,abroadbeanplant,underattackbyaphids,sentasignalthroughthesefilamentstootherbroadbeanplantsnearby.Theplantsreceivingthissignalproducedachemicalthatrepelledaphidsandattractedwasps,apredatorofaphids(Babikova,etal,2013).Anotherstudyshowedthatblightinfestedtomatoplantscommunicatingtoothertomatoplants,reducedtheimpactoftheblightontheplantsreceivingthesignal(Stone,2013).

Protozoa,single-celledmicrobesthatprimarilyeatbacteria,releaseexcessnitrogentoplantsinadditiontoassistingwithpreventingpathogenformation.

Continuedonnextpage…

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LifeUndergroundContinued…

Nematodes,small,roundworms,canbeeitherbeneficialordestructive.Whileroot-feedingnematodescausediseaseandareundesirableinthegardensoil,thebeneficialoneseatbacteriaandfungi,distributingitthroughthesoil.Thisplaysaroleinsuppressingdisease.

Arthropods—insects,spiders,andmites—improvesoilqualityinavarietyofways.Theycontroldisease-causingorganismsandstimulatemicrobialactivity.

Goodsoilmeansinsects.AsDougTallumysays,manyinsectsequalahealthygarden.Theinsectsmunchawayandinsectpredators,parasites,anddiseaseskeeptheinsectpopulationincheck.Birds,amphibians,andothersmallmammalstheneatthepredators.

Floridasandhaslowamountsoforganicmaterialandlowmoisture-holdingability.Mostgardenerswillwanttoimproveitinordertoproducehealthyplants.InherpresentationattheFloridaStateMasterGardenersConferenceinOctober2015,SallyScaleraUF/IFASHorticultureAgentBrevard,providedthefollowingtipsforbuildingupthesoil:

• Addorganicmatterasmulcharoundplantsoronturf.• Useorganicfertilizers—researchhasshownthatsyntheticfertilizersdonotbuildsoilorganic

matter.• Usebiostimulantsonplantsandsoil,forexample,liquidseaweed,milk,molasses,andhumicacids.• Re-mineralizethesoil,usingseamineralsandrockpowder.• Minimizesoildisturbance.• Coverthesoilwithcovercropsormulch.• Increasebiodiversityaboveground.• Amendthesoilwithbiochar.• Addsoilorganismssuchaswormsandsoilmicrobes.

Improvingandconservingthelifebelowthegroundcontributestothelifeabovetheground.Healthysoilmeanshealthyplants.Healthysoilalsooftenmeansreducingoreliminatingtheneedforpesticides,herbicides,andothertoxicsubstancesthatmayleachintothesoilanddisruptthevaluablelifethatteemsbelow.

TheDirt January2016

Invasives:Nature’sDizzyBalancingActByJudeBagatti,MasterGardener

Iknow,Iknow.Thiswillsoundcontroversial,hereticaleven,butpleasedonotkillthemessenger.

Recently,Iwasstartledtoreadanarticle,whichdismissedwhatmostofusbelieveaboutinvasivespecies.Whetherplantoranimal,invasivesreplacenativesandwedonotabidethem.Welamenttheproliferationofkudzu,zebramussels,giantsnailsandwaterhyacinth.Ourecologicalorganizationsandgovernmentagenciesgotogreatexpenseintime,moneyandlabortryingtoeradicatealienspecies.Weconductlionfishtournaments,holdcontestsforthebiggest,smallestorugliestairpotatouprooted,andpublicizewarningsofwhatshouldnotbesold,planted,propagatedorimported.Anyresponsiblegardenerknowsthecommonhorticulturalvillains:carrotwood,Brazilianpepper,Australianpine,Mexicanpetunia,etc.Theinvasivelistgoesandgrows.Wewant,rightfully,topreservethebeauty,healthandstatusquoofournatural,nativeecology.

YET…thereisacontraryvoice,morethanone,urgingustorelax,backoffandletnaturetakeitsunpredictable,erraticcourse.Natureknows,thesevoicessay,howtomaintainbalancewithoutourmeddling.

FredPearce,aLondonenvironmentaljournalist,hasreleasedhislatestbook:TheNewWild:WhyInvasiveSpeciesWillBeNature'sSalvation.Init,hecompelsustoacceptchangeasanaturalconstant,andhecriticizesoverzealousconservationworkfortryingtoohardtopreservethepastinsteadofcelebratingnature'sdynamismandadaptability.Ifanalienspeciessuddenlyovertakesnatives,hesays,looktotherootcause;itwilllikelybeduetotheweakenedmessoftheecosystemthathumans,nature'sgreatestinvaders,havecreated.Embraceinvasivespeciesaspartofthesolution,nottheproblem,headmonishes.

Thisguyisnokook.Hehasthechopstoknowwhathe'stalkingabout.AwriterforTheGuardiannewspaperandtheprestigiousYaleUniversitye360website,hehasreportedfrom85countriesover25yearsonenvironmental,scienceanddevelopmentissues.HewasnamedUKJournalistoftheYearin2001andwonalifetimeachievementawardfromtheAssn.ofBritishScienceWritersin2011.

Continuedonnextpage…

YET…

DearReaders:Thefollowingarticlepresentsaprovocativeviewpointoninvasiveplants.Weallknowthedestructionthatexoticandinvasiveplantsandanimalsbringtoecosystemsworldwide,andthisisnotmeanttodistractusfromthatfact.Onthecontrary,itiscriticaltoviewimportanttopicsfromeveryangleandappreciatethediscussionsthatresultfromthis.Enjoytheangleonthisbutcontinuetofightagainstthespreadofinvasiveexotics!Furthermore,NationalInvasiveSpeciesAwarenessWeek(NISAW)iscomingup:Feb.21-27,2016,http://www.nisaw.org/.Lookforaweekofclasses,blogposts,andaphotocontestfromushereatUF/IFASExtension,PinellasCounty.Thankyou!

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Invasives:Nature’sDizzyBalancingActContinued…

Still,it'snoteasytodoanabout-faceandtolerate,ifnotwelcome,invasivespeciestoourfamiliarandbelovedlandscapes.Butthat'swhatweshoulddo,accordingtoPearce."Alwaysquestiontheassumptionthatthereissomethingintrinsicallybadaboutanalienspecies."

Hegivesexamples.InPuertoRico"invasive"Africantuliptreesare"re-wilding"theislandafterfarmersdestroyednativeforestsandabandonedtheirfields.Thetulipsarerevivingsoils,andprovidinghabitatforAnothercaseinvolvingwaterpolitics,suggestsdeliberatemisguidanceregardingaso-calledinvasive.MininginterestsintheAmericanWestdemonizedtamarisks(saltcedars)aswaterguzzling,desertcreatorssotheycouldjustifykillingthemandclaimwater"saved."Buttamarisksconsumenomorewaterthanlocalcottonwoods.Plus,theyoffervaluablewildlifeandbird-nestinghabitat,andactuallyholdbackdesertformation.

Theideaofnotburning,poisoningorotherwisetrashinginvasivespeciesisforeigntous.Passivelyacceptingthemgoesagainstourgrain.Butwithopenminds,weshouldtakealong,seriouslooktoseewhat,ifany,benefitstotheenvironmentatleastsomeofourlocalinvasivesaregranting.No,Iamnotabouttoallowanyofournotoriouslyaggressivealienstooverwhelmthenativesinmyyard.However,justashumanmigrantsinjectvitalityintoastaticpopulace,enrichingitwithculturaldiversity,itisreasonabletohopethatplantandanimalmigrantsmaysomehowlikewiserebootastagnanteco-populationwithahardier,moresustainablebiodiversity.

Worldwidemovementoflifeformswillinevitablycontinue,nomatterwhatwedo.

ContactJudeat:727-322-6211orheyjudebagatti@gmail.com

TheDirt January2016

InvasiveSpeciesAreEverywhereByJaneMorse,CommercialHorticulture,UF/IFASExtensionPinellasCounty

IsthereaseriousthreattoFlorida’slandscapelivinginyouryard?WouldyouknowaBrazilianpeppertree,acarrotwoodoraCubantreefrogifyousawone?Ifnot,readon.

AccordingtotheFloridaFishandWildlifeCommission,1180nonnativeplantspeciesandmorethan500nonnativefishandwildlifespecieshavebeendocumentedinthestate.Whilenotallofthempresentathreattonativespecies,somehavebecomeinvasivebycausingharmtonativespecies,posingathreattohumans,orcausingeconomicdamage.

Invasivespeciesaredefinedasnon-nativeorexoticorganisms,whichcauseenvironmentaloreconomicharm,ornegativelyaffecthumanhealthinanenvironmentwheretheywerenothistoricallyfound.Aninvasivespeciescanbeaplant,animal,orothertypeoforganism.Becauseinvasivespecies’naturalpredatorsandparasitesusuallyarenotpresentinthenewenvironment,theirpopulationscangrowunchecked,causingmajorimpacts.

Damagecausedbyinvasivespeciescantakedifferentformsandinextremecasescanleadtotheextinctionofnativespecies,harmtheenvironment,destroycrops,orruinrecreationalsites.Otherimpactscanincludedecreasedlandvalueanddecreasedtourism.Invasiveweedscanproduceskinirritation,triggerallergiesandpoisonpetsandlivestock.Theycanclogwaterways,killnativetrees,andshadeoutcrops,ornamentalsandprizednativeflora.Invasivespeciesarefoundineveryimaginablehabitat,includingoceans,lakes,streams,wetlands,croplands,rangelands,naturalareas,parks,forests,urbanenvironments,yardsandgardens(fromNationalInvasiveSpeciesAwarenessWeekwebsite).

Feb.20-28isNationalInvasiveSpeciesAwarenessWeek(NISAW).TheUniversityofFloridainPinellasCountyis

joininginthisnationwide–andyearround–efforttopromoteknowledgeandunderstandingofinvasivespeciestohelpstop

theirspread.

Carrotwoodfruits.Imagecourtesyofedis.ifas.ufl.edu.Lantanacamara.Imagecourtesyofedis.ifas.ufl.eduCredit:J.Ferrell

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InvasiveSpeciesAreEverywhereContinued…

Someofthemostabundant,widespread,andharmfulinvasivespeciesinFloridaincludecitruscanker,citrusgreening,Brazilianpepper,melaleuca,hydrilla,Chinesetallowtree,canetoad,Cogongrass,Japaneseclimbingfern,chinaberryandwaterhyacinth.EveryoneknowsabouttheBurmesepythonsthathavebeenspreadingacrosstheEvergladessince1996.

FinancialImpact

Afewinvasivespeciescanhaveenormouseconomicandenvironmentalimpact.Forexample,thestatespentmorethan$300milliontocontrolcitruscanker.Agriculturallossesduetoinvasiveplants,animals,anddiseases,areestimatedat$179millionannuallyinFlorida.

What’sinYourBackyard?

Youmayevenhavesomeoftheseinvasiveplantsoranimalsinyourownyard.Lantanacamara,Mexicanpetunia,tuberousswordfern,wedelia,schefflera,asparagusfern,waxbegonia,andcalicovineareallinvasive,yetmanyarestillsoldbynurseries.Mostinvasivespeciesareintroducedandspreadbyhumanactivities.Ships,woodproducts,ornamentalplants,andpettradeoftencarryuninvitedandpotentialinvasivesintotheU.S.Itisourresponsibilitytoknowinvasivespeciesandnotgivethemahome.ForalistofinvasiveplantsyoucanGoogletheFloridaExoticPestPlantCouncil,orvisitwww.fleppc.org.Itwillbeaneye-openingexperience.

SpreadtheWord

Wecanhelpstopthespreadofinvasivesbybecomingawareoftheproblem,learninghowtoidentifythem,notinadvertentlyplantingthemandquicklyremovingthemiftheydoshowup.Betteryet,ifyoustickwithnativeplantsyouwon’thavetoworryaboutthembecominginvasive.Also,alwaysbesuretocleanhikingboots,waders,boatsandtrailers,off-roadvehiclesandothergeartostopinvasivespeciesfromhitchingaridetoanewlocation.Nevertransportfirewood,orreleaseexoticanimalsorplantsintotheenvironment.Youcanalsohelpbysharingthisinformationwithyourfamily,friendsandneighbors.Volunteertohelpremoveinvasivesfromnaturalareas,publiclandsorevenyourneighbors’property(withpermission).ThismightbeanexcellentprojectforGirlScoutorBoyScouttroops.Rememberthateachoneofuscanmakeadifferenceinourcommunityandenvironmentbyknowinginvasivespeciesandactingproperlytopreventtheirspread.Tolearnmore,visithttp://www.nisaw.org/orGoogle:NationalInvasiveSpeciesAwarenessWeek.

ImagebyAgnesTouris

TheDirt January2016

FabulousFadingFloridaByJaneMorse,UniversityofFlorida/IFASExtensionAgent,PinellasCounty

Doyoulongtoseemorebirdsandbutterfliesflyingaboutyourgarden?DoyouwanttohelpFlorida’swildcritterssurvive?Areyoutiredofspendingmoneyandtimewatering,fertilizing,pruningandmowingyourlandscape?Byknowingandunderstandingyouryard’snativeecosystemyoucanchooseplantsthatarealmostmaintenance-freewhilealsoattractingbirds,butterfliesandotherpollinators.

FloridaisthethirdmostdiversestateintheU.S.,with69distinctecosystemsincludingforests,prairies,swamps,marshes,bogs,streams,ponds,estuaries,sandhills,flatwoodsandsandscrubs.Ourecosystems—distinctcollectionsofpopulationsoflivingthingsthatarenaturallylinkedwitheachotherandoccuronthelandscapewherevercertainphysicalconditionsexist-aresurprisinglycomplex,intricate,ancientandconnected.Themorewelearnaboutthem,themorewevaluetheiruniqueness,whichcanbringgreatpleasureandwonderintoourlives.

Unfortunately,manyoftheseecosystemshavebeendrasticallyreducedinsizeorareindireneedofrenewal.

Todaymorethan130animalsarelistedasendangered,threatenedorofspecialconcerninthestate.ThegoodnewsisthatconcernedandcaringFloridaresidentshavethepowertohelpbringbackmanyoftheplantcommunitiesnecessarytosupportourendangeredspecies.

Justbyknowingwhattypeofhabitatouryardswouldnormallysupport,wecanstarttogetFloridabacktobeingFlorida,andhopefullybringbackmanyofthespeciesthatarenowendangeredorthreatened.InPinellasCountywehave,orhad,fourmajorecosystems:coastalupland,sandhill,flatwoodsandsaltmarsh.

CoastalUplandEcosystem

Thefarwestsideofthecountyisacoastalstrand,whichoccursparallelandnexttocoastalbeaches.Thesearethedunes,anextremelyharshenvironmentforplants.InFlorida,onlyafewpatchybitsandpiecesremain.Continuedonnextpage…

Imagecourtesyofpinellas.wateratlas.usf.edu

Imagecourtesyoffcit.usf.edu

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FabulousFadingFloridaContinued…

Plantsinthecoastalstrandmustbetolerantofsalt,windandblowingsandandmostplantsandshrubsarestuntedand“pruned’bytheseactions.Plantsthatcharacterizethiscommunityincludebeachpanicgrass,seaoats,blanketflower,beachsunflower,seapurslane,beachmorningglory,seagrape,cocoplum,inkberry,saw-palmetto,baycedar,liveoakandcabbagepalm.Theseplantssupportmanythreatenedshorebirds(includingplovers),terns(includingleastandroseatespecies),gulls,endangeredbeachmice,endangeredseaturtles,lizards,snakes,gophertortoise,thethreatenedscrubjayandthethreatenedkestrel.

Thecoastalstrandalsoreducestheimpactofstormsurgefromhurricanesbyreducingwaveaction,andthushelpstoprotectFlorida’smoreinteriorareas.

SandhillEcosystem

Thesandhillecosystemisinlandofthecoastalstrand.Thisareaishigh,verydry,andlowinnutrientsandhasloose,well-drainedsoilsthatallowforrapidaquiferrecharge.Longleafpineandturkeyoakarethemostcommontreesinthisecosystem.Otherplantsincludewiregrass,butterflypea,gopherapple,brackenfern,Americanbeautyberry,Yauponhollyandcoontie.Inanaturalsettingthistypeofecosystemwouldburneverythreetofiveyearstomaintainthelongleafpineandkeepturkeyoaksfromshadingoutshrubsandotherspecies.Wecanmimictheseburnsmechanicallyandwithherbicides.Mostsandhillhabitatshavebeenclearedanddeveloped,leavingonlythreepercentofthisecosystemintactnationwide.ThesoutheasternAmericankestrel,red-cockadedwoodpecker,blue-tailedmoleskink,easternindigosnake,Floridamouseandshort-tailedsnakeareallinjeopardyofextinctionbecauseofthislossofhabitat.

FlatwoodsEcosystem

Florida’smostwidespreadecosystem,andalargepartofPinellasCounty,istheflatwoods.Theyoccuronlevellandwithverygradualmovementofwatertoswamps,pondsandmarshes.Duringtherainyseasonconditionsareverywet,withthewatertableonornearthesurface.Themostcommonplantsofthiscommunityareslashpine,liveoak,saw-palmetto,wiregrass,lopsidedindiangrass,waxmyrtle,blackberry,gallberryandmanyothers.Wildlifelinkedwiththiscommunity,includinggraysquirrels,grayfox,white-taileddeer,Bachman’ssparrowsandsandhillcranes,areallindangerofextinctionduetochangeofflatwoods.

SaltMarshEcosystem

AsmallportionofPinellaswasoncesaltmarsh.Thisisanotherharshenvironmentforplants,withconditionsvaryingbetweenextremesofsaltandfreshwater,wetanddry,hotandcold.Onlyafewplantscanstandtheseextremes,includingsandcordgrass,needlerush,saltwort,bushyseasideoxeye,saltgrass

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FabulousFadingFloridaContinued…

andsaltwort.Animalsfoundinthiscommunityincludethefiddlercrab,periwinklesnail,killifishesandotherminnows,saltmarshsnake,greentreefrog,southernleopardfrogandthreebirdspecies–theclapperrail,marshwrenandseasidesparrow(whichcanonlyliveinthishabitat).

Wemaynotbeabletofullybringbacktheseplantandanimalcommunitiesinoursmallyards,butwecancertainlyhelp,especiallyifwegetourneighborstodothesame.Lookaroundyouryard.I’msureyouwillfindmostlyexotic(non-native)plantsfromotherpartsoftheworldthatarenotpartofthisecosystemanddolittletonothingtosupportitsuniquecommunityofplantsandanimals.Startreplacingtheseexoticsorbeginaddingtoyouryardnativespeciesthatwillhelptorestorelosthabitat.Nativeplantsintherightplacearelowmaintenance,usuallydon’trequirelotsofresourcestogrowandaregoodfortheenvironment.

TherearemanyresourcestohelpyoufindplantsforeachoftheseecosystemsandtolearnmoreaboutourincrediblydiverseandbeautifulFlorida.

• Oneexcellentwayistojoinlike-mindedfolksinyourlocalNativePlantSociety.• Inaddition,therearesomeverygood,Florida-specificbookssuchas:PricelessFlorida–Natural

EcosystemsandNativeSpeciesbyEllieWhitney,D.BruceMeans,andAnneRudloe;LandscapingforFlorida’sWildlife–Re-creatingNativeEcosystemsinYourYardbyJoeSchaeferandGeorgeTanner;andFlorida’sBestNativeLandscapePlants–200ReadilyAvailableSpeciesforHomeownersandProfessionalsbyGilNelson.

Formoreinformationorhelpwithselectingplants,visityourlocalUniversityofFlorida/IFASExtensionat12520UlmertonRoad,Largo.TheLawnandGardenHelpDeskisopenfrom8a.m.to5p.m.MondaythroughFriday.Tospeakwithahorticulturist,call727-582-2110onMonday,TuesdayorThursdayfrom9a.m.tonoonor1to4p.m.Youcanalsovisitourwebsiteatwww.pinellascountyextension.org.

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ControllingWeedsinLawnsByJaneMorse,ExtensionAgent,UniversityofFlorida/InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,PinellasCounty

Itmaybesurprisingtolearnthatalawn,whichisproperlywatered,fertilizedandmowedusuallydoesn’thavemany,ifany,weeds.Factorssuchasshade,insects,diseasesandimproperwatering,mowing,andfertilizingcanallleadtoaweak,sparse,weed-filledlawn.Anybarespotisaninvitationforweedstotakeover.Relyingonherbicidestocontrolweedsisjustatemporaryfixifthetruecausesofaweakenedlawnarenotcorrected.

Followthesestepstohaveahealthy,thicklawnthatwillout-competemostweeds:

Startoffwiththerightgrass.Bahiagrassisbestsuitedforsandy,acidicsoilsthataresubjectedtodrought.St.Augustinegrassisbettersuitedformildlyacidictoalkalinesoilsthataresubjectedtosaltyconditions.Alsochoosegrassesbasedontheamountofcareyouarewillingtoprovide.Bahiagrasshasalowmaintenancelevel;St.Augustinegrassamoderatelevel,whileZoysiagrassandBermudagrasshaveahighmaintenancelevel.Chooseshade-tolerantgroundcovers,shrubsormulchforareasthatreceivelessthan5hoursofsun.

Mowattherightheight.Setmowerheightadjustmentshigh(31/2to4inches)forstandardSt.Augustinegrassvarieties(Floratam,Bitterblue,Classic,Palmetto).Bahiagrassshouldbemowedataheightof3to4inches.DwarfSt.Augustinegrassvarieties(Captiva,Delmar,Sapphire,Seville)aremowedat2to21/2inches.Bermudagrassismowedat1/2to11/2inchesandZoysiagrass1to2inches.Propermowingheightandfrequencywillgetridofmanyannualweeds,andtallergrassbladesalsohelptoshadeoutweeds.

Mowoften.Only1/3oftheleafbladeshouldberemovedeachtimethelawnismowed.Theshorteritismowed,themoreoftenitneedstobemowed.Repeatedlyremovingtoomuchofthegrassblade(morethan1/3)willgreatlyweakenandcaneventuallykillthegrass.Weakenedgrassallowsweedstotakeroot.Keepthemowerbladessharpforthebestcutandmowwhenthegrassisdry.

Continuedonnextpage…

ImagebySupertrooper.CourtesyofFreedigitalphotos.net.

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ControllingWeedsinLawnsContinued…

Wateronlywhenitneedsit.Inthemorningorlateeveningcheckthelawnforwilt.When30%ofthelawnstartstoshowsymptomsofwilt(i.e.leafbladesareclosed,bluish-graycolor,foot-printsthatlastformorethan10-15minutesanddrysoil),waterthegrass(unlessrainisexpectedinthenextday).Apply½to¾inchofwaterandthenwaitforsymptomsofwiltbeforewateringagain.Overlywetlawnspromotesedges,spurgesanddollarweed,aswellasrootrot.Whenwateredandmowedcorrectlythegrasswilldevelopadeeprootsystemandwillnotrequirewaterasoften.Itisbesttowaterlawnsintheearlymorningwhendewisstillpresent.Wateringlateintheeveningpromotesdiseasedevelopment.

Fertilizecorrectly.Lawnsthathavebeenover-fertilizedaremorepronetohavingchinchbugs,brownpatch,greyleafspot,pythiumblight,powderymildewandthatch.Under-fertilizedlawnsarepronetotake-allrootrot,dollarspotandrust.Ifthelawngetsattackedbytheseinsectsanddiseaseslargeareascandieleavingaperfectplaceforweedstosprout.

Fertilizelawnsinthespringassoonasitbeginstogrowusingacompletefertilizercontainingslow-releasenitrogen.Apply1poundofnitrogento1000squarefeetoflawn(divide100bythefirstnumberonthefertilizerbagtogetthepoundsoffertilizertoapplyover1000sq.ft.).YoumaywanttoapplyfertilizeragainjustbeforeJune1st;betweenJune1standSeptember31stnitrogenandphosphorusfertilizationisbanned.ApplyferroussulfateorachelatedironsourceinJuly.

Scout.Watchthelawncloselyforsymptomsofdiseaseorinsectdamage.Keeptrackofanyproblemsonacalendarandnotethelocationwheresymptomsfirstappeared.Knowingwhentoexpectacertaindiseaseorinsect(i.e.,chinchbugs,brownpatch,etc.)willhelptocatchproblemsearlybeforemuchdamageisdone.Pestproblems(insects,weeds,diseases)shouldbegreatlylessenedornon-existentwhenpropergrassselectionandmaintenancepractices(mowing,watering,fertilizing)areused.Usingthesepracticeswilllessentheneedforinsecticides,fungicidesandherbicidesandhelptokeepourwaterandenvironmentfreeofchemicals.

Protectourwaterandenvironment.Floridahasveryporoussandysoil.Chemicalsandfertilizerseasilypassbeyondplantrootsandgodirectlyintoourgroundwater,especiallyinover-wateredlawns.Applyingmorewaterthanisneeded(1/2to3/4inch)iswastefulandpromoteswaterpollution.Alwayscorrectlyidentifyapestbeforetreatingthelawn(noguessing)andkeepallpesticidesandfertilizersatleast10feetawayfromanywaterbody.Allgrassclippings,chemicalsorfertilizersthatenduponahardsurface(driveway,sidewalk,orroad)shouldbesweptbackontothelawn;otherwisetheyarecarriedtostormdrainsandthendirectlytoawaterbody.

Resources:http://hort.ufl.edu/yourfloridalawn/

Forfreeinformationorhelpidentifyingpestsandproblemswithyourlawn,visityourlocalUniversityofFloridaExtensionat12520UlmertonRoad,Largo.TheLawnandGardenHelpDeskisopenfrom8a.m.to5p.m.MondaythroughFriday.Tospeakwithahorticulturist,call727-582-2110onMonday,TuesdayorThursdayfrom9a.m.tonoonor1to4p.m.Youcanalsovisitourwebsiteatwww.pinellascountyextension.org.

An equal opportunity institution.

NextIssueofTheDirtisApril2016DeadlineforArticlesisMarch10

WearepleasedtoannouncethatDianneFecteauisthenewEditorofTheDirt,andShannonPalmeristhenewco-Editor.Congratstothemboth!AllarticlesarestillreviewedandapprovedbeforepublishedbyTheresaBadurek,UrbanHorticultureExtensionAgentandMasterGardenerCoordinator.Tosubmitanarticleortwo,pleaseemailDianeatdianne@kendiacorp.com.

Image courtesy of amenic181 at FreeDigitalPhotos.net

The Dirt Published quarterly for Master Gardeners by Master Gardeners: April, July, October & January UF/IFAS Advisor: Theresa Badurek, Urban Horticulture Extension Agent and Master Gardener Coordinator Current Editor: Mary Laurinaitis / New Editor: Dianne Fecteau / Co-Editor Shannon Palmer Staff & Contributing Writers: Jane Morse, Dianne Fecteau, Jude Bagatti, Ellen Mahanny, Melinda Moreschi, Jane Furman, Shannon Palmer, and Linda Smock

TheDirt January2016