PEDAGOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICALPEDAGOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY OF COLOMBIAUNIVERSITY OF COLOMBIA
DUITAMA FACULTYDUITAMA FACULTY
HOTEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENTHOTEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT
English V for tourism
“TOURISM THEORY AND PRACTICE”
Presented to: Hector Garcia Presented to: Hector Garcia LopezLopez Presented by: Ronald Josue Presented by: Ronald Josue
Rojas Rojas
English V for tourism“TOURISM THEORY AND PRACTICE”
OVER VIEWOVER VIEW
Since the beginning of time humans have traveled. Food, water, safety or acquisition of resources were the early travel motivations.
But the idea of travel for pleasure or exploration soon emerged.
Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom – the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population.
Tourism is a collection of activities, Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries that delivers services and industries that delivers
a travel experience, including a travel experience, including transportation, accommodations, transportation, accommodations,
eating and drinking establishments, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment retail shops, entertainment
businesses, activity facilities and businesses, activity facilities and other hospitality services provided other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups traveling for individuals or groups traveling
away from home.away from home.
Mathieson and Wall (1982)Mathieson and Wall (1982)
"the temporary movement of people to the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of destinations outside their normal places of
work and residence, the activities work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those undertaken during their stay in those
destinations, and the facilities created to destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs." cater to their needs."
DEFINITIONS OF TOURISMDEFINITIONS OF TOURISM
MACINTOSH AND GOELDNER (1986)
“tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business
suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of
attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors."
Some terms of interest
Excursionist: Persons traveling for pleasure in a period less than 24 hours (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).
Foreign Tourist: Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he/she usually resides, for a period of at least 24 hours (Committee of Statistical Experts of the
League of Nations, 1937).
Travel:Travel: The act of moving outside one's home community The act of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure but not for commuting or for business or pleasure but not for commuting or
traveling to or from school (Macintosh and Goeldner, traveling to or from school (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).1986).
Visitor:Visitor: Any person visiting a country other than that in Any person visiting a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual place of residence, for which he/she has his/her usual place of residence, for
any reason other than following an occupation any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited (United remunerated from within the country visited (United
Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism, Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism, 1963).1963).
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Travel has always depended upon technology to provide Travel has always depended upon technology to provide the means or mode of travel. The earliest travelers the means or mode of travel. The earliest travelers
walked or rode domesticated animals. The invention of walked or rode domesticated animals. The invention of the wheel and the sail provided new modes of the wheel and the sail provided new modes of
transportation. Each improvement in technology transportation. Each improvement in technology increased individuals' opportunities to travel.increased individuals' opportunities to travel.
The type and availability of transportation will determine The type and availability of transportation will determine travel destinations. The development of travel destinations. The development of
accommodations were likewise determined by the accommodations were likewise determined by the development of transportation systems.development of transportation systems.
These systems are These systems are STAGECOACHSTAGECOACH (1500 A.D.) Invented in Hungary.(1500 A.D.) Invented in Hungary.
RAILROADSRAILROADS (1825)First passenger train was in England.(1825)First passenger train was in England.
BOATS & SHIPSBOATS & SHIPS (early 400 B.C., but first ocean liner (early 400 B.C., but first ocean liner 1840).1840).
AUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE (1908) Henry Ford's Model T.(1908) Henry Ford's Model T.
AIR TRAVELAIR TRAVEL (1919) by what is now know as Lufthansa (1919) by what is now know as Lufthansa AirlineAirline
..SPACE TRAVELSPACE TRAVEL (2015) estimated date for passenger (2015) estimated date for passenger
travel into suborbital space. travel into suborbital space.
DIMENSIONS OF TOURISMDIMENSIONS OF TOURISM
Attractions: Are the primary motivation for traveling. Attractions usually focus on natural resources, culture,
ethnicity or entertainment.
Natural Resources: Natural resources are the combination of physical features, the climate, and the
natural beauty of the area.
Entertainment: Tourism developments of all sizes from Disney World, Universal Studios, Las Vegas to local community Special Events and Festivals such as the
Bloomsday Road Race in Spokane, Washington.
X-treme Tourism: Tourism based on high adventure activities (See Whirlwind Tourism)
Culture: A way of life which is observed through a peoples religion, history, government and traditions.
Ethnicity: To visit family and friends.
Facilities: When tourists arrive at attractions they require facilities to provide services.
Lodging: Represent a variety of services from campgrounds, RV parks, motels and five star resorts.
Food & Beverage: Not only provide basic sustenance for tourists but an important factor in the overall tourism
experience.Support Services: Usually are represented by small retail
businesses providing souvenirs and personal services. Shopping is an integral part of the travel experience.
Tourists seek unique and novel items which represent the area and cultures they visit.
Infrastructure: The basic services on which all tourism depends. These systems include water and sewer
systems, communication networks, medical facilities, electricity, police and fire protection and roads.
Transportation
Time and Money: This is the critical component to tourism, the ability to get from Point A to Point B and back,
or to Point C, D, E.... The variables of Time, how long it takes to get to a specific destination, and Money, how
much it costs to get to your destination. Tourism developments are dependent on the ease of access and
types of transportation available.
Hospitality: The community's attitude which permeates every tourism location that makes the tourist feel welcome
and safe. It is the result of the interaction between the tourist and the local population.
Essential Requirements for TourismEssential Requirements for Tourism
Time: as the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel.
Money: Discretionary income is money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been
paid.
Mobility: is the access to transportation and the hours required to get to their destination.
Motivation: is the reason people travel.
JAFARI'S FOUR PLATFORMSJAFARI'S FOUR PLATFORMS
Advocacy platform: 1950's - 1960's. Tourism considered an ideal Advocacy platform: 1950's - 1960's. Tourism considered an ideal activity with few negative impacts for tourist destinations. activity with few negative impacts for tourist destinations.
Government should promote tourism.Government should promote tourism.
Cautionary platform: 1970's. Proposed that tourism would eventually Cautionary platform: 1970's. Proposed that tourism would eventually result in negative impacts for tourism destinations unless it was result in negative impacts for tourism destinations unless it was
carefully planned and regulated.carefully planned and regulated.
Adaptancy platform: 1980"s. Promoted less mass tourism and more Adaptancy platform: 1980"s. Promoted less mass tourism and more alternative tourism. Alternative tourism included: home stays; alternative tourism. Alternative tourism included: home stays;
cultural villages and volunteer tourism. cultural villages and volunteer tourism.
Knowledge-based platform: 1990's. Promotes planning for specific Knowledge-based platform: 1990's. Promotes planning for specific tourism activities and destinations which attempt to scientifically tourism activities and destinations which attempt to scientifically
determine impacts and capacities for tourism destinations.determine impacts and capacities for tourism destinations.
Four core criteria of ecotourismFour core criteria of ecotourism
A form of tourism:A form of tourism: The most common reason for travel is The most common reason for travel is visiting friends and relatives. A "tourist" will also travel visiting friends and relatives. A "tourist" will also travel outside of their normal residence and spend a specific outside of their normal residence and spend a specific
amount of time at a destination.amount of time at a destination.
Basis in nature:Basis in nature: Attractions are based primarily on a Attractions are based primarily on a natural environment (ecosystem) or some component of natural environment (ecosystem) or some component of
that environment. It also may have a cultural that environment. It also may have a cultural component associated with the natural environment.component associated with the natural environment.
Learning: Learning: Visitors are motivated by the opportunity to Visitors are motivated by the opportunity to gain knowledge or appreciation of a natural area or gain knowledge or appreciation of a natural area or
culture.culture.
Sustainability:Sustainability: It is "development that meets the It is "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own ability of future generations to meet their own
needs" (WCED, 1987, p. 43).needs" (WCED, 1987, p. 43).
ECOTOURISM AND OTHER ECOTOURISM AND OTHER TOURISM TYPESTOURISM TYPES
NATURE-BASED TOURISM: Any type of tourism that relies on attractions directly related to the natural
environment.. Ecotourism is a subset of nature-based tourism.
CULTURAL TOURISM: Cultural tourism's focus is on the cultural aspects of a visitor's experience.
ADVENTURE TOURISM: ADVENTURE TOURISM: This includes: an element of risk; a This includes: an element of risk; a higher level of physical exertion; and a need for higher level of physical exertion; and a need for
specialized skills to participate successfully and safely in specialized skills to participate successfully and safely in the activity.the activity.
HYBRIDS:HYBRIDS: These forms of tourism address complex and These forms of tourism address complex and multi-faceted visitor experiences. They include: trekking, multi-faceted visitor experiences. They include: trekking, ACE tourism (adventure, culture and ecotourism); and ACE tourism (adventure, culture and ecotourism); and
NEAT (nature-based, ecotourism, and adventure NEAT (nature-based, ecotourism, and adventure tourism). tourism).
3S:3S: (SEA, SAND AND SUN) TOURISM. Tourism based mostly (SEA, SAND AND SUN) TOURISM. Tourism based mostly on mass tourism (resort).on mass tourism (resort).
ALTERNATIVE TOURISM AND MASS TOURISM:ALTERNATIVE TOURISM AND MASS TOURISM: This spans This spans the variety of tourism form small-scale to mass tourism. the variety of tourism form small-scale to mass tourism. One being no better or worse that the other depending One being no better or worse that the other depending
on the impacts and sustainability of the activities.on the impacts and sustainability of the activities.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM:SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: An area of sustainable tourism An area of sustainable tourism that includes all ecotourism, most of alternative tourism that includes all ecotourism, most of alternative tourism
and mass tourism.and mass tourism.
TOURISMTOURISM SUPPLY AND DEMAND SUPPLY AND DEMAND
IIs the relationship between the quantity that tourism s the relationship between the quantity that tourism industrials, tourism enterprises, wish to sell at industrials, tourism enterprises, wish to sell at
various prices and the quantity of tourism services various prices and the quantity of tourism services that consumers wish to buy. that consumers wish to buy.