Transport in Living things
Chapter 25.6 Transport system in
man
What have we learnt so far…What have we learnt so far…
Transport system in
Plants
Structures?
Xylem
Functions?
Transport water from
roots to leaves
Loss of water
vapour from the
aerial parts of the plant
Consists of
Transport manufactured
food from leaves to other
parts of the plant
Translocation
TranspirationPhloem
RootsAbsorbs water
and mineral salts from the soil
Osmosis?Diffusion?
Active Transport?
Where this process is called
Lesson objectivesLesson objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:- state the functions of blood• red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen
transport• plasma – transport of blood cells, ions, soluble
food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
• white blood cells – phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection
Why is there a need for a circulatory system?
• Simple diffusion cannot bring oxygen and food materials to cells deep within the body, and cannot remove waste products with sufficient speed
• Therefore, a transport system is needed.
VS
3 main parts:
Blood vessels • tubes for blood to flow along
Blood• dissolves and carries
materials
Heart• works as pump
The mammalian circulatory system:The mammalian circulatory system: Cardio- vascular system Cardio- vascular system
Components of BloodComponents of Blood
source: nobelprize.org
Plasma
Blood cells
PlateletsWhite blood cells
Red blood cellsBlood
Four main components in blood Four main components in blood
Blood cells
What is Plasma?What is Plasma?
PlasmaPlasma
• a pale yellowish liquid, containing 90% water• Substances such as proteins, food substances,
excretory products (urea) are dissolved in it
PlasmaPlasma
Functions:- To transport digested food substances from
the small intestines to other parts of the body- To transport carbon dioxide and waste
products formed in cells to the excretory organs for removal
- To transport other substances such as enzymes and hormones
Video clipVideo clip
Removal of waste products from blood
Components of BloodComponents of Blood
source: nobelprize.org
Plasma
Blood cells
PlateletsWhite blood cells
Red blood cellsBlood
Blood cellsBlood cells
Red and white blood cells from Red and white blood cells from human bloodhuman blood
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• circular biconcave shape
• no nucleus
• diameter less than 0.01mm
• elastic (can squeeze through capillary)
• contain a red pigment called haemoglobin
Red Blood CellsRed Blood CellsFunction of the red blood cells• transports Oxygen from lungs to rest of body
How is the structure of the red blood cell related to its function?
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
Structure Function
Circular, Biconcave Increase surface area of the cell: take in and release oxygen at a faster rate
Contains haemoglobin Takes up oxygen from the lungs, releases it at the cells
Elastic and can turn bell- shaped
Enables it to squeeze through blood vessels smaller than itself in diameter
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
Video of red blood cells going through vessels
How the Red blood cells transport How the Red blood cells transport OO22
White Blood Cells White Blood Cells • colourless (no haemoglobin)
• larger than red blood cells
• ratio of red blood cells: white blood cells = about 700:1
• irregular in shape
• has nucleus
• can move and change shape (able to squeeze through walls of capillaries)
Video of WBC
White Blood Cells White Blood Cells
Function:
• Protection of body: fighting infections or diseases
• By either producing antibodies or digesting foreign particles such as bacteria White Blood
cell
White blood cellsWhite blood cells
2 main kinds
lymphocytes phagocytes• produce antibodies that may protect the body from disease- causing organisms
• Ingest, take in and digest foreign particles such as bacteria
PhagocytesPhagocytes
• Phagocytes first engulf the bacteria by flowing over them and enclosing them
• It then ingests the bacteria
• Ingested bacteria will be digested by the phagocyte
• In the process of ‘fighting’ with the bacteria at the site of the wound, some phagocytes are killed
• These dead phagocytes with the dead bacteria, form pus.
Video of white blood cell engulfing bacteria
LymphocytesLymphocytes
• Production of antibodies
-When disease- causing organisms or bacteria enter the bloodstream, lymphocytes produce certain chemical substances called antibodies.
White blood cell YEAST CELL
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis is the process of engulfing and ingesting foreign particles, such as bacteria, by the white blood cells
White Blood Cells White Blood Cells
How is a soldier similar to a white blood cell?
White Blood Cells White Blood Cells • Protection of body: fighting infections or diseases
• By either producing antibodies or digesting foreign particles such as bacteria
• Make up body’s immune system: causing an immune response to foreign particles
• help keep body free from disease
Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection
• Organ or tissue transplant: replace a damaged or diseased tissue or organ with a healthy one from the same person or a donor
• WHY MUST THE DONOR HAVE A GENETIC SIMILARITY WITH THE RECIPIENT?
• WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF ORGAN IS NOT GENETICALLY SIMILAR?
Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection
•When transplanted, the organ must not be rejected by the recipient’s immune system
• An organ from another person’s body can trigger an immune response: the body treats it as a foreign object and lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy it
Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection
• If the tissue to be transplanted comes from the same person, tissue rejection will not occur.
• To prevent tissue rejection,
a)A tissue match is necessary: genetically alike (from family members)
b) use immunosuppressant drugs which inhibit responses of recipient’s immune system
Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection
In 2002, Ms De Cruz became the first person in Singapore to receive an organ transplant from an unrelated living donor.
"Taking medication every day has become ordinary...The only thing I'm fearful about is becoming immune to the anti-rejection drugs I'm on and the possibility of renal failure."
Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection
• The use of immunosuppressant drugs can cause the recipient to have lower resistance to many kinds of infections
• The recipient has to continue to take these drugs for the rest of his/her life
Video of Woman’s story about organ
transplant
Clotting of bloodClotting of blood• Clotting seals wound, preventing excessive loss of
blood• Clotting prevents bacteria from entering the blood.
Video of chain of events in
clotting
Clotting of bloodClotting of blood
• Fibrin threads entangle blood cells and the whole mass forms a clot
Flash animation of clotting
Clotting of bloodClotting of blood
Functions of bloodFunctions of blood
1.Transport function
2.Protective function
Function of bloodFunction of blood1. Transport function• Digested food substances• Excretory products (from tissues to
excretory organs) e.g. nitrogenous waste products → kidneys
carbon dioxide (bicarbonate ions) → lungs
• Hormones• Heat• O2 (from lungs to rest of body)
plasma
Red Blood Cell
2. Protective function• Guards against infection• Blood clotting
White Blood Cellplatelets
Function of bloodFunction of blood
Protective functionProtective function
1. Phagocytosis – process of engulfing & ingesting foreign particles e.g. bacteria by WBC
2. Antibody production (anti-toxins + agglutination)
3. Clotting/ coagulation of blood
lymphocytes
phagocytes
SummarySummary
Transport system in Man
Heart Blood
Blood vessels
CapillariesArteries
VeinsRed
blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
PlasmaFunction: to pump blood to all parts
of the body
SummarySummaryBlood
Red blood cells
White blood cells Platelets Plasma
Function: For protection
against infections
and diseases
Function: as a transport
medium for food
substances, excretory products
Function: Transport
oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body
Function: Blood
clotting to prevent excess
blood loss
SummarySummaryWhite blood cells
LymphocytesPhagocytes
Ingest and digest foreign particles like bacteria
Produce antibodies that protect body from disease- causing organisms
TypesProperties
• Has nucleus• Colourless• Irregular shaped• Larger and less than red blood cells
Additional slidesAdditional slides
1. Haemophilia- A hereditary disease/ blood condition where the normal
blood clotting mechanism is greatly impaired- slight injuries can cause the person to bleed to death or
die of internal bleeding2. Leukemia- Cancer of the blood and bone marrow
Additional slidesAdditional slides
2. Leukemia- Broad term covering a spectrum of diseases- Cancer of the blood and bone marrow - characterized by an abnormal proliferation
of blood cells (usually white blood cells)
Additional slidesAdditional slides
• Acute leukemia: characterized by the rapid increase of immature blood cells.
• This crowding makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells.
• Rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body.
Additional slidesAdditional slides
• Chronic leukemia: distinguished by the excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells.
• Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood.