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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGYENTOMOLOGY
STACEY STACEY BEALMEARBEALMEAR
Extension Agent, Urban HorticultureExtension Agent, Urban HorticultureYuma CountyYuma County
Who Cares About Insects?
Pollination (squash, cucumbers, and citrus)Roughly 1/3 possible due to insect pollinators
Decomposition (nutrient recycling)
Insect product (silk, honey, shellac)
Food for humans and other animals
Detrimental (diseases, damage goods…)
The Most Diverse Group
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/chart1.jpg
Tree of lifeHow do insects fit?
http://byunews.byu.edu/releases/archive04/Nov/crandall/crandall1-h.jpg
Insect Classification
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif
Insect Relatives-Uniramia
Chilapoda- Centipedes One pair legs/body segment
15-181 pairs of legs
Diplopoda- Millepedes Two pair legs/body segment
375 pairs of legs
http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Horrors/HouseCentipede.jpg
http://bitsandpieces1.blogspot.com/2005/10/i-dont-thinks-thats-eyebrow.html
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/780/20362904.JPG
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Insect Relatives-Chelicerata
Acari-ticks
Xiphosura-horseshoe crab
Opiliones-daddy long legs
A id Araneae-spiders
Uropygi-wipe scorpion
Solifugae-wind scorpion
Pseudo-scorpiones
Scorpiones-scorpion
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1391/537477396_2c0861d1b5.jpg
http://www.wide-eyed.org/images/articles/daddylonglegcloseup.jpg
Insect Relatives-Crustacea
Lobster
Crab
Shrimp
Pill B Pill Bug
Cray Fish
http://kodiak.asap.um.maine.edu/lobster.jpg
http://www.blue-crab.info/images/blue-crabs.jpghttp://www.shrimp.vn/images/Fresh_Water_Shrimp_From_Vietnam.jpg
http://sciencecastle.com/sc/app/webroot/img/userexperiments/1521.jpg
http://www.geocities.jp/ideryusei/crayfishDM_468x346.jpg
Insect Classification
Kingdom = Animalia
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif
Phylum = ArthropodaClass = Insecta
(Hexapoda) Order =
Insect Classification
~30 orders
Grouped by similaritiesp y
Morphology and DNA
http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif
http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/jcabbott/abbottlab/images/website.jpg
Insect Classification
Kingdom = AnimaliaPhylum = ArthropodaClass = InsectaO d L id Order = Lepidoptera Family = NymphalidaeGenus = AglaisSpecies = urticae
http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htm
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nymphalidae8.jpg
Insect Anatomy and Metamorphosis
http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/SOM/01-P52~Insect-Metamorphosis-Posters.jpg
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Insect Anatomy
All Insects Have:3 Body Segments3 Pairs of Legs1 Pair of Antenna
Insect Anatomy
Legs Important for identification
Always connected from
thorax
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/leg_master.gif
http://web.localnature.com/articles/backyardnature/pics/insectDesign/cockroch.jpg
http://www.backyardnature.net/in_order.htm
Insect Anatomy
Antennae Sensory organ
Helps with identification
Copyright © 2007 L. Shyamal, license cc-by-SA 2.5http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=63162&rendTypeId=4
http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/200px-Ant_SEM.jpg
Insect Anatomy
Wings None, one or two sets
Outgrowths of the exoskeleton
Found on the thorax
Important for
identification
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Maybug.jpg
http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg
Insect Anatomy
Mouth Parts Important for identification
Used to capture, manipulate
and chew food
ChewingMouthparts
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm
http://z.about.com/d/insects/1/0/A/0/-/-/mouthparts.jpg
Insect Internal Anatomy
Circulatory system moves nutrients, salts, hormones, and metabolic wastes Open circulatory system I t bl d Insect blood
(Hemolymph) does not deliver oxygen
Digestive system extracts nutrients and other substances from the food
Nervous system is a network of specialized "information highway“
Side view of body showing relative position of circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and nervous (blue) systems.
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Insect Internal Anatomy
Respiration: Oxygen is delivered through a group of internal tubes
No veins or arteries
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/trachea-ts.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg/800px-Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg
Metamorphosis (What is it?)
Grow by molting
Juvenile to Adult
Hard outer shell (Exoskeleton)
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93289&rendTypeId=4
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html
Hemimetabolism
Incomplete Metamorphosis ~Five nymphal instar
Resemble adults
Lack wings Lack wings
http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html
Holometabolism
Complete Metamorphosis ~5 larval instar
Do not resemble adults
Lack wings
http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap047.html
Metamorphosis
Most go through complete metamorphosis
http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif
Insect Orders
Matthew C. Wilson
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Coleoptera-Beetles
Over 600,000 species have been identified
Coleoptera-Beetles
Complete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings One hardened (elytra) h // dki /di / i /877/45001086 JPG One hardened (elytra)
One soft
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/877/45001086.JPG
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/916/55046138.JPG
http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/beetle.jpg
Coleoptera-Beetles
Larvae with head capsule
and three pairs of legs C-shaped grubs
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Beetle_larvae_filtered_sw.jpg
Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
Complete metamorphosis
Siphoning mouthparts
Two pairs of membranous
wingswings
Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
Butterflies
http://magickcanoe.com/butterfly/skipper-antennae.jpg
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/235/456444401_4ff3f66ad8.jpg
http://magickcanoe.com/blog/2006/06/07/antennae/
Skippers
Moths
Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
Frenulum
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/frenulum.gif www.austmus.gov.au/factSheets/butterfly_moth.cfm
http://oliviahorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/giant-leopard-moth.jpg
Moth
http://www.geocities.com/kishan_nie/photos/butterfly1.jpg
Butterfly
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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
Larvae Three pairs of true legs
5 or less pairs of prolegs
Prolegs with crochetsg
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects.html
http://www.macrophotos.com/charleskrebs/prolegs.jpg
http://www.dddi.org/enttutorial/keyimmature/keyimmature3.html
Diptera-Flies
Complete metamorphosis
Sponging/piercing
1 pair of wings
http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg
http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/fly.jpg
Diptera-Flies
http://rebekahusry.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/mosquito_bite.png
Diptera-Flies
Larvae lack Legs
Head capsule
Mouth hooks Mouth hooks
http://www.deathonline.net/decomposition/images/250/mouth_hook.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Fruit_fly_larva_01.jpg
Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants
Complete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts (Most)
Two pairs of wings
http://photo.bees.net/biology/ch3/mouthparts.jpg
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425.html
Hemuli
http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Fig-1-Aulacid-wings.jpg
Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants
Most with thread waist
http://www.extermital.com/images/Paper%20wasp%20diag.jpg
http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/general3.htm
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects/Bees.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ant_closeup.jpg
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/IMAGES/INVERT/rassawfly.jpg
http://i.pbase.com/u46/crocodile/large/29990428.cooperativeeffort.jpg
Sawfly Larvae: 6-8 prolegs
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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants
Ants or Wasp?
http://www.spc.int/lrd/images/RIFA-ant_small.jpg
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/2123060109_9893091d13_o.jpg
Ants - Pedicel on waist- Elbowed antennae
http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/insects/velvetant.htm
Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants
Ichneumonid Wasps-
http://www.graciagroup.com/images/sci_ichneumonid.jpg
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1053/990130537_a2ccd17aa8.jpg?v=0
http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/diaglab/02images/78iwasp.jpg
Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Incomplete metamorphosis
Sucking mouthparts
Two pairs of wings
http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_hemiptera/bug_life_cycle.gif
http://magickcanoe.com/stinkbugs/predatory-stinkbug-3-small.jpghttp://www.salk.edu/labs/mnl-t/clh/bug%20RNAi.html
Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Half leathery and half membranous wing
http://schmidling.com/lfbug1.jpg
Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Suborder Heteroptera- True Bugs
http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/largemilkweedbug.jpgUC Statewide IPM Program
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/256658220_65d987dc14.jpg?v=0
Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Suborder Auchenorrhyncha- Cicadas and hoppers
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Animals/Insects..JPG
http://princesslilo.files.wordpress.com
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/leafhopp.gif
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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Suborder Sternorrhyncha- Whiteflies, aphids and scales
http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/2002-10-d28-aphids2-fr4-ed1.jpg
http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/81041/Scale_insect_on_Bursaria_620.JPG
Orthoptera-Grasshoppers, Crickets and Katydids
Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings
http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html
http://www.solarnavigator.net
http://www.nku.edu/~biosci/CostaRica2003/Punta%20Marenco/Day3/Punta%20Marenco1.htm
Mantodea-Mantids
Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62575&rendTypeId=4 http://www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4TH/KKHP/1INSECTS/bugpix/mantis2/NYMPH_5icon.jpg
Mantodea-Mantids
http://www.finiteinsight.com/redmantis/plumAB_black_hiweb.jpghttp://www.bugsincyberspace.com/mantids/mantid_images/mantis_oothecae_perch.jpg
Blattodea-Cockroaches
Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthpart
Two pairs of wings
http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_insects/cockroach_lifecycle.gif
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2006/may/images/m-blaberoides-370_8130_1.jpg
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images.jpg
Blattodea-Cockroaches
German
Brown Banded
American
Oriental
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Isoptera-Termites
Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wings (reproductive)
http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/Ento/_fpclass/termites1.gif
http://bexar-tx.tamu.edu/HomeHort/F1Column/2005%20Articles.jpg
http://www.feelsecure.com.au/pests/tets/pages/Termite20Casts.jpg
Dermaptera-Earwigs
Incomplete metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Two pairs of wingshttp://www3.telus.net/conrad/images3/ch_8-04a.gif
http://www.orchidboard.com/community/attachments/pests-diseases.jpg
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/orthopta/earwig.jpg
Thysanoptera-Thrips
Unique metamorphosis
Rasping-Sucking mouthparts
Two sets of wings
http://attra.ncat.org/images/thrips/figure1.jpg
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/Biosecurity_GeneralPlantHealthPestsDiseaseAndWeeds.jpg
Thysanura-Silverfish
Nonmetamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
No wings
Eats glue, book bindings, paper, photos, sugar and hairBeen in existence for 300 million years
Collembola-Springtail
Nonmetamorphosis
Chewing and sucking mouthparts
No wings
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/soil/soilpix/images/collembola.jpg
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/images/springtail.jpg
Feed on decaying matter
Time for a break
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IntegratedIntegrated Pest Pest MMManagmentManagment
The intelligent selection & use of pest control actions that will ensure favorable economic, ecological and sociological consequences.
What is IPM?What is IPM?
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/teachers/outdoorclassrm/scat.jpg
Holistic view
Who cares we don’t eat ornamental plants?
Public awareness
IPM: Not Just for Ag Crops!IPM: Not Just for Ag Crops!
Public demand
Stricter regulations
http://www.henningtonfamily.com/photogallery/DSCN2386.JPG
Identify the plant
Identify injury
The Best Part of IPMThe Best Part of IPMEntomologist or Detective?Entomologist or Detective?
Identify injury
Identify the pest
Take steps to manage pest
Identify InjuryIdentify Injury
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
Chewing Mouthparts
Siphoning
S iSponging
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm
Chewed Leaves or BlossomsChewed Leaves or Blossoms
Chewing Injury Defoliation
Shot holes
Margin notching Margin notching
Skeletonization
Leaf mininghttp://www.rainbowscivance.com/graphics/Sycamore_Anthracnose/syc_lead.jpg
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-095f4.jpg
http://apps.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/graphics/crops/agriphones/uploaded/berry081806f1.jpg
http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/LeafSkeleton02.jpg
http://www.bgi-usa.com/images/pests/leafminers_lg.jpg
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Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or BranchesDieback of Shoots, Twigs or Branches
Chewing Injury Shoot dieback
Branch dieback
Exit holes
http://buckeyegardening.com/images/invasives/bfbshootdieback.jpg
http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/fd/santafetrees/images/twigdamage2.jpg
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/fruit/ce206.jpg
Discolored Leaves or BlossomsDiscolored Leaves or Blossoms
Sucking Injury Stippling
Streaking
Leaf yellowingy g
http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/stippling.jpg
http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/Thrips/Chilli-Damage/Chilli%20Thrips.html
http://picasaweb.google.com/gardenpunks/02192007/photo#5033381350461781570
Distorted Leaves, Branch or TrunkDistorted Leaves, Branch or Trunk
Sucking and Chewing Injury Leaf galling
Twig gallingg g g
Leaf cupping
Bark rippling
Bark cracking http://www.plantengallen.com/imagesnederlands/hartigiola_ann_nessbg_060804_3.jpg
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/garden/OakRoughBulletGall.jpg
http://www.rec.udel.edu/Update02/Issue%2013%202002_files/image006.jpg
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1337/1022645685_2c2059f132.jpg?v=0
http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/images/hcbc_042b.jpg/$FILE/hcbc_042b.jpg
Insect ProductsInsect Products
Signs Honeydew
Exoskeletons
Sooty mold
Fecal spots
Silk
Protective cases
Frass
Fluffy white waxhttp://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Honeydew_from_aphids.jpghttp://mgonline.com/sootymold.jpg
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/Images/insects/lacebugdamageoemeleriafecalspotsthumbnailJPG.jpg
http://www.biokids.umich.edu/images/signs/build/tent_caterpillar_nest.jpg
http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/entomology/extension/KIN/Kin_2007/kin-12/Frass.jpghttp://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/sponsprj/county02/02marshall/mealybugs.jpg
Common PestsCommon PestsCommon PestsCommon Pests
Which mouth parts?Which mouth parts?
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
Chewing Mouthparts
Siphoning
S iSponging
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm
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PiercingPiercing--Sucking MouthpartsSucking Mouthparts
http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/aphids/APHIDFEEDING.jpg
AphidsAphids
Pests of many plants Feed on all plant parts Injury caused
YellowingL f l Leaf curl
Vector plant disease
Insect products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold
Alex Wild
WhiteflyWhitefly
• Pests of many plants• Feed on foliage Injury Caused
Yellowing Leaf curl Leaf curl Vector plant diseases
Insect Products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold
True BugsTrue Bugs and Hoppersand Hoppers
• Pests of many plants
• Feed on foliage Injury Caused Injury Caused
Stippling
Insect Products Fecal spots
http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/1-58.jpeg
http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_cicadas/images/wpeA7.jpg
Mealy BugsMealy Bugs
Pests of many plants Injury Caused
Discoloration
Dieback
Insect Products Wax
Honeydew
Sooty mold
Scale InsectsScale Insects
Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused
Yellowing Dieback
Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold Ants found on plant
Steve Hise
8/17/2010
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Spider Spider MMitesites
Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused
Stippling Discoloration Discoloration Dieback
Insect Products Webbing
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/veg/ce29.htm
RaspingRasping--Sucking MouthpartsSucking Mouthparts
http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/diagnostics/Assets/Images/Insects/thrips.JPG
ThripsThrips Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused
Streaking
C i Cupping
Vector plant diseases
Insect Products Fecal spots
Chewing MouthpartsChewing Mouthparts
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65596&rendTypeId=4
CaterpillarsCaterpillars Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused
Defoliation Shot holes Skeletonization Mining Bark rippling Shot and branch dieback
Insect Products Frass Protective covers
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2255/2516808592_a6763d9eff.jpg
BeetlesBeetles
Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused
Shot holes
Margin notching
Skeletonization
Bark rippling
Bark cracking
Branch dieback
http://images.google.com/imgres
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Leaf MinersLeaf Miners
Pests of many plants
Foliage
Injury Caused Mining Mining
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/104/270060746_7f8d6ed5df.jpg?v=0
http://www.ensisjv.com/Portals/0/sawfly006.jpg
White GrubsWhite Grubs
Pest of many plants
Feed on plant roots
I j C d Injury Caused Wilting
Discoloration
Turf death
Insect ControlInsect ControlInsect ControlInsect Control
Most Effective Management?
Design, Design, iiPrevention & Prevention &
EducationEducation
Design/Maintenance Naturalistic
Plant Selection
Landscape DesignLandscape Design
Plant Selection Well adapted
Plant Placement Appropriate microclimates http://www.modernphoenix.net/gatztips.htm
http://www.desertgreenturf.com/photos.html
Pest insects love stressed plants!!!!
Prevention
Resistant Hosts
Sanitation Remove pest source Remove pest source
Clean equipment
Pickup old fruit
Remove alternate hosts (weeds)http://homeharvestseeds.com
http://lh5.ggpht.com/_JI73l40Hi2s/SHlJmas2onI/AAAAAAAABQE/9RYb8fN1A2A/IMG_0792.JPG
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Education: Understand the pest Insect Management
Cultural Pruning, thinning, plant health, crop
rotation, sanitation
Mechanical Hand removal
Physical Control Row covers, traps (sticky, pheromone
…), heat
Natural EnemiesNatural Enemies
The Good Guys!
AphidiusAphidius
Aphids
Commercially available
Assassin BugAssassin Bug
Predaceous on a wide variety of small to medium-sized insects
Not commercially available
Big Eyed BugBig Eyed Bug
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Commercially available
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Brown LacewingBrown Lacewing
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Not commercially available
Convergent Lady BeetleConvergent Lady Beetle
aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other soft-bodied insects and insect eggs
Commercially available
Damsel BugDamsel Bug
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Commercially available
Green LacewingGreen Lacewing
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Commercially available
Praying MantisPraying Mantis
Generalist predators on wide variety of insects
Commercially available
Mealybug DestroyerMealybug Destroyer
Mealybugs and scales
Commercially available
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Minute Pirate BugMinute Pirate Bug
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects
Commercially available
SyrphidSyrphid
Predaceous on aphids and other small, soft-bodied insects
Not commercially available
Tachinid FlyTachinid Fly
Some are host specific and others have various host insects
Not commercially available
Twice Stabbed Lady BeetleTwice Stabbed Lady Beetle
Predaceous on many species of scale insects on many fruit, nut, and ornamental trees including
Not Commercially available
Ordering Biological ControlsOrdering Biological Controls
http://greenmethods.com/site/
The Green Spot Ltd.93 Priest Rd93 Priest Rd.Nottingham, NH03290-6204 USA
Phone: 603.942.8925
Fax: 603.942.8932
Pesticide
A chemical used to kill pests (not always an insect). Insecticide- Insects
Herbicide- Weeds
Miticide- MitesM M
Acaricide- Ticks and Mites
Fungicide- Fungus
Rodenticide- Rodents
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Read the label
Follow all directions for Recommended concentration
Safety
Disposalp
Danger-Warning-Caution
Safety equipment
Wear the correct protective equipmentequipment
Storage
Store in original container
Tightly closed Out of reach
(children and pets)
Clean, dry, well vented area
Out of sun and freeze
Disposal
Never dump pesticides
Consult label for proper disposal
Never reuse empty containers
T i l i b f i i Triple rinse sprayers before rinsing
After use
Take off shoes before entering the house
Wash yourself with soap and water
Wash clothes Separate from other
clothes
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Things to Remember
Never spray on a windy day!
If a little is good, more is NOT better!
Pesticides
Depends on the plants use
Safer brand products H ti lt l il d Horticultural oils and soaps
Pyrethrins
http://www.parkorchids.com/safer%20soap.jpg
Pesticides
Bayer Advanced Tree and Shrub Systemic insecticide
Imidacloprid
Bacillus thuringiensis Entomopathogenic bacteria
Caterpillars; some beetle and fly larvae
Larvae stop eating, become limp and shrunken, die and decompose
http://www.bayeradvanced.com
Wrap up
Insects are AWESOME
QuestionsQuestions