UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar
Jóhann Mar Ólafsson
Thesis of 60 ECTS credits
Master of Science (MSc) in Sustainable Energy
Science
June 2018
ii
UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar
Thesis of 60 ECTS credits submitted to the School of Science and Engineering
at Reykjavík University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Sustainable Energy
Science
June 2018
Supervisors:
Juliet Ann Newson, Supervisor
Professor, Reykjavík University, Iceland
Victor Pajuelo Madrigal, Co-Supervisor
GIS and Earth Observation specialist, Svarmi, Iceland
Daniel Ben-Yehoshua, Co-Supervisor
Geologist, Svarmi, Iceland
Examiner:
Mark Harvey
Professor, University of Auckland, NZ
iv
Copyright
Jóhann Mar Ólafsson
June 2018
vi
UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar
Jóhann Mar Ólafsson
June 2018
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce and analyze a thermal map of a geothermal
area in Iceland. Austurengjar, an area part of the Krýsuvík volcanic system on the
Reykjanes Peninsula was selected. The area was mapped by a UAV equipped with
a dual thermal and RGB camera. The resulting thermal image and RGB orthophoto
were compared to conventional mapping methods and analyzed. Temperature
polygons were created for various temperature ranges in to obtain a greater
understanding of the thermal distribution in the area. The methods for UAV
mapping showed promising results as highly detailed images were produced after
a flight of ten minutes. The results show that UAVs could be a key tool in baseline
geothermal mapping and monitoring in the near future.
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Fjarkönnun á jarðhitasvæði í Austurengjum
Jóhann Mar Ólafsson
júní 2015
Útdráttur
Markmið þessarar rannsóknar var að kortleggja háhitasvæði kennt við Austuengjar
á Reykjanesskaganum. Svæðið var kortlagt með þyrildi sem var útbúið með
tvískiptri hitamyndavél. Útfrá þeim gögnum voru bæði myndakort sem og hitakort
búin til. Þessi kort voru borin saman og greind m.t.t. hefðbundra
rannsóknaraðferða. Marghyrningar (e. polygons) voru útbúnir fyrir mismunandi
hitabil til þess að greina betur hitadreifingu innan svæðisins. Aðferðirnar við
fjarkönnun á þessu svæði lofa góðu þar sem hágæða kort voru búin til á svæðinu
eftir flug sem tók einungis 10 mínútur. Niðurstöðurnar gefa til kynna að þyrildi
geta haft þýðingarmikið hlutverk í grunnrannsóknum á háhitasvæðum sem og
eftirliti á háhitasvæðum.
x
UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar
Jóhann Mar Ólafsson
Thesis of 60 ECTS credits submitted to the School of Science and Engineering
at Reykjavík University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Sustainable Energy Science
June 2018
Student:
Jóhann Mar Ólafsson
Supervisors:
Juliet Newson
Supervisors:
Victor Pajuelo Madrigal
Supervisors:
Daniel Ben-Yehoshua
Examiner:
Tough E. Questions
xii
The undersigned hereby grants permission to the Reykjavík University Library to reproduce
single copies of this Thesis entitled UAV Geothermal Mapping in Austurengjar and to
lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only.
The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright
in the Thesis, and except as herein before provided, neither the Thesis nor any substantial
portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever
without the author’s prior written permission.
date
Jóhann Mar Ólafsson
Master of Science
xiv
Acknowledgements
There are many people to think for their help during this project.
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Juliet Newson for her immeasurable
help and uplifting attitude.
Thanks to my supervisors from Svarmi ehf, Victor Pajuelo Madrigal and Daniel
Ben-Yehoshua, for their help during this study and field work.
Thanks to Svarmi ehf for sponsoring this project via the use of their equipment,
personnel, data and resources.
Thanks to my friends and fellow students whose presence and help made this
project bearable.
Lastly, thanks to my family and girlfriend for their support and understanding for
the duration of this project.
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xvii
Contents
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ xv
Contents ............................................................................................................................xvii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xix
List of Tables ....................................................................................................................xxii
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xxiv
List of Symbols ............................................................................................................... xxvi
1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1
2 Background ....................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Brief History of Aerial Surveying of Earth’s Surface ............................................ 2
2.2 Review of UAV use for geological surveys ........................................................... 4
2.3 Iceland: Geologic setting for this study .................................................................. 9
2.3.1 Austurengjar ............................................................................................. 13
2.3.2 Previous field research ............................................................................. 14
2.3.3 Emissivity ................................................................................................. 17
3 Methods ........................................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Flight planning ...................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Field procedures .................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Image processing .................................................................................................. 23
3.4 Image analysis....................................................................................................... 25
3.5 Shallow soil temperatures ..................................................................................... 25
4 Results .............................................................................................................................. 26
4.1 Ground conditions................................................................................................. 28
4.2 Thermal map and QGIS ........................................................................................ 31
4.2.1 Isolating temperature values ..................................................................... 34
4.2.2 Section 1 ................................................................................................... 34
4.2.3 Section 2 ................................................................................................... 46
4.2.4 Section 3 ................................................................................................... 60
4.3 Thermal gradient and heat flow ............................................................................ 76
4.3.1 Thermal conductivity ............................................................................... 78
4.3.2 Heat flow .................................................................................................. 81
5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 83
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 85
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 86
xviii
Appendix A ........................................................................................................................ 90
Appendix B ....................................................................................................................... 130
xix
List of Figures
Figure 1 A comparison between a) manually interpreted faults and b) automatic detection
method [20].............................................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2 a sketch showing the setup for the experiment as well as the laser positioning [21].
................................................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 3 The photo on the left shows a digital elevation photo that was created in October
2013. The middle photo shows the changes in elevation between May and October. The
photo on the right shows the derived surface velocity along with the direction of flow [22]. 7 Figure 4 A calibrated thermal infrared orthophoto of the Waikite area. The black box on the
photo is expanded in Figure 5 [18]. ......................................................................................... 8 Figure 5 The expanded area. Image a) shows calibrated temperature and image b) shows
heat flux. Pixel size is 19cm [18]. ........................................................................................... 8 Figure 6 Iceland’s position within the North Atlantic and the surrounding geological
junctions. The solid black line represents the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the dotted line
represents the mantle plumes position over its 65 million years [27]. .................................. 10
Figure 7 All identified volcanic systems in Iceland. The dotted circle represents the location
of the mantle plume [27]. ...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 8 Geothermal areas in Iceland [30]. ........................................................................... 12
Figure 9 All options for Iceland’s Master Plan for nature protection and energy utilization.
The Austurengjar area can be seen highlighted by yellow [33]. ........................................... 13 Figure 10 Place names around the Austurengjar area. The stars on the figure represent
geothermal locations and the large yellow star above Austurengjar area the subject of this
thesis [33]. ............................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 11 Austurengjar Geothermal Manifestation Map 1 [34]. ........................................... 16
Figure 12 Austurengjar Geothermal Manifestation Map 2 [34]. ........................................... 16 Figure 13 Thermal Gradient of the Stream at Austurengjar [34]. ......................................... 17
Figure 14 Top view of the initial image position. The green line follows the position of the
images in time starting from the large blue dot. .................................................................... 22 Figure 15 The number of overlapping images computed for each pixel of the orthomosaic.
Red and yellow areas indicate low overlap and poor results whereas green areas indicate
high overlap and good results. ............................................................................................... 24 Figure 16 The research area. This picture was created from the UAV imaging process from
the RGB camera. On this image certain areas have been divided into section and
subsequently each geothermal feature has been labelled (data source: Svarmi ehf). ............ 27
Figure 17 An overview of the field research area. This photo looks northeast and was taken
from the main geothermal feature in the south. It is represented by the letter (a) on Figure 16
(photo by Juliet Newson). ...................................................................................................... 28
Figure 18 Photo from locality (b). The UAV taking off from the ground (photo by Juliet
Newson). ................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 19 Photo from locality (c). Steam rising from geothermal feature 8 in the South. The
dark lower section of the steam is the shadow of the adjacent hill. The shadows of the field
team can also be seen on the steam (photo by Juliet Newson). ............................................. 29
Figure 20 Photo taken from locality (d). The “mud forest” that could be seen on the east and
south side of the main geothermal feature (photo by Juliet Newson). .................................. 30
Figure 21 Photo from locality (e). The stream running from the main geothermal feature
(photo by Juliet Newson). ...................................................................................................... 31 Figure 22 The color ramp and temperature values of the thermal image (Figure 23). .......... 32
xx
Figure 23 The thermal image created of the research area (data source: Svarmi ehf). ......... 33 Figure 24 Thermal polygon representing temperature values from 0-10°C. The square on
the top left side of the figure represents the enlarged part on the right (data source: Svarmi
ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 35
Figure 25 Section 1 overlaid by the 0-20°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 26 Section 1 overlaid by the 0-30°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 27 Section 1 overlaid with the 0-40°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi
ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 28 Section 1 overlaid by the 10-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 29 Section 1 overlaid by the 20-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 30 Section 1 overlaid by the 30-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 31 The thermal polygon representing temperature values from 0-10°C. The square
on the left side of the figure represents the enlarged part on the right (data source: Svarmi
ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Figure 32 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-20°C temperature polygon. .................................... 48
Figure 33 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-30°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi
ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 49 Figure 34 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-40°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi
ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 51
Figure 35 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-50°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi
ehf). ........................................................................................................................................ 52 Figure 36 Section 2 overlaid by the 10-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 37 Section 2 overlaid by the 20-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 56 Figure 38 Section 2 overlaid by the 30-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 39 Section 2 overlain by the 40-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 40 Thermal polygon representing temperature values from 0-10°C. The square on
the bottom left side of the figure represents the enlarged part on the right (data source:
Svarmi ehf). ........................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 41 Section 3 overlaid by the 0-20°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 42 Section 3 overlaid by the 0-30°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 43 Section 3 overlaid by the 0-40°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 44 Section 3 overlaid by the 0-50°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 45 Section 3 overlaid by the 10-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 46 Section 3 overlaid by the 20-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 70 Figure 47 Section 3 overlaid by the 30-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 48 Section 3 overlaid by the 40-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
xxi
............................................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 49 Section 3 overlaid by the 50-60°C temperature polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
............................................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 50 Temperature time series for each thermocouple for the duration of this survey. . 77
Figure 51 The average temperature plotted against depth. .................................................... 78 Figure 52 Dry and wet thermal conductivities as functions of porosity. Here, the gray line
represents the chosen porosity for this study and the red curly bracket represent the range of
saturation values [39]. ............................................................................................................ 79
xxii
List of Tables
Table 1 Typical average emissivity values for materials listed over the range of 8-14 μm,
from [37]. .................................................................................................................................18 Table 2 Specification of the ThermalCapture Fusion camera. ................................................22 Table 3 Polygon temperature range .........................................................................................34 Table 4 Average temperature values at depth. ........................................................................78
Table 5 The symbols and their corresponding values used in the equations. All the values
were obtained from [42]. .........................................................................................................80 Table 6 Thermal conductivity values for each saturation percentage. ....................................81
Table 7 The calculated heat flow for each saturation value. ...................................................81
xxiii
xxiv
List of Abbreviations
GCP Ground Control Point
TIR Thermal infrared
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UAS Unmanned Aerial System
GPS Global Possitioning System
DSM Digital Surface Model
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DTM Digital Terrain Model
RGB Red Green Blue
xxv
xxvi
List of Symbols
Symbol Description Value/Units
ε Emissivity Ratio
M
Total radiant
existance W m-2
σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant
W m-2 K-4
α(λ) Absorptance of terrain element
Ratio
ρ(λ) Reflectance of terrain element
Ratio
τ(λ) Transmittance of terrain element
Ratio
Φ Porosity Fraction
Sl Liquid saturation Fraction
xxvii
1
Chapter 1
1Introduction
This study looks at the use of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) for geothermal surveys
in Iceland. This thesis is a co-project between Reykjavík University and Svarmi ehf. Svarmi
ehf is one of the leading companies in Iceland in remote sensing applications.
The study area selected for this thesis was Austurengjar, an area in SW Iceland. It was
mapped using a modified commercial UAV and a dual camera. This area is suitable for such
a study as it has not previously been mapped by UAV survey. This thesis aim is to map this
geothermal area for the first time using UAV mounted sensors. Other factors in favor of
mapping Austurengjar are as follows:
- A geothermal field, reasonably close to the researchers’ headquarters.
- Easily accessible from the road.
- Minimal outside interference, i.e. only a few visitors are ever observed there.
- Currently not under utilization, so that the data produced by this survey can serve as
baseline data for future research.
- No UAV restrictions.
- Previous surface studies that allow us to comment on the quality and quantity of data
for different type of surveys.
The objective of this thesis is to create an orthophoto of a geothermal area in Iceland,
using a UAV and a thermal camera, which has not been mapped in this way before. This
survey then provides baseline information about the undisturbed geothermal system.
Additionally, examples will be given to compare traditional methods of exploration to UAV
mapping.
In chapter 2 of this study the background of remote sensing is covered and a few
examples of the use of modern UAV applications are given. Following those sections, the
2 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
geological background of Iceland is covered as well as previous studies of the Austurengjar
area. In chapter 3 the methods for UAV mapping and processing are shown. The results are
described in chapter 4 and subsequently interpreted in chapter 5. Afterwards a conclusion
for UAV applications are discussed.
2Background
2.1 Brief History of Aerial Surveying of Earth’s Surface
The word photogrammetry comes from the Greek words photo (light writing), gram
(graphic) and metry (measure). Photogrammetry is described by The American Society for
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) as “the art, science and technology of
obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through processes
of recording measuring and interpreting images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant
energy and other phenomena” [1].
“Remote Sensing techniques are used to gather and process information about an object
without direct physical contact” [1]. The earliest recorded history of remote sensing was in
1859 where Gaspard Felix Tournachon photographed Paris from above using balloons.
During the American Civil war, balloons were also used for reconnaissance purposes. Aerial
photographs have been taken from airplanes from as early as 1909 for a wide range of uses,
both military and civilian. Satellites were first employed for remote sensing in 1960 when
the American military launched the Discoverer into Earth’s orbit and NASA alongside the
Department of Defence launched the satellite TIROS-1, an experimental weather satellite
which systematically provided the first image of the entire globe. In 1972 NASA designed
and launched the first Earth Resource Technology Satellite (ERTS-1), later known as
Landsat 1, in a joint initiative with the USGS and other departments. From 1972 until 1984
NASA launched a total of five satellites (Landsat 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) [2]. The Landsat project
is still active today and plans to launch the satellite Landsat 9 in 2020 [3]. From 1978 and
towards the end of the 20th century, Landsat satellites have provided valuable information in
a variety of scientific fields with the purpose of improving, measuring and monitoring
Earth’s resources as well as inspiring new approaches to data analysis and academic research
[2]. The main limitation of research satellites is their pixel resolution. The spatial resolution
2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF AERIAL SURVEYING OF EARTH’S SURFACE
3
range from older satellites is around 1 km whereas the newest satellite (WorldView-4) can
provide a finer spatial resolution of 30 cm [4] [5]. Additionally, using sensors that sense
above the atmosphere or that are at a height where the atmosphere can affect readings the
user must perform atmospheric corrections to get the real surface reflectance instead of the
Top-of-atmosphere reflectance [6]. Other noteworthy limitations of satellite imagery are
their potential high cost per scene, finding suitable repeat times and cloud contamination [7].
These limitations can be somewhat circumvented by using aircraft equipped with
imaging sensors, such as lidar and TIR (thermal infrared) [8]. Light detection and ranging
(lidar) has been used on airplanes since 1960 but acquiring accurate lidar data was not
possible until Global Positioning Systems (GPS) became commercially available in the late
1980s. Lidar has been used on both airplanes and satellites and has proven useful in creating
topographical maps due to its accuracy [9]. Aerial thermal infrared (TIR) surveys for
monitoring geothermal areas have been recognized since the 1970s [10]. TIR surveys are
applicable wherever there is a temperature difference in the environment and are also able
to differentiate geologic surface materials [11] [12]. TIR surveys have become a popular
method for monitoring geothermal areas, particularly over regular intervals allowing
resource managers to respond to changes more quickly [10].
In theory, airplanes may be used for repetitive finer-scale studies but in practice they are
also hampered by financial limitation since the data acquisition process is costly [4].
In 2006, UAVs emerged as a relatively cheap alternative to satellite and airplane
mapping the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs are also referred to as Unmanned
Aerial Systems, UAS, or “drones”) [13]. From these images, digital surface models (DSM)
and digital elevation models (DEM) are built. Digital surface models include vegetation,
buildings and other features on the surface whereas a digital elevation model represents
earth’s bare surface [14].
DSM models, along with a digital image and the internal characteristics of the imaging
sensor, enable the production of an orthophoto [16]. An orthophoto eliminates relief
displacement from perspective imagery as remote sensing images suffer from relief
displacement and scale variation due to perspective projection. Therefore, the orthomosaic
image has a constant orthographic projection, i.e. viewed from the Nadir point, and provides
the orthophoto with the same characteristics as a map. Having map-like characteristics, as
well as the popularization of digital cameras, lidar systems and GPS make orthophotos an
important component in GIS databases [17].
4 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
One of the earliest, if not the first, large georeferenced temperature-calibrated geothermal
orthophoto from a UAV was published by [18]. The orthophoto is of the Waikite geothermal
area in New Zealand and encapsulates an area of 2.2 km2. In order to accurately georeference
remote sensing images ground control points (GCPs) are needed. Survey grade equipment
is optimal for georeferencing orthophotos, but most UAVs are equipped with GPS systems
which can be used for less accurate georeferencing of orthophotos. UAVs can also be
equipped with RTK-GPS that can be of cm accuracy, reducing the need for GCPs [19]. GCPs
are usually represented on orthophotos by an object placed on the ground by the researcher.
These objects are not necessarily the same but plastic sheets or flags are common. For
thermal imaging, aluminum plates are optimal due to their low emissivity [10].
Mapping using UAVs has several advantages. With recent technological advances and
commercialization, UAVs have become a cheap alternative in mapping as they can map
small areas in high resolution. Ultimately, pricing depends on the scope of the project in
question, e.g. if a UAV were to cover the same footprint as a satellite the cost trade-off would
not be beneficial. Equipped with both digital cameras as well as a GPS system, a trained
individual can control the UAV in-situ or even upload a pre-programmed flight. Some UAVs
have the option to add or remove equipment, allowing the user to customize the survey to
their specific needs. The use of a UAV can also shorten exploration and monitoring times
as the UAV covers distances quicker than humans. Additionally, UAVs can be used when
there is cloud-cover due to their ability to fly at low altitudes and can also reach dangerous
areas which would be hazardous to humans [18] [10]. Lastly, UAVs can provide higher
resolution as images taken from a lower altitude enable a higher resolution in the final image,
resulting in a resolution as high as 0.3 cm/pixel. “In contrast, the best resolution available
from manned aircrafts or satellites is typically 20-50 cm/pixel” [20].
The most notable disadvantage of UAVs is the battery life, a general concern in cold
conditions like Iceland. That disadvantage can be circumvented as the user can change
batteries for repeated flights over an extended area or use a gasoline powered UAV.
Additionally, newer batteries can last up to 30 minutes for regular UAVs and up to 90
minutes for fixed wing UAVs. Lastly, the weather dependency of UAVs can limit their use,
e.g. an inability to fly in high winds and rain.
2.2 Review of UAV use for geological surveys
This section will provide various examples on different usage of UAVs. Its purpose is to
2.2 REVIEW OF UAV USE FOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
5
show their versatility and give the reader a broader perspective on UAVs for research
purposes.
A case study done in Piccaninny Point, Tasmania, had the purpose of mapping strike-
slips faults with UAVs and test new computer vision routines. The study shows that mapping
faults and joints using semi-automatic mapping tools with data gathered by a UAV is
possible. Furthermore, comparing UAV data and the mapping methods used in this study
with data from satellites or aircrafts shows that the spatial accuracy generated could range
from millimeters to centimeters. Therefore, it is more accurate than previously obtained data
from satellites or airplanes [20].
Figure 1 A comparison between a) manually interpreted
faults and b) automatic detection method [20].
The use of drones to measure surface flow mapping was demonstrated in [21]. A
recreational drone, equipped with a GoPro camera and four lasers, was shown to yield
accurate surface flow maps of sub-meter deep water bodies. The drone was flown over an
artificially channeled stream, recording a full HD video at 60 Hz, and the surface velocity
was measured using tracers, both natural and artificial. The data collected from both the
drone and the onsite flow sensing systems were in good agreement. The system of lasers
used in the experiment enabled remote photometric calibration of the data acquired, leaving
out the otherwise necessary use of GRPs (ground referencing points). Furthermore, the lasers
were utilized for pixel calibration and flow velocimetry analysis. The laser system
demonstrated that lower cost observations are possible if fixed reference objects are not
required [21].
6 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
Figure 2 a sketch showing the setup for the experiment as
well as the laser positioning [21].
A study on the Himalayan glaciers was done in 2014 a fixed-wing UAV. This was flown
over a tongue of the Himalayan glacier, before and after the melt and monsoon season. The
data acquired resulted in a highly detailed ortho-mosaic and a digital elevation model. Using
the differences in the models created, the glacier mass loss and surface velocity were derived
with good accuracy. “The potential of using UAVs in glaciology is high and it may
revolutionize classical field-based methods” [22].
2.2 REVIEW OF UAV USE FOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
7
Figure 3 The photo on the left shows a digital elevation photo
that was created in October 2013. The middle photo shows the
changes in elevation between May and October. The photo on
the right shows the derived surface velocity along with the
direction of flow [22].
Volcanology and geothermal studies are other disciplines that benefit from the use of
UAVs. La Selinelle, a mud volcano situated on the southwest perimeter of Mt. Etna was the
subject of an experiment using UAVs and thermal cameras. The thermal data gathered with
a UAV and cameras was in agreement with measurements done in situ. The experiment
proved that more detailed mapping of the volcanic areas was possible using UAVs and that
UAVs could prove to be relevant in earth science monitoring operations [23].
Volcanic gases collected by a UAV were measured in the La Fossa crater in Vulcano,
Italy. Using an ultraviolet spectrometer to remotely sense SO2 flux and an infrared
spectrometer with an electrochemical sensor to remotely sense SO2 flux and CO2/SO2 ratios,
respectively, showed that UAVs have promise in volcanic gas measurements [13].
A small area within the Tauhara field in New Zealand was mapped with a small UAV
carrying a Sony HDR-AS100V as well as a FLIR Tau 320 infrared camera. The use of an
infrared camera provided detailed information of geothermal surface features, as areas
shown in the RGB images were seen bare ground whereas the thermal images showed high
temperature. The study demonstrates both advanced techniques in sampling, processing and
analyzing data as well as both the possible utility and limitations of UAVs in geothermal
sciences [10].
8 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
The Waikite valley thermal area in New Zealand was mapped with an infrared camera
as well a digital camera with the purpose of creating a georeferenced, thermal-calibrated
orthophoto of the area. The data gathered was calibrated against surface measurements taken
at the time of the survey, and using a Monte Carlo analysis, an estimate on the heat loss of
the thermal lakes and streams in the area was done. This report showed that larger scale
thermal imaging and mapping of geothermal areas is possible using UAVs [18].
Figure 4 A calibrated thermal infrared orthophoto of the
Waikite area. The black box on the photo is expanded in Figure
5 [18].
Figure 5 The expanded area. Image a) shows calibrated
temperature and image b) shows heat flux. Pixel size is 19cm
[18].
Thermal mapping in geothermal areas in Iceland can be traced to airplane mapping in
2.3 ICELAND: GEOLOGIC SETTING FOR THIS STUDY
9
the late 1960s [24]. Studies have been done on thermal mapping in Iceland and two recent
studies focusing on thermal imaging in Iceland are discussed in this thesis.
Two thermal images of Reykjanes geothermal area were taken in 2004 and 2011 from
an airplane. A comparison of the images shows an increase in surface temperature in the
area [25].
The second study done compared in-situ thermal measurements with handheld thermal
images taken at ground level. That comparison showed the temperature difference between
the two being as high as 75°C. That temperature difference is related to the distance from
which the images were taken. The distance being 400 m away from the thermal feature being
measured. That distance greatly affects the thermal accuracy of the camera. Additionally,
the in-situ temperature measurements were taken at a depth of 10 cm whereas the thermal
camera provides only surface temperature data. They conclude that remote sensing cannot
replace conventional geothermal mapping, but rather complement it. By using both methods
and changing the approach of geothermal mapping, mapping and monitoring geothermal
fields would improve [26].
Previous studies have highlighted the potential use of UAVs in surveying and
exploration. It has proved to be a cost-effective solution as an alternative or alongside
ground-based methods that can produce imagery similar and comparable to commercially
produced LiDAR and images obtained from manned aircraft. The creation of DSM and
DEM models from orthophotos are useful in all stages of exploration and the addition of
thermal infrared cameras is likely to become a necessary tool in future exploration of
geothermal and volcanic areas. The use of UAVs is still in its early stages and further
development of UAVs, as technology evolves, will increase the options available for
research. With increased payload capabilities, improved flight time and cheaper, more
available equipment, new avenues of exploration and airborne measurements could be
explored.
2.3 Iceland: Geologic setting for this study
Iceland is a basalt plateau located between two physiographic structures in the North
Atlantic Ocean, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Greenland-Iceland-Faeroe Ridge. Iceland’s
construction is considered to be a result of a spreading plate boundary and a mantle plume
and it thought to be 24 million years old. The mantle plume itself is still active and has been
10 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
for the past 65 million years, although Iceland is the only active part of it today. The Iceland
basalt plateau has a crustal thickness of 10-40 km and covers an area of about 350.000 km2
of which only 30% is above sea level, the remainder of the basalt plateau forms a 50-200
km wide shelf around the island [27].
Figure 6 Iceland’s position within the North Atlantic and the
surrounding geological junctions. The solid black line represents
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the dotted line represents the mantle
plumes position over its 65 million years [27].
The principal geological structure in Iceland is linked to the volcanic systems on the
island. These volcanic systems are characterized by volcano-tectonic architecture that
includes either a fissure swarm (dyke) or a central volcano or both, with a typical lifetime of
0.5-1.5 million years. The fissure swarms are extended features within each system and are
2.3 ICELAND: GEOLOGIC SETTING FOR THIS STUDY
11
normally aligned sub-parallel to the axis of the hosting volcanic zone, whereas the central
volcano is the largest edifice in the system and the focal point of eruptive activity. 30
volcanic systems have been identified in Iceland and 20 of those 30 systems features a fissure
swarm in a various state of maturity [27].
Figure 7 All identified volcanic systems in Iceland. The
dotted circle represents the location of the mantle plume [27].
The combination of high mantle heat flow and fractured volcanic rocks result in many
manifestations of geothermal activity. Geothermal activity in Iceland is divided into low
temperature areas (<150°C) and high temperature areas (>200°C) [28]. The high
temperature areas can be found within belts of active volcanism and rifting and lie astride
active fissure swarms. The low temperature areas are located within Quaternary and Tertiary
formations and are linked to recent sub-vertical fracturing and faulting [29].
12 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
Figure 8 Geothermal areas in Iceland [30].
In the southwest the mid-ocean ridge rises above sea-level at the end of the Reykjanes
Peninsula (area 1 in Figure 7Figure 8). The Reykjanes Peninsula in SW Iceland is defined
by its volcanic systems that are arranged along the plate boundary in an echelon manner.
The fissure swarms in the area are oblique to the system boundary and are usually named
after the geothermal areas they occur in. Seismicity on the Reykjanes Peninsula is high and
episodic in nature, although no volcanic activity has occurred in the area since shortly after
the settlement of Iceland [31].
The Krýsuvík volcanic system (area 2 in Figure 8) consists of a fissure swarm without a
central volcano. Krýsuvík also hosts one of the high temperature geothermal areas on the
Reykjanes Peninsula. It can be divided into: Trölladyngja, Sandfell, Austurengjar and
Sveifluháls. The first mention of exploration is recorded in 1755 when shallow wells, of less
than 3 m, were drilled in the area. A number of shallow wells were drilled in 1941-1953 and
in the 1960’s four deep exploration wells were drilled. The exploration wells were not
promising as they showed high temperature at 300-400 m depth but lower temperatures at
deeper levels. In the 1970s additional exploration was initiated by Orkustofnun where four
more exploration wells were drilled. All four of the new wells had the same result as earlier
2.3 ICELAND: GEOLOGIC SETTING FOR THIS STUDY
13
exploration well, displaying an inverse thermal gradient with the maximum temperature
reached at 500 m [32].
2.3.1 Austurengjar
Austurengjar is a valley located south of lake Kleifarvatn in Krýsuvík. Four of the early
shallow wells were drilled in the area between 1941-1945 and were mostly focused near
Kleifarvatn lake. The area itself has a few hot spots with geothermal activity and has been
categorized as category 2 (on hold) in Iceland’s master plan for nature protection and energy
utilization, Figure 9. For this reason, no new test wells can be drilled in the area although it
is thought the production capacity is in the order of 100MWe if harnessed [33].
Figure 9 All options for Iceland’s Master Plan for nature
protection and energy utilization. The Austurengjar area can be
seen highlighted by yellow [33].
The east part of the Austurengjar area extends south beyond Kleifarvatn lake, includes
both Sveifluháls and Móhálsadal to the Trölladyngja area where it extends south again along
the Sveifluháls ridge as seen on Figure 10. The Sveifluháls ridge is about 15km long and is
mostly made of hyaloclastites. Some older metamorphic rocks can be seen along the ridge.
South of lake Kleifarvatn, in Austurengjar, a fissure swarm is related to geothermal activity.
14 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
Figure 10 Place names around the Austurengjar area. The
stars on the figure represent geothermal locations and the large
yellow star above Austurengjar area the subject of this thesis
[33].
2.3.2 Previous field research
This study is focused on the Austurengjar area, Figure 10. The geothermal activity at
Austurengjar lies in the S-W extension of the topographic depression occupied by
Kleifarvatn. The geothermal activity here is in the easternmost expression of the Krýsuvík
system; the geothermal surface features were mapped as part of a field study of the entire
2.3 ICELAND: GEOLOGIC SETTING FOR THIS STUDY
15
Krýsuvík surface features by Hogenson (2017).
The following description of the geothermal surface features is based on Hogenson’s
work. The largest geothermal feature is at the southernmost end of the valley. That
geothermal feature is described as a large body of muddy water with parts of it boiling,
Figure 11. The site itself also consisted of smaller, scattered fumaroles that ran along the
edges of the slope surrounding the geothermal feature and mud pots that ranged from 2-5
meters in size [34].
The large geothermal feature also has a stream that runs off it and flows into Kleifarvatn
to the north (Figure 13). The stream itself and the area surrounding the large geothermal
feature mainly consists of grey silt and clay with some red, orange and light brown clay near
fumaroles. The soil temperature measurements in the main margins of the large geothermal
feature range from 21.3 – 66.3°C, whilst the temperature closer to the feature ranged between
90.1 – 98.5°C. The stream that runs from the main geothermal feature has a decreasing
temperature gradient of 3.8 – 6.7°C per meter away from the source [34].
Other areas of activity can be seen to the north end of the valley, along its western side.
Those areas mostly consist of partially covered or saturated warm ground with its main areas
being small mud pots and gaseous springs. Temperature measurements in the area show a
temperature range of 71.2 – 79.3°C in the small springs and a ground temperature of 26.1 –
32°C, Figure 12 [34].
The purpose of this thesis is the mapping of the Austurengjar area with a UAV. To the
authors knowledge this is the first such study done in this area. The resulting data provides
the reader with a different ‘picture’ of the area than a surface study. The field work for this
study was done in January whereas Hogenson’s was done in April. Therefore, a noticeable
difference is seen on the images in the form of snow cover or lack thereof. Nevertheless, an
interesting comparison can be made between the two different techniques used in each study
and the contrasting results.
16 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
Figure 11 Austurengjar Geothermal Manifestation Map 1
[34].
Figure 12 Austurengjar Geothermal Manifestation Map 2
[34].
2.3 ICELAND: GEOLOGIC SETTING FOR THIS STUDY
17
Figure 13 Thermal Gradient of the Stream at Austurengjar
[34].
2.3.3 Emissivity
In order to interpret thermal images an understanding of thermal radiation in necessary.
Normally, temperature measurements are performed with a temperature probe and measure
the kinetic temperature of the body being measured. The kinetic temperature can be thought
of as the internal temperature of the object in question. But, objects also radiate energy as a
function of their temperature. This external radiation of an object can be measured by using
thermal scanning to determine the objects radiant temperature. Any object that has a
temperature value greater than 0 K emits radiation [35].
Emissivity (ε) is the efficiency with which an object radiates energy compared to a perfect
emitter, or a so-called blackbody that has an emissivity value of 1. Emissivity can vary both
with different wavelengths and temperatures. Most thermal sensing is done within the region
of 8-14 μm because it contains the peak energy emissions for most surface features. The
emissivity values for each feature can also vary depending on their condition, e.g. wet or dry
soil have different emissivity, see Table 1. Atmospheric interruptions can also distort the level
of radiation coming from the ground, depending on its absorption, scattering or emission.
Atmospheric absorption and scattering tend to make objects on the ground appear colder than
they are whereas atmospheric emission can make them warmer. Other effect such as dust,
fog, smoke or water droplets can also affect the thermal measurements [35].
18 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
Table 1 Typical average emissivity values for materials
listed over the range of 8-14 μm, from [35].
Material Typical Average Emissivity (ε) over 8-14 μma
Clear water 0.98-0.99
Wet snow 0.98-0.99
Human skin 0.97-0.99
Rough ice 0.97-0.98
Healthy green vegetation 0.96-0.99
Wet soil 0.95-0.98
Asphaltic concrete 0.94-0.97
Brick 0.93-0.94
Wood 0.93-0.94
Basaltic rock 0.92-0.96
Dry mineral soil 0.92-0.94
Portland cement concrete 0.92-0.94
Paint 0.90-0.96
Dry vegetation 0.88-0.94
Dry snow 0.85-0.90
Granitic rock 0.83-0.87
Glass 0.77-0.81
Sheet iron (rusted) 0.63-0.70
Polished metals 0.16-0.21
Aluminum foil 0.03-0.07
Highly polished gold 0.02-0.03
The interactions of incident energy absorption, reflection or transmission on a terrain is
described in [35]. They state the relationship of incident energy and its disposition when
interacting with terrain as:
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝑅 + 𝐸𝑇 (2.1)
Where:
EI = energy incident on surface of terrain element
EA = component of incident energy absorbed by terrain element
ER = component of incident energy reflected by terrain element
ET = component of incident energy transmitted by terrain element
They go on to divide each part of equation (2.1) by EI and defining each ratio on the right
side of the equation:
2.3 ICELAND: GEOLOGIC SETTING FOR THIS STUDY
19
𝛼(𝜆) =𝐸𝐴
𝐸𝐼 𝜌(𝜆) =
𝐸𝑅
𝐸𝐼 𝜏(𝜆) =
𝐸𝑇
𝐸𝐼 (2.2)
Equation (2.2) can be restated as:
𝛼(𝜆) + 𝜌(𝜆) + 𝜏(𝜆) = 1 (2.3)
Thusly defining the interrelationship between the properties of each element among the
terrain. The Kirchhoff radiation law states that the spectral emissivity of an object equals its
spectral absorption. Therefore:
𝜀(𝜆) = 𝛼(𝜆) (2.4)
Therefore:
𝜀(𝜆) + 𝜌(𝜆) + 𝜏(𝜆) = 1 (2.5)
Lastly, most object are assumed to be opaque to thermal radiation in remote sensing
applications. Therefore, the value of incident transmitted energy equals zero and can be
removed from the equation.
𝜀(𝜆) + 𝜌(𝜆) = 1 (2.6)
From equation (2.6) it is clear that within the thermal region of the spectrum there is a
direct relationship between an objects emissivity and its reflectance. Therefore, the lower an
objects reflectance, the higher its emissivity and vice versa. For example, water has
negligible reflectance in the thermal spectrum and therefore has an emissivity that is almost
equal to 1. The opposite can be said for sheet metals as their reflectance is very high and
therefore have low emissivity.
The Stefan-Boltzman law (M = σT4) can be applied to blackbody radiators. That law can
also be extended to real materials by reducing the radiant existence (M) by the emissivity
factor (ε):
𝑀 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇4 (2.7)
By adding the emissivity factor to the Stefan-Boltzman law, equation (2.7) describes the
interrelationship between a measured signal (M) and temperature and emissivity parameters.
It is also worth mentioning that emissivity can differ within surface features that have the
same temperature.
20 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
Thermal sensors measure the radiant temperature of an object, Trad. The kinetic energy
of that object can also be related to its radiant temperature. Within a blackbody those two
energies would be equal, for real objects however the emissivity factor must be considered.
Therefore, the relationship between the radiant and kinetic temperature of an object is:
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀1/4𝑇𝑘𝑖𝑛 (2.8)
Equation (2.8) showcases that the radiant temperature recorded by a remote sensor will
always be lower than the kinetic temperature of said object. Also, worth noting is that remote
sensing only detect radiation from the topmost surface layer and therefore might not
represent the actual temperature within the object itself. Additionally, the diurnal
temperature variation must be considered when determining the optimal time for remote
thermal sensing [35].
21
Chapter 3
3Methods
3.1 Flight planning
Once a field of exploration has been selected, various field methods can be used for drone
mapping. A flight plan can be determined using software such as UgCS©, which is used for
DJI quadcopters [18].
In-situ calibrations are necessary and can be done using temperature probes (e.g. type-k
thermocouple). These measurements should be done immediately after each flight in order
to maximize the efficiency of the image calibration afterwards. Also, worth noting is that
flights and measurements done early morning or at night can minimize the effect of sunlight
on the image calibration. Ground Control Points (GCPs) are an important factor when doing
aerial research. Establishing GCPs prior to flying and marking them with an accurate enough
GPS unit is necessary for the images to be accurately georeferenced.
For this thesis the field research was conducted at January 19th, 2018. The flight over the
research area was planned using Mission Planner©, an open source autopilot project. The
flight was preprogrammed in the morning before heading out to the field. The used
Quadcopter for this survey was a 3DR Solo, modified for thermal imaging, and it was flown
by Daniel Ben-Yehoshua from Svarmi ehf. The flight was conducted at a speed of 5 m/s at
an altitude of 130m. Acquired images had a frontal overlap of 90%, which represents the
percentages of overlaps between one image and the next, and a sidelap of 82% which
represents the overlap between different flight legs. The flight resulted in a resolution of 17
cm/pixel. The flight pattern can be seen on Figure 14.
The camera used for this flight was a ThermalCapture Fusion, a dual camera with both
infrared (Spectral band: 7.5 – 13.5 μm) and RGB sensors allowing it to perfectly align
thermal and RGB images.
22 CHAPTER 3: METHODS
Table 2 Specification of the ThermalCapture Fusion
camera.
Dimensions 60 x 30 x 56 mm (W x H x L)
Weight 130 g
Resolution 640 x 512 pixel (thermal) & 1600 x 1200 pixel (visual)
Thermal resolution 0.03K (industrial grade)
Figure 14 Top view of the initial image position. The green
line follows the position of the images in time starting from the
large blue dot.
3.2 FIELD PROCEDURES 23
3.2 Field procedures
The field survey was conducted January 19th, 2018 around midday. The Austurengjar
area is a 30-minute hike away from the parking lot area next to Grænavatn. Once at the
research location the field was explored and GCPs were set down on three places. However,
relative geolocations were all that was needed for this survey and therefore accurate GCPs
were not necessary. Wooden pegs were set down at the GCP locations and can be accurately
geolocated for further research if necessary. The field area was covered in snow except for
the geothermal features. Once the research area had been scouted the UAV flight could
begin. The flight was preprogrammed in the morning before heading out to the field,
nevertheless it had to be altered due to the altitude of the steam rising from Austurengjahver.
The flight took around 10 minutes, covered a total distance of ~3 km.
3.3 Image processing
For this thesis the program PixD4 was used to process the images once extracted from
the camera. All processing and post-processing was done by Daniel Ben-Yehoshua from
Svarmi ehf. 268 color (RGB) images were taken by the UAV as well as 263 thermal images.
These images were acquired from the ThermalCapture Fusion camera by using the
ThermoViewer software which is provided with the camera. The program allows the user to
process and extract the data collected by the camera. The thermal images were extracted
from the camera in TIFF format and were radiometrically corrected by the camera itself. The
RGB data was also extracted.
The next step was to extract the navigation file from the UAV and subsequently geotag
the RGB and thermal images. During flight the UAV sends a trigger message to the camera
when it is supposed to take an image. The time between the trigger message and when the
image is taken is not instantaneous but is corrected for within the camera itself. The image
is correlated with a GPS location of the trigger.
The last step in the image processing part was to load the images into Pix4D. Pix4D can
create a digital terrain model (DTM) from the RGB images by adjusting to the altitude, focal
length and lens distortion of the camera [10]. The process of creating the RGB orthophoto
took ~40 minutes on a 64-bit Windows 10 computer with 128 GB of RAM and an Intel Core
i7 processor. The RGB orthophoto had a 14,4% relative difference between initial and
optimized internal camera parameters. Matching the images within the program yielded
promising results as a median of 25824 matches were found per calibrated image. There was
24 CHAPTER 3: METHODS
little to no offset between initial and computed image positions and the overlap for each
image was very high, see Figure 15.
Figure 15 The number of overlapping images computed for
each pixel of the orthomosaic. Red and yellow areas indicate
low overlap and poor results whereas green areas indicate high
overlap and good results.
From the thermal camera 263 out of 268 thermal images were calibrated within Pix4D.
They had a median of 7045 keypoints per image and a median of 2606 matches per calibrated
image. The overlap for the thermal image was higher than for the RGB orthophoto and the
offset between initial and computed images was low.
3.4 IMAGE ANALYSIS 25
The thermal image generated from Pix4D was a pixel-value based grayscale reflectance
map. In order to produce an absolute temperature, map the following formula was applied
in the Index Map Generator in Pix4D: Grayscale * 0.04 – 273.15.
3.4 Image analysis
Once the images had been processed by Pix4D the subsequent orthophoto and thermal
image were analyzed with QGIS [36]. Due to the absence of accurate GCPs the thermal
image was georeferenced to the RGB orthophoto. With the thermal layer calibrated on top
of the orthophoto each temperature value could be isolated, and the accurate temperature of
the research area obtained. In order to enhance the geothermal understanding of the area the
temperature values were isolated within the raster calculator function. Those rasters were
then polygonised and layered on top of the thermal image in a step-by-step process.
3.5 Shallow soil temperatures
For this study a thermal probe was used to obtain the heat flow near the large geothermal
feature in the southern part of the research area, a feature previously studied by Hogenson
(2017). Therefore, the temperature probe was left on-site for five days with the aim of
gathering temperature data for heat flux calculations. This was done due to convenience since
the equipment needed for this part of the research was available and this type of data had not
yet been gathered for this specific location.
The data gathered was not correlated to the data gathered from the UAV due to the lack of
survey grade GPS equipment.
A temperature probe was used for in-situ measurements and was left on the field for five
days. The temperature probe was a PP6-36-K-U-18 Point Profile Probe that has 6 different
thermocouples placed 44 mm apart, starting at the base of the thermometer and upwards. The
probe was connected to a four channel RDXL4SD data logger. Since the data logger had only
4 channels and the probe had six thermocouples, two thermocouples on the probe were not
used. Therefore, the top thermocouple of the four used was placed at the surface to determine
the surface boundary layer and the rest of the thermocouples were at a depth of: 4.445 cm,
13.335 cm and 22.225 cm. The data logger was stored within a Storm Pelican case and locked
with a padlock to avoid external tampering. The thermocouple was placed close to the main
geothermal feature in the south, approximately four meters from the stream that runs from
the feature (later shown on Figure 16).
26
Chapter 4
4Results
The UAV was equipped with a ThermalCapture Fusion camera that produced a Red
Green Blue (RGB) orthophoto as well as a thermal orthophoto of the research area. A picture
is worth a thousand words and the RGB orthophoto is no exception to that old saying.
The RGB orthophoto created from Pix4D represents an area of 0.1192 km2 and is divided
into sections. The research area was divided into three sections and each geothermal feature
was numbered. All the sections and geothermal feature numbers will be referred to by these
descriptions for the remainder of this thesis. The orange arrows on the figure represent the
locations and directions of photos that are represented in the next chapter. The orange X
marks the location of the thermal probe.
3.5 SHALLOW SOIL TEMPERATURES 27
Figure 16 The research area. This picture was created from
the UAV imaging process from the RGB camera. On this
image certain areas have been divided into section and
subsequently each geothermal feature has been labelled (data
source: Svarmi ehf).
28 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
4.1 Ground conditions
Figure 17 An overview of the field research area. This photo
looks northeast and was taken from the main geothermal feature
in the south. It is represented by the letter (a) on Figure 16 (photo
by Juliet Newson).
Field research was conducted on January 19th, 2018. That date was picked due to time
constraints, a perfect weather window, and availability of party members. Given the seasonal
weather, conditions for UAV mapping were excellent. Wind direction was optimal (NNE)
and wind speed minimal. Cloud cover was almost non-existent, and the sun was shining.
There was snow cover over all the area, except for the geothermal features, which can be
seen on the images in this chapter.
Due to the geothermal status of the area some limitations were put upon the UAV. The
steam cloud rising from geothermal feature 8 affects how the UAV must be operated. The
thermal camera cannot penetrate the steam cloud itself [37], so the fact that the wind
direction was blowing the steam away from the field area was beneficial. Due to the height
of the steam rising high from the geothermal feature the flight had to be executed at 130m
which resulted in a pixel size of 17 cm.
4.1 GROUND CONDITIONS 29
Figure 18 Photo from locality (b). The UAV taking off from
the ground (photo by Juliet Newson).
Figure 19 Photo from locality (c). Steam rising from
geothermal feature 8 in the South. The dark lower section of the
steam is the shadow of the adjacent hill. The shadows of the field
team can also be seen on the steam (photo by Juliet Newson).
30 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
The conditions surrounding geothermal feature 8 were interesting as steam had clearly
affected the area surrounding the feature. Hogenson, 2017, described the soil surrounding
the main geothermal feature as silt and clay with some color alterations. Those statements
are true, but due to frost in the ground they couldn’t be seen clearly. Due to weather
conditions and thermal expansion, sections of the ground had risen from the earth to create
a “mud forest” which rose to about 20 cm.
Figure 20 Photo taken from locality (d). The “mud forest”
that could be seen on the east and south side of the main
geothermal feature (photo by Juliet Newson).
Snow also covered both sides of the stream running from the main geothermal feature in
section 3. However, snow cover was absent on the ground around the head of the stream
(which is the outflow from geothermal feature 8).
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 31
Figure 21 Photo from locality (e). The stream running from
the main geothermal feature (photo by Juliet Newson).
4.2 Thermal map and QGIS
The RGB image described in chapter 4.1. provides a good basemap and an understanding
of the research area. The thermal image created of the area gives a clear picture of the
temperature distribution in an area of anomalously high geothermal heat flow.
The thermal image provided below has a color ramp ranging from black (cold) to white
(hot) as seen on Figure 22. Each color represents a certain temperature as can be seen from
the temperature values on Figure 22. The temperature values extracted from the thermal area
range from -35,2°C up to 59,7°C. The temperature values that range below zero cannot be
determined as useful because the thermal camera has difficulty with accurately representing
those values. Hence, those values were excluded from the thermal image in QGIS by
selecting only the values that ranged from zero and above.
32 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Figure 22 The color ramp and temperature values of the
thermal image (Figure 23).
The thermal image shows that the higher temperature areas are closer to the southmost
part of the research area as that is where the main geothermal feature is located (Figure 23).
Geothermal feature 8 can clearly be seen as the hottest part of the area. Unfortunately,
the steam ascending from the pool affects the image due to the thermal cameras inability to
penetrate it. Therefore, in the area of the steam cloud, temperature values are attributed to
the steam itself rather than the pool below. It can, however, be seen that the edges of the
pool are less affected by the steam and are an approximate representation of the
temperatures. The stream running from feature 8 is also visible on the thermal image.
The features within section 2 are clearly shown. The smaller, scattered, geothermal
features in area 4 are visible as well as features 5, 6 and 7.
Features 1, 2 and 3 in section 1 are portrayed in a darker color than feature 8. Features 2
and 3 have an interesting thermal distribution since the southern part of both of those pools
is darker than the rest. The northernmost geothermal feature, however, does not share that
characteristic since its darker parts are on its eastern side. Both streams running from feature
2 are also shown.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 33
Figure 23 The thermal image created of the research area
(data source: Svarmi ehf).
34 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
4.2.1 Isolating temperature values
To ascertain the temperature values of the thermal map in a polygonised form, each
thermal value was isolated. Using the raster tool in QGIS those values were isolated and
subsequently categorized. Those categories were in turn made into vectorized polygons to
represent each temperature category. Each category has a temperature range of 10°C and
each image has its temperature range either increased or decreased by adding another
categorized polygon to it or by removing one. The temperature interval could have any
range, but for the sake of simplicity an interval of 10°C was chosen. The temperature range
for each polygon can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3 Polygon temperature range
Figure number Temperature range (°C)
Figure 24, Figure 31, Figure 40 0-10
Figure 25, Figure 32, Figure 41 0-20
Figure 26, Figure 33, Figure 42 0-30
Figure 27, Figure 34, Figure 43 0-40
Figure 35, Figure 44 0-50
Figure 28, Figure 36, Figure 45 10-60
Figure 29, Figure 37, Figure 46 20-60
Figure 30, Figure 38, Figure 47 30-60
Figure 39, Figure 48 40-60
Figure 49 50-60
The temperature polygons are presented for each section, starting with section 1 and
ending with section 3. Additionally, the lower temperature polygons are presented first, and
the temperature range is gradually increased. The entire thermal orthophoto for each polygon
can be seen in Appendix B.
4.2.2 Section 1
To begin with, the lowest temperature range was selected. The blue color on Figure 24
represents temperature values from 0-10°C. All subsequent images for section 1 will
represent the same area but the thermal map overview has been removed. By isolating the
values, it can be seen where the cooler thermal areas are located. The analysis of each
polygon is a visual interpretation where yellow pixels or ‘spots’ within each feature are
identified as having a higher temperature value than the polygon in question.
In section 1 of the research area geothermal feature number 1 has blue polygons on its
eastern and northern edges whereas the feature itself is not covered. Geothermal feature
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 35
number 2 is completely covered, suggesting that the temperature values in that feature do
not exceed 10°C. Geothermal feature number 3 has no polygons in its center but has thermal
polygons on its southern side. The two small streams running from feature 2 and 3 are
overlaid with blue polygons.
Figure 24 Thermal polygon representing temperature values
from 0-10°C. The square on the top left side of the figure
represents the enlarged part on the right (data source: Svarmi
ehf).
By adding an additional 10°C to the temperature polygon and increasing its range to 0-
20°C, a larger area is covered by the polygon (Figure 25). In section 1 almost all three
geothermal features are covered by the polygon. Feature 3 is not completely covered as
several yellow spots can be seen within the feature. The streams running from features 2 and
3 are completely covered by the polygon.
36 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Figure 25 Section 1 overlaid by the 0-20°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
When the temperature polygon range is increased to 0-30°C, both features 1 and 2 are
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 37
still completely covered. Feature 3 is still not entirely covered as three yellow spots can still
be seen within the feature, Figure 26.
Figure 26 Section 1 overlaid by the 0-30°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
38 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
By increasing the temperature polygon range to 0-40°C it can be stated that no
temperature values in section 1 of the thermal map exceed 40°C as all three features are
completely covered by the polygon, Figure 27.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 39
Figure 27 Section 1 overlaid with the 0-40°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
The temperature polygons shown in the first part of this chapter can provide a good
40 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
understanding of the temperature range of the thermal map, ranging from the coldest parts
to gradually encompassing every temperature value available. However, subtracting these
values by removing the colder ones in a step-by-step process, a different perspective of the
hottest areas can be obtained.
By removing the lowest temperature polygon, 0-10°C, higher temperature values can be
seen more clearly as the polygon itself is clearly visible on the thermal image. The features
in section 1 are less covered by the polygon than before. The 10-60°C temperature polygon
covers the middle and southern part of feature 1. The polygon is only visible on a few places
in feature 2. In feature 3 the polygon covers its northern and western sides and few spots are
visible outside of the feature. The 10-60°C temperature polygon provides a stark contrast to
the 0-10°C temperature polygon as the areas they cover are reversed, see Figure 24 and
Figure 28.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 41
Figure 28 Section 1 overlaid by the 10-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
By subtracting more of the lower values from the temperature range, fewer polygons in
42 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
section 1 are visible. Only one small polygon is visible within feature 1 and none can be
seen in feature 2. The highest number of polygons in section 1 are seen in feature 3. The
difference in polygon use is notable and can be seen by comparing Figure 29 to Figure 25.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 43
Figure 29 Section 1 overlaid by the 20-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
Following the same process and subtracting the lowest temperature values, a similar
44 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
trend can be seen in the 30-60°C polygon as in the 10-60°C and 20-60°C temperature
polygons. The polygon overlay shrinks and fewer polygons can be seen in section 1 of the
thermal image except for in feature 3. The temperature polygon is seen in four places in
feature 3, Figure 30, whereas these four spots can also be seen Figure 26. As stated earlier
in this chapter, temperature values above 40°C cannot be seen within section 1 and therefore
no additional polygons are presented for section 1.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 45
Figure 30 Section 1 overlaid by the 30-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
46 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
4.2.3 Section 2
The 0-10°C temperature polygon is the first polygon to be overlaid on section 2. All
subsequent images for section 2 will represent the same area but the thermal map overview
has been removed. The scattered features seen in area 4 are mostly surrounded by the thermal
polygon although a few are entirely covered.
The scattered mud pots, feature number 4, are mostly surrounded by the thermal
polygons although a few are filled out completely. Feature 5 is somewhat covered by the
thermal polygon as it overlays its northern and eastern sides. The thermal polygon covers
most of feature 6 aside from three spots seen near its western and eastern sides. Feature 7 is
also covered by the thermal polygon on its sides with the largest part of the polygon on its
southern side, Figure 31.
Figure 31 The thermal polygon representing temperature
values from 0-10°C. The square on the left side of the figure
represents the enlarged part on the right (data source: Svarmi
ehf).
Increasing the range of the thermal polygon to 0-20°C commonalities can be seen with
section 1 as a greater part of each feature is covered by the polygon, Figure 32. Only a few
spots can be seen in area 4 where the thermal polygon does not completely cover some
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 47
features. The thermal polygon covers more of feature 5 but six spots are still visible. Fewer
spots can be seen within feature 6 as it is mostly covered by the thermal polygon. Feature 7
follows suit as only eight spots are identified within that feature.
48 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Figure 32 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-20°C temperature
polygon.
Increasing the temperature range to 0-30°C only one spot can be seen in area 4. Features
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 49
5, 6 and 7 are not completely covered as four spots can be seen in feature 5, one in feature 6
and three in feature 7, Figure 33.
Figure 33 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-30°C temperature
50 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
The 0-40°C temperature polygon covers most of section 2. Area 4 is entirely covered as
well as features 6 and 7. The only spots seen on this thermal map are located within feature
5, Figure 34.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 51
Figure 34 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-40°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
By overlaying the section 2 with the 0-50°C temperature polygon, no spots can be seen
52 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
within the section. Therefore, no temperature values don’t exceed 50°C in section 2, Figure
35.
Figure 35 Section 2 overlaid with the 0-50°C temperature
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 53
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
Following the same procedure as in section 1 the lowest thermal polygons are removed
in a step-by-step process, starting with the 0-10°C polygon. The 10-60°C temperature
polygon is visible within area 4 as most features within the area are overlain by the polygon.
Features 5, 6 and 7 are also covered by the polygon, Figure 36.
54 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Figure 36 Section 2 overlaid by the 10-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
Lowering the temperature range to 20-60°C the thermal polygon covers less of the
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 55
geothermal features in section 2. Only five places in area 4 are overlain by the temperature
polygon. The areas that the polygon covers within features 5, 6 and 7 is less than before,
Figure 37.
56 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Figure 37 Section 2 overlaid by the 20-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
By reducing the temperature polygon to cover only temperature values between 30-60°C
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 57
even less areas within section 2 are overlain by the polygon. Only one feature within area 4
is partially covered by the temperature polygon. Feature 5 has the greatest concentration of
the temperature polygon in section 2 as four places area covered. Feature 6 only has one
small polygon overlay and feature 7 has three, Figure 38.
58 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Figure 38 Section 2 overlaid by the 30-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
By decreasing the temperature polygon range to 40-60°C only two places are seen within
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 59
section 2. Feature 6 is the only feature within section 2 overlaid by the new temperature
polygon as is it seen in two places, Figure 39.
Figure 39 Section 2 overlain by the 40-60°C temperature
60 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
4.2.4 Section 3
The 0-10°C temperature polygon is the first polygon overlaid on section 3. All
subsequent images for section 3 will represent the same area but the thermal map overview
has been removed. Feature 8 is the only feature in section 3 and is only slightly covered on
its edges by the 0-10°C temperature polygon. The stream running from feature 8 is partially
covered by the polygon and the further away from feature 8 larger parts of the stream are
covered. Lastly, the 0-10°C temperature polygon covers the southernmost part of feature 8.
That part of the polygon can be attributed to the thermal camera registering the temperature
value from the steam rather than the pool below, Figure 40.
Figure 40 Thermal polygon representing temperature values
from 0-10°C. The square on the bottom left side of the figure
represents the enlarged part on the right (data source: Svarmi
ehf).
The edges of feature 8 are completely covered with the 0-20°C temperature polygon.
The two warmer areas to the east of feature 8 are also covered by the polygon. A greater part
of the stream running from feature 8 is covered but the part of the stream closest to feature
8 is not covered. The 0-20°C temperature polygon encompasses more of the steam rising
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 61
from feature 8, Figure 41.
Figure 41 Section 3 overlaid by the 0-20°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
62 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Similar changes are seen in the 0-30°C temperature polygon as feature 8 is still
surrounded by the temperature polygon. The polygon, however, only increased slightly on
the edges of the feature. The most notable changes are seen in the stream running from
feature 8 as only a small part of it near the feature is not covered. The temperature polygon
also encapsulated more of the steam rising from feature 8, Figure 42.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 63
Figure 42 Section 3 overlaid by the 0-30°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
The changes that can be seen by increasing the temperature range to 0-40°C follow the
64 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
same theme as the polygons before, as this polygon increases mostly at the sides of the
feature 8 as well as encapsulating more of the steam coming from the feature. The stream
running from the feature is also completely covered., Figure 43
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 65
Figure 43 Section 3 overlaid by the 0-40°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
The temperature polygon that represents all temperature values from 0-50°C covers all
66 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
most of feature 8. Only a few spots can be seen in the feature 8 that are not covered by the
polygon. Those spots are mainly on its northern and western side with a small exception to
its southwestern side, Figure 44.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 67
Figure 44 Section 3 overlaid by the 0-50°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
Following the same procedure shown in the previous two chapters the lowest
68 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
temperature polygon is removed first and afterwards each subsequent polygon in a step-by-
step process. By removing the 0-10°C temperature polygon the 10-60°C temperature
polygon covers most of feature 8 and half of the stream running from the feature. The visible
part of feature 8, e.g. the part not overlaid by the polygon, is the steam rising from the feature,
Figure 45.
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 69
Figure 45 Section 3 overlaid by the 10-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
Subtracting more of the lower values from the temperature polygon, now with a range
70 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
of 20-60°C, less of the steam rising from feature 8 is covered by the polygon. Notably, the
temperature polygon also covers less of the stream running from the feature, Figure 46.
Figure 46 Section 3 overlaid by the 20-60°C temperature
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 71
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
By lowering the temperature range to 30-60°C the temperature polygon shrinks as it
covers less of the steam and stream coming from feature 8. The polygon also becomes more
concentrated as it shrinks towards the sides of the feature that is not covered by steam.
Notably, the polygon covering the stream only extrudes a small distance from feature 8,
Figure 47.
72 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Figure 47 Section 3 overlaid by the 30-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
The 40-60°C temperature polygon covering feature 8 becomes even more concentrated
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 73
than before. No parts of the stream running from the feature are covered except the very
small part protruding from the geothermal feature and only the bottommost part of the steam
is covered, Figure 48.
74 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Figure 48 Section 3 overlaid by the 40-60°C temperature
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
Lastly, by only including the highest temperature values (50-60°C), no temperature
4.2 THERMAL MAP AND QGIS 75
polygons can be seen outside of section 3. The 50-60°C temperature polygon seen on feature
8 is on the features eastern, northern and southwestern edges, see Figure 49.
Figure 49 Section 3 overlaid by the 50-60°C temperature
76 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
polygon (data source: Svarmi ehf).
Concluding this chapter, the temperature polygons overlaid on the thermal image are
relatively easy to make. By isolating the temperature values and creating a temperature range
the hottest and coldest part of the thermal map are well represented. The thermal polygons
provide a valuable understanding of where the geothermal upflow in the area is concentrated,
indicating where both the colder thermal areas area as well as the hotter ones. The most
important factor there is that the enhanced perspective they provide of the area. Seeing an
aerial image, Figure 16, it is clear where the hottest part of the area is from the steam coming
out of it. But what the temperature polygons provide is a clearer understanding of the areas
that are less obvious to the naked eye. The three features in section 1 have different
temperature values and feature 2 is less represented by the higher value temperature
polygons. All feature within section 2 are clearly shown by the temperature polygon. The
thermal map and polygons provide a good overview on that area since it could be hard to
map on-site by conventional methods due to the sheer number of features within that area.
By adding the thermal polygons one after another, an understanding of those features can be
more easily reached than before. Section 3 is the only section that is represented by all
temperature polygons. The steam rising from feature 8 is the only notable variation between
polygons as it either increases or decreases depending on the temperature range for each
polygon.
4.3 Thermal gradient and heat flow
Heat transmission in the earth can occur in three ways; by conduction, convection or
radiation. In geothermal areas conduction occurs in a thin layer near the surface that has a
steep temperature gradient that is often maintained by subsurface convection, referred to as
a heat-pipe mechanism. In a thin near-surface layer the heat-pipe mechanism maintains a
high conductive transfer where sub-surface steam condensation in enhanced [38].
Convection near the surface is commonly associated with direct discharge through cracks
or vents as well as the discharge of steam through soil. Radiation occurs when heat is emitted
from the ground surface. The surface heat flux of a geothermal area consists of both
conductive and convective components and can be used to calibrate reservoir models. The
conductive component can be obtained by using near-surface soil parameters along with
temperature gradients and thermal conductivity. The convective component can be
measured with a water-filled calorimeter [38].
4.3 THERMAL GRADIENT AND HEAT FLOW
77
The temperature probe that was used for this chapter was left in the research area in a
secure case and measuring temperature at four different depths for five days. This was done
in order to gain a greater understanding of the heat flow in shallow ground at the research
area. By logging the temperature values at a specific location for a few days, an average
value for each depth can be obtained. All the temperature values and corresponding dates
and time can be seen in Appendix A.
The temperature values for each thermocouple were plotted against time for the duration
of the temperature survey. The first temperature measurement for all thermocouples was at
13:55 on the 19th of January 2018. As seen on Figure 50 the diurnal cycle usually has its
highest temperature at surface level, T3 and T4, around 14:00 each day. There is a noticeable
temperature drop in T1 and T2, starting at the 78-hour mark. Two hours later the temperature
starts increasing again and almost reaches the systems equilibrium point during the survey.
Figure 50 Temperature time series for each thermocouple for
the duration of this survey.
An average value for each temperature value at their specific depths was obtained from
Microsoft Excel and plotted. The average temperature values we’re taken from all the
available temperature data from the thermal probe. The depth is the same at all times for
each temperature probe value (T1, T2, T3 and T4).
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 24 48 72 96 120
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Hours
Temperature time series
T1 T2 T3 T4
78 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Table 4 Average temperature values at depth.
Temperature probe Average temperature (°C) Depth (cm)
T1 24.42739323 -22.225
T2 12.35375552 -13.335
T3 0.73460972 -4.445
T4 -0.897790869 0
Figure 51 The average temperature plotted against depth.
From Figure 51 it can be concluded that the heat flow at shallow depth at the location of
the temperature probe is conductive rather than convective. That can be seen from the slope
of the graph as it is linear instead of curved.
Additionally, the geothermal gradient can be calculated from the graph. The data from
T4 was excluded from the calculations since the T4 measurements were located above
ground. Therefore, the geothermal gradient is represented in Equation (4.1).
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =𝛥𝑇
𝛥𝑍 (4.1)
From this equation we can determine the geothermal gradient as 1.33 °C/cm which
translates to 133 °C/m.
4.3.1 Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity is an essential parameter when modelling heat transfer in soils.
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Dep
th (
cm)
Temperature (°C)
Average temperature at depth
4.3 THERMAL GRADIENT AND HEAT FLOW
79
Simple conductive models are often the starting point of mathematical modelling for
geothermal soils. The thermal conductivity has several factors that are important to consider;
porosity, the conductivity of solid particles and the conductivity of interstitial fluids (air,
water, steam, or a combination within all three). All these parameters should be combined
when calculating the overall effective thermal conductivity. Other factors such as the soil
porosity and the interstitial composition of the fluid also contribute when calculating the
effective thermal conductivity within soils [39].
The thermal conductivity of completely saturated soil and completely dry soil are related
to porosity. To demonstrate the relationship between thermal conductivity for both mediums
and porosity, Figure 52, where two generic curves for each medium show how the
conductivity changes with porosity [39].
Figure 52 Dry and wet thermal conductivities as functions of
porosity. Here, the gray line represents the chosen porosity for
this study and the red curly bracket represent the range of
saturation values [39].
The effective thermal conductivity of the soil for a given porosity can therefore be
calculated as a function of the saturation of wet and dry soil. Once the effective thermal
conductivity has been obtained the heat flux at the measurement location can be estimated.
Near surface heat flow is used when calibrating heat flow in reservoir modelling and
therefore is the objective within this section of this thesis [39].
In order to calculate thermal conductivity (K) this study uses the method in [40]. The formula
has the thermal conductivity K as a function of the square root of saturation.
𝐾 = 𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌 + √𝑆𝑙(𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇 − 𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌) (4.2)
80 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
In this formula KWET and KDRY represent the wet and dry thermal conductivity and Sl
represents liquid saturation. Prior to calculating thermal conductivity, KWET and KDRY are
established using a step-by-step process described in [40].
A mean value can be obtained from two models. One with parallel heat flow to the layers of
rocks and fluids and the other where the heat flow is across the layers of rocks and fluids.
𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿 = (1 − 𝜙)𝐾𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐾 + (𝜙 × 𝐾𝐴𝐼𝑅) (4.3)
𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿 = (1 − 𝜙)𝐾𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐾 + (𝜙 × 𝐾𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑅) (4.4)
1
𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑆=
𝜙
𝐾𝐴𝐼𝑅+
1−𝜙
𝐾𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐾 (4.5)
1
𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑆=
𝜙
𝐾𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑅+
1−𝜙
𝐾𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐾 (4.6)
In these equations (ϕ) represents porosity and its porosity value (0,492) was selected from
[41]. The rest of the values used can be seen in Table 5.
Table 5 The symbols and their corresponding values used
in the equations. All the values were obtained from [42].
Symbol KAIR KWATER KROCK
Thermal conductivity
(Wm-1K-1)
0,025 0,6 3,55*1
From equations (4.3 - 4.6), the mean values for the KWET and KDRY series can be obtained.
𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇 =𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑆 + 𝐾𝑊𝐸𝑇𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿
2 (4.7)
𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌 =𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌𝑆𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑆 + 𝐾𝐷𝑅𝑌𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿
2 (4.8)
When these values have been determined, they can be inserted into Equation (4.2).
Rather than choosing a specific saturation value, due to an inability to measure the saturation
in situ, a range of saturation values from 0.1-0.8 are represented in the calculations.
1 The star-marked value is an average value taken from all thermal conductivity values for rocks in [42].
4.3 THERMAL GRADIENT AND HEAT FLOW
81
4.3.2 Heat flow
From the equations provided in chapter 4.3 the thermal conductivity of the area can be
calculated. By inserting all values into Equation (4.2), results for each value of saturation
are obtained, see Table 6.
Table 6 Thermal conductivity values for each saturation
percentage.
Saturation value Thermal conductivity K (Wm-1K-1)
0.1 1.120566126
0.2 1.198286037
0.3 1.257922621
0.4 1.308198588
0.5 1.352492604
0.6 1.392537455
0.7 1.429362496
0.8 1.463638409
Lastly, since the values for thermal conductivity and the thermal gradient have been
calculated the heat flux at the measurement location can be calculated. Calculating heat flux
from the values provided is relatively simple, by multiplying the thermal conductivity and
the thermal gradient as seen in Equation (4.9).
𝑄 = 𝑘 ∗𝛥𝑇
𝛥𝑍 (4.9)
These calculations are done for each of the thermal conductivity values with regards to
their corresponding saturation values, see Table 7.
Table 7 The calculated heat flow for each saturation value.
Saturation value Heat flux (W/m2)
0.1 149.3213
0.2 159.6779
0.3 167.6248
0.4 174.3243
0.5 180.2267
0.6 185.5629
0.7 190.4701
0.8 195.0375
The calculated heat flux applies to the point source in the hot area in which the
thermometer was placed, see Figure 16. When placing the thermometer, a location closer to
the large geothermal feature was chosen first. This location proved to be unsuitable since
82 : RESULTS
the temperature values in that location exceeded 100°C. Placing the temperature probe that
close to the large geothermal feature resulted in steam rising from that location and a new
fumarole being created. The heat flux ranges from 156 to 213 W/m2 and matches similar
heat flow studies done in Kairapiti in New Zealand [39].
4.3 THERMAL GRADIENT AND HEAT FLOW
83
Chapter 4
5Discussion
From the contents of this study, it is clear that the utilization of UAVs in thermal mapping
represent significant improvements in geothermal data collection compared to conventional
mapping techniques. Within this chapter I will compare the methods of obtaining UAV data
to conventional methods as well as their resulting data. Both the RGB data and the
temperature polygons will be compared to previously obtained data. Lastly, I will go over
the advantages and disadvantages of UAVs.
The quality of the RGB orthophoto is demonstrated by the high level of detail regarding
the distribution and shape of the geothermal features in the area. Most notably, the small
scattered geothermal features in section 2. Additionally, every other geothermal feature in
the area is clearly shown as large unfrozen bodies of water. Furthermore, geothermal feature
8 is clearly the hottest feature in the area due to it being the only ‘steaming’ feature. Lastly,
the stream running from feature 8 is indicating temperature values greater than 0°C.
A quantitative view of the topography can be seen on the RGB orthophoto. Exposed
geological features are identifiable from their cast shadows. Thus, the southwest orientation
of these features, which is characteristic of the regional structural, is apparent in the RGB
orthophoto. The sizes and shapes of each geologic feature can be seen on the RGB
orthophoto as every geothermal feature is easily distinguishable.
The geothermal features seen in the survey, on both RGB and TIR orthophotos, are those
with liquid water. Geothermal features such as warm soil are not seen except for a small area
around the outlet to feature 8. It is possible that there are areas of warm ground under thick
snow, given that the survey was conducted in winter.
Thus, a summer survey may provide different information on the extent of geothermal
activity. In addition, changes in soil moisture content due to spring rainfall and summer dry
periods may affect the shape and area of pools.
This geothermal area is currently in a natural state. If the area is to be subsequently
utilized for geothermal production this survey provides valuable baseline data for future
geothermal surface feature monitoring programs.
84 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION
The temperature polygons provide a simplistic view of the thermal distribution in
Austurengjar. The 10°C temperature interval was selected for simplicity, but the temperature
polygons can be generated for any resolution of heat data. A good comparison can be made
between conventional mapping methods, e.g. Hogenson (2017), and this study.
This exploration technique enables rapid quantification and spatial mapping of thermal
features in a geothermal area. The information density collected by the UAV allows for the
generation of detailed information regarding the shape and size of all discernible geothermal
features. In the context of the Austurengjar area, previous conventional thermal mapping
produced results which generalized many individual features into broader thermal areas. In
contrast, the orthophotos produced in this study identified multiple features within the
previously identified thermal areas. Furthermore, the temperature gradients within the
thermal areas that are identified by conventional exploration methods can be significantly
refined by the higher resolution spatial data gathered via UAV survey methods.
Thus, this type of data has its advantages and disadvantages. Comparing it to data
gathered by conventional on-site mapping the level of detail obtained by the UAV is much
higher. Comparing the UAV data to satellite data, the level of detail obtained by the UAV
is substantially greater (30cm/pixel compared to 0.3cm/pixel). In cases with limited spatial
extent such as the Austurengjar geothermal area, this increased resolution can be rapidly
attained via UAV.
Despite the significantly increased resolution of RGB and thermal photogrammetry, this
technique cannot provide other information such as physical ground temperature, water
chemistry or soil composition which may be of interest. Therefore, combining it with
conventional methods would be optimal for geothermal surface feature studies.
Lastly, it is worth mentioning that the radiant temperature of an object is never equal to
its kinetic temperature. The UAV only measured the radiant temperature of the area and if a
researched wanted to measure the kinetic temperature of a feature within the area those
measurements would need to be done by conventional methods.
5.1 CONCLUSION 85
5.1 Conclusion
This study has generated new data on the temperature distribution in this natural state
geothermal area. It has demonstrated the use of UAVs and thermal imaging in Iceland and
produced the first, to this authors knowledge, high quality RGB and thermal orthophotos of
a geothermal area in Iceland. The use of thermal polygons demonstrated here can provide a
good understanding of the thermal distribution within geothermal areas where conventional
temperature contours might be ill suited. Concluding, mapping with a UAV can be a quick
compared to conventional on-site mapping, as the flight took only ten minutes whereas
mapping everything by hand could take several hours. Additionally, the level of detail
obtained from the camera equipped UAV is superior to anything done by hand. Furthermore,
with technological advancement and increased availability to such technology conventional
mapping could change drastically in the coming years. Lastly, UAVs equipped with thermal
cameras could play a vital role in future baseline geothermal studies or monitoring.
86
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89
90
Appendix A
The temperature values logged by the thermal probe over 113 hours and four different depths.
Place
Date Time Value
Unit Value
Unit Value
Unit Value
Unit
1 19-01-18
13:55:35
24.6
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
2 19-01-18
14:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
1.1 T4 KTemp C
3 19-01-18
14:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
4 19-01-18
14:25:35
25 T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
5 19-01-18
14:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
6 19-01-18
14:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
7 19-01-18
14:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
8 19-01-18
15:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
9 19-01-18
15:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.9 T4 KTemp C
10 19-01-18
15:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
11 19-01-18
15:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3 T4 KTemp C
12 19-01-18
15:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.2 T4 KTemp C
13 19-01-18
15:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
14 19-01-18
16:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
91
15 19-01-18
16:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
16 19-01-18
16:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.9 T4 KTemp C
17 19-01-18
16:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
18 19-01-18
16:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.9 T4 KTemp C
19 19-01-18
16:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.7 T4 KTemp C
20 19-01-18
17:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.7 T4 KTemp C
21 19-01-18
17:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-4 T4 KTemp C
22 19-01-18
17:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.9 T4 KTemp C
23 19-01-18
17:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-4.1 T4 KTemp C
24 19-01-18
17:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-4 T4 KTemp C
25 19-01-18
17:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-4.1 T4 KTemp C
26 19-01-18
18:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-4 T4 KTemp C
27 19-01-18
18:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-4.1 T4 KTemp C
28 19-01-18
18:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
29 19-01-18
18:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-4 T4 KTemp C
30 19-01-18
18:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-4 T4 KTemp C
31 19-01-18
18:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-4 T4 KTemp C
92
32 19-01-18
19:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
33 19-01-18
19:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
34 19-01-18
19:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
35 19-01-18
19:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
36 19-01-18
19:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-4.2 T4 KTemp C
37 19-01-18
19:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-4.1 T4 KTemp C
38 19-01-18
20:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-4.1 T4 KTemp C
39 19-01-18
20:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-4.3 T4 KTemp C
40 19-01-18
20:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
41 19-01-18
20:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.6 T4 KTemp C
42 19-01-18
20:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.2 T4 KTemp C
43 19-01-18
20:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
44 19-01-18
21:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
45 19-01-18
21:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
46 19-01-18
21:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.9 T4 KTemp C
47 19-01-18
21:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
48 19-01-18
21:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
93
49 19-01-18
21:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-2.3 T4 KTemp C
50 19-01-18
22:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
51 19-01-18
22:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
52 19-01-18
22:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
53 19-01-18
22:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
54 19-01-18
22:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
55 19-01-18
22:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-1.6 T4 KTemp C
56 19-01-18
23:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
57 19-01-18
23:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
58 19-01-18
23:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-1.6 T4 KTemp C
59 19-01-18
23:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
60 19-01-18
23:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.9 T4 KTemp C
61 19-01-18
23:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
62 20-01-18
00:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
63 20-01-18
00:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
64 20-01-18
00:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.3 T4 KTemp C
65 20-01-18
00:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
94
66 20-01-18
00:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
67 20-01-18
00:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
68 20-01-18
01:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
69 20-01-18
01:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
70 20-01-18
01:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
71 20-01-18
01:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
72 20-01-18
01:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
73 20-01-18
01:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
74 20-01-18
02:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
75 20-01-18
02:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
76 20-01-18
02:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-1.8 T4 KTemp C
77 20-01-18
02:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.8 T4 KTemp C
78 20-01-18
02:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.1 T4 KTemp C
79 20-01-18
02:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2 T4 KTemp C
80 20-01-18
03:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
81 20-01-18
03:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.3 T4 KTemp C
82 20-01-18
03:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
95
83 20-01-18
03:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-2.9 T4 KTemp C
84 20-01-18
03:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
85 20-01-18
03:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-2.8 T4 KTemp C
86 20-01-18
04:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
87 20-01-18
04:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-2.8 T4 KTemp C
88 20-01-18
04:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-3 T4 KTemp C
89 20-01-18
04:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.2 T4 KTemp C
90 20-01-18
04:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
91 20-01-18
04:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.2 T4 KTemp C
92 20-01-18
05:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.8 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
93 20-01-18
05:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.6 T4 KTemp C
94 20-01-18
05:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
95 20-01-18
05:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.8 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
96 20-01-18
05:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.8 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
97 20-01-18
05:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
98 20-01-18
06:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
99 20-01-18
06:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
96
100 20-01-18
06:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.6 T4 KTemp C
101 20-01-18
06:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
102 20-01-18
06:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-4.3 T4 KTemp C
103 20-01-18
06:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-4 T4 KTemp C
104 20-01-18
07:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.8 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
105 20-01-18
07:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
106 20-01-18
07:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
107 20-01-18
07:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.2 T4 KTemp C
108 20-01-18
07:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
109 20-01-18
07:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-1.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.7 T4 KTemp C
110 20-01-18
08:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-1.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
111 20-01-18
08:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-1.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
112 20-01-18
08:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-1.2 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
113 20-01-18
08:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-1.2 T3 KTemp C
-3.6 T4 KTemp C
114 20-01-18
08:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-1.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
115 20-01-18
08:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-1.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.9 T4 KTemp C
116 20-01-18
09:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.6 T4 KTemp C
97
117 20-01-18
09:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.7 T4 KTemp C
118 20-01-18
09:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.7 T4 KTemp C
119 20-01-18
09:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-4.4 T4 KTemp C
120 20-01-18
09:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
121 20-01-18
09:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
122 20-01-18
10:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
123 20-01-18
10:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-1.1 T3 KTemp C
-4.1 T4 KTemp C
124 20-01-18
10:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.6 T4 KTemp C
125 20-01-18
10:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
126 20-01-18
10:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-3 T4 KTemp C
127 20-01-18
10:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.8 T4 KTemp C
128 20-01-18
11:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.9 T4 KTemp C
129 20-01-18
11:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
130 20-01-18
11:25:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
131 20-01-18
11:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
132 20-01-18
11:45:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.2 T4 KTemp C
133 20-01-18
11:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
98
134 20-01-18
12:05:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
135 20-01-18
12:15:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
136 20-01-18
12:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
137 20-01-18
12:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
138 20-01-18
12:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
139 20-01-18
12:55:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
140 20-01-18
13:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
141 20-01-18
13:15:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
142 20-01-18
13:25:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
143 20-01-18
13:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
1.4 T4 KTemp C
144 20-01-18
13:45:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
1.6 T4 KTemp C
145 20-01-18
13:55:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
146 20-01-18
14:05:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
147 20-01-18
14:15:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
1 T4 KTemp C
148 20-01-18
14:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
149 20-01-18
14:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
150 20-01-18
14:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
99
151 20-01-18
14:55:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
152 20-01-18
15:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
153 20-01-18
15:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
154 20-01-18
15:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
155 20-01-18
15:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
156 20-01-18
15:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2 T4 KTemp C
157 20-01-18
15:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
158 20-01-18
16:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2.1 T4 KTemp C
159 20-01-18
16:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.3 T4 KTemp C
160 20-01-18
16:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.1 T4 KTemp C
161 20-01-18
16:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
162 20-01-18
16:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.1 T4 KTemp C
163 20-01-18
16:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
164 20-01-18
17:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
165 20-01-18
17:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.8 T4 KTemp C
166 20-01-18
17:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.9 T4 KTemp C
167 20-01-18
17:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
100
168 20-01-18
17:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
169 20-01-18
17:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
170 20-01-18
18:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
171 20-01-18
18:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3 T4 KTemp C
172 20-01-18
18:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.3 T4 KTemp C
173 20-01-18
18:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
174 20-01-18
18:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
175 20-01-18
18:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
176 20-01-18
19:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-2.9 T4 KTemp C
177 20-01-18
19:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
178 20-01-18
19:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.2 T4 KTemp C
179 20-01-18
19:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.6 T4 KTemp C
180 20-01-18
19:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
181 20-01-18
19:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.8 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
182 20-01-18
20:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.7 T4 KTemp C
183 20-01-18
20:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.7 T4 KTemp C
184 20-01-18
20:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
101
185 20-01-18
20:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-1 T3 KTemp C
-3.9 T4 KTemp C
186 20-01-18
20:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
187 20-01-18
20:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.9 T3 KTemp C
-3.6 T4 KTemp C
188 20-01-18
21:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.8 T3 KTemp C
-4.2 T4 KTemp C
189 20-01-18
21:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.8 T3 KTemp C
-3.9 T4 KTemp C
190 20-01-18
21:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
191 20-01-18
21:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
192 20-01-18
21:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
193 20-01-18
21:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
194 20-01-18
22:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
195 20-01-18
22:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
196 20-01-18
22:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-3.5 T4 KTemp C
197 20-01-18
22:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
198 20-01-18
22:45:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
199 20-01-18
22:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
200 20-01-18
23:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
201 20-01-18
23:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
102
202 20-01-18
23:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
203 20-01-18
23:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.7 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
204 20-01-18
23:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.6 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
205 20-01-18
23:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
206 21-01-18
00:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
207 21-01-18
00:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.7
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
208 21-01-18
00:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
209 21-01-18
00:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
210 21-01-18
00:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
211 21-01-18
00:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.3 T4 KTemp C
212 21-01-18
01:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.3 T4 KTemp C
213 21-01-18
01:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.9 T4 KTemp C
214 21-01-18
01:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.9 T4 KTemp C
215 21-01-18
01:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
216 21-01-18
01:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-2.6 T4 KTemp C
217 21-01-18
01:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.1 T4 KTemp C
218 21-01-18
02:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
103
219 21-01-18
02:15:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
220 21-01-18
02:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
221 21-01-18
02:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
222 21-01-18
02:45:35
25 T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-1.9 T4 KTemp C
223 21-01-18
02:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
224 21-01-18
03:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.6 T4 KTemp C
225 21-01-18
03:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.6 T4 KTemp C
226 21-01-18
03:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.8 T4 KTemp C
227 21-01-18
03:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.1 T4 KTemp C
228 21-01-18
03:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1.9 T4 KTemp C
229 21-01-18
03:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.9 T4 KTemp C
230 21-01-18
04:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.5 T3 KTemp C
-2.3 T4 KTemp C
231 21-01-18
04:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
232 21-01-18
04:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-2.1 T4 KTemp C
233 21-01-18
04:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.8 T4 KTemp C
234 21-01-18
04:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.9 T4 KTemp C
235 21-01-18
04:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-3.1 T4 KTemp C
104
236 21-01-18
05:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
237 21-01-18
05:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-3.4 T4 KTemp C
238 21-01-18
05:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-3 T4 KTemp C
239 21-01-18
05:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2.7 T4 KTemp C
240 21-01-18
05:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2.5 T4 KTemp C
241 21-01-18
05:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2.4 T4 KTemp C
242 21-01-18
06:05:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2.3 T4 KTemp C
243 21-01-18
06:15:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-2.2 T4 KTemp C
244 21-01-18
06:25:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
245 21-01-18
06:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.8 T4 KTemp C
246 21-01-18
06:45:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
247 21-01-18
06:55:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
248 21-01-18
07:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
249 21-01-18
07:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
250 21-01-18
07:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
251 21-01-18
07:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
252 21-01-18
07:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
105
253 21-01-18
07:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
254 21-01-18
08:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.7 T4 KTemp C
255 21-01-18
08:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
256 21-01-18
08:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
257 21-01-18
08:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1 T4 KTemp C
258 21-01-18
08:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
259 21-01-18
08:55:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
260 21-01-18
09:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
261 21-01-18
09:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
262 21-01-18
09:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
263 21-01-18
09:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1 T4 KTemp C
264 21-01-18
09:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1 T4 KTemp C
265 21-01-18
09:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
266 21-01-18
10:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
267 21-01-18
10:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
268 21-01-18
10:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
269 21-01-18
10:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
106
270 21-01-18
10:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
271 21-01-18
10:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
272 21-01-18
11:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
273 21-01-18
11:15:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
274 21-01-18
11:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
275 21-01-18
11:35:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
276 21-01-18
11:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
277 21-01-18
11:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
278 21-01-18
12:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
279 21-01-18
12:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
280 21-01-18
12:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
281 21-01-18
12:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
282 21-01-18
12:45:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
283 21-01-18
12:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
284 21-01-18
13:05:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
285 21-01-18
13:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
286 21-01-18
13:25:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
107
287 21-01-18
13:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
288 21-01-18
13:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
289 21-01-18
13:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
290 21-01-18
14:05:35
25.2
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
291 21-01-18
14:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
292 21-01-18
14:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
293 21-01-18
14:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
1 T4 KTemp C
294 21-01-18
14:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
295 21-01-18
14:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
296 21-01-18
15:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
297 21-01-18
15:15:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
298 21-01-18
15:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
299 21-01-18
15:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
300 21-01-18
15:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
301 21-01-18
15:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
302 21-01-18
16:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
303 21-01-18
16:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
108
304 21-01-18
16:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
305 21-01-18
16:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
306 21-01-18
16:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
307 21-01-18
16:55:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
308 21-01-18
17:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
309 21-01-18
17:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
310 21-01-18
17:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
311 21-01-18
17:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
312 21-01-18
17:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
313 21-01-18
17:55:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
314 21-01-18
18:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
315 21-01-18
18:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
316 21-01-18
18:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
317 21-01-18
18:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
318 21-01-18
18:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
319 21-01-18
18:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
320 21-01-18
19:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
109
321 21-01-18
19:15:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
322 21-01-18
19:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
323 21-01-18
19:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
324 21-01-18
19:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
325 21-01-18
19:55:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
326 21-01-18
20:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
327 21-01-18
20:15:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
328 21-01-18
20:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
329 21-01-18
20:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
330 21-01-18
20:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
331 21-01-18
20:55:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
332 21-01-18
21:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
333 21-01-18
21:15:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
334 21-01-18
21:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
335 21-01-18
21:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
336 21-01-18
21:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
337 21-01-18
21:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
110
338 21-01-18
22:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
339 21-01-18
22:15:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
340 21-01-18
22:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
341 21-01-18
22:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
342 21-01-18
22:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
343 21-01-18
22:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
344 21-01-18
23:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
345 21-01-18
23:15:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
346 21-01-18
23:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
347 21-01-18
23:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
348 21-01-18
23:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
349 21-01-18
23:55:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
350 22-01-18
00:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
351 22-01-18
00:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
352 22-01-18
00:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
353 22-01-18
00:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
354 22-01-18
00:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1 T4 KTemp C
111
355 22-01-18
00:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1 T4 KTemp C
356 22-01-18
01:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
357 22-01-18
01:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1 T4 KTemp C
358 22-01-18
01:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1 T4 KTemp C
359 22-01-18
01:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
360 22-01-18
01:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
361 22-01-18
01:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
362 22-01-18
02:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
363 22-01-18
02:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
364 22-01-18
02:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
365 22-01-18
02:35:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.4 T3 KTemp C
-1.6 T4 KTemp C
366 22-01-18
02:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
367 22-01-18
02:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.3 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
368 22-01-18
03:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
-0.2 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
369 22-01-18
03:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
-0.1 T3 KTemp C
-1 T4 KTemp C
370 22-01-18
03:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
371 22-01-18
03:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
112
372 22-01-18
03:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
373 22-01-18
03:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
374 22-01-18
04:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
375 22-01-18
04:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.8
T2 KTemp C
0.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
376 22-01-18
04:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
377 22-01-18
04:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
378 22-01-18
04:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
379 22-01-18
04:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
380 22-01-18
05:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
381 22-01-18
05:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
382 22-01-18
05:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
383 22-01-18
05:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
384 22-01-18
05:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
385 22-01-18
05:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
386 22-01-18
06:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
387 22-01-18
06:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
388 22-01-18
06:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
113
389 22-01-18
06:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
390 22-01-18
06:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
391 22-01-18
06:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
12.9
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
392 22-01-18
07:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
393 22-01-18
07:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
394 22-01-18
07:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
395 22-01-18
07:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
396 22-01-18
07:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
397 22-01-18
07:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
398 22-01-18
08:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
399 22-01-18
08:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
400 22-01-18
08:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
401 22-01-18
08:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
402 22-01-18
08:45:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
403 22-01-18
08:55:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
13.1
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
404 22-01-18
09:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
405 22-01-18
09:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
114
406 22-01-18
09:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
407 22-01-18
09:35:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
408 22-01-18
09:45:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
409 22-01-18
09:55:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.2
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
410 22-01-18
10:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
411 22-01-18
10:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
412 22-01-18
10:25:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
413 22-01-18
10:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
414 22-01-18
10:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
415 22-01-18
10:55:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
416 22-01-18
11:05:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.3
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
417 22-01-18
11:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
-0.5 T4 KTemp C
418 22-01-18
11:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
419 22-01-18
11:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
420 22-01-18
11:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
421 22-01-18
11:55:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
422 22-01-18
12:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
-1.3 T4 KTemp C
115
423 22-01-18
12:15:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
424 22-01-18
12:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
-1.5 T4 KTemp C
425 22-01-18
12:35:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.6
T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
-1.6 T4 KTemp C
426 22-01-18
12:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.5
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
-1.4 T4 KTemp C
427 22-01-18
12:55:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.7
T2 KTemp C
2 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
428 22-01-18
13:05:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.6
T2 KTemp C
2 T3 KTemp C
-1.2 T4 KTemp C
429 22-01-18
13:15:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.6
T2 KTemp C
2.1 T3 KTemp C
-1.1 T4 KTemp C
430 22-01-18
13:25:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.7
T2 KTemp C
2.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.9 T4 KTemp C
431 22-01-18
13:35:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.7
T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
432 22-01-18
13:45:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.7
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
433 22-01-18
13:55:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.7
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
434 22-01-18
14:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.7
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
-0.8 T4 KTemp C
435 22-01-18
14:15:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.8
T2 KTemp C
3 T3 KTemp C
-0.7 T4 KTemp C
436 22-01-18
14:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.8
T2 KTemp C
3.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
437 22-01-18
14:35:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
438 22-01-18
14:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
439 22-01-18
14:55:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
116
440 22-01-18
15:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
441 22-01-18
15:15:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
442 22-01-18
15:25:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
443 22-01-18
15:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
444 22-01-18
15:45:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
445 22-01-18
15:55:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
14 T2 KTemp C
3 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
446 22-01-18
16:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
447 22-01-18
16:15:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
14 T2 KTemp C
3.1 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
448 22-01-18
16:25:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
14 T2 KTemp C
3 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
449 22-01-18
16:35:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
3 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
450 22-01-18
16:45:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
2.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
451 22-01-18
16:55:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
2.9 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
452 22-01-18
17:05:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
14 T2 KTemp C
3 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
453 22-01-18
17:15:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
454 22-01-18
17:25:35
25.7
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
455 22-01-18
17:35:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
456 22-01-18
17:45:35
25.7
T1 KTemp C
13.9
T2 KTemp C
2.5 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
117
457 22-01-18
17:55:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
13.8
T2 KTemp C
2.3 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
458 22-01-18
18:05:35
25.7
T1 KTemp C
13.6
T2 KTemp C
2.3 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
459 22-01-18
18:15:35
25.7
T1 KTemp C
13.4
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
1 T4 KTemp C
460 22-01-18
18:25:35
25.7
T1 KTemp C
13 T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
1.1 T4 KTemp C
461 22-01-18
18:35:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
12.6
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
462 22-01-18
18:45:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
12.5
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
1.4 T4 KTemp C
463 22-01-18
18:55:35
25.6
T1 KTemp C
12.3
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
1.5 T4 KTemp C
464 22-01-18
19:05:35
25.5
T1 KTemp C
12.1
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
465 22-01-18
19:15:35
25.4
T1 KTemp C
11.9
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
466 22-01-18
19:25:35
25.3
T1 KTemp C
11.7
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
467 22-01-18
19:35:35
25.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
468 22-01-18
19:45:35
24.6
T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
469 22-01-18
19:55:35
23.8
T1 KTemp C
11.1
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
470 22-01-18
20:05:35
22.7
T1 KTemp C
10 T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
471 22-01-18
20:15:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.5 T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
472 22-01-18
20:25:35
21.7
T1 KTemp C
9.2 T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
473 22-01-18
20:35:35
21.5
T1 KTemp C
9 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
118
474 22-01-18
20:45:35
21.3
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
475 22-01-18
20:55:35
21.2
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
476 22-01-18
21:05:35
21.2
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
477 22-01-18
21:15:35
21.1
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
478 22-01-18
21:25:35
21 T1 KTemp C
8.5 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
479 22-01-18
21:35:35
21 T1 KTemp C
8.7 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
480 22-01-18
21:45:35
21 T1 KTemp C
8.7 T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
481 22-01-18
21:55:35
21 T1 KTemp C
8.9 T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
482 22-01-18
22:05:35
21.2
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
483 22-01-18
22:15:35
21.3
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
484 22-01-18
22:25:35
21.4
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
485 22-01-18
22:35:35
21.3
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
486 22-01-18
22:45:35
21.4
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
487 22-01-18
22:55:35
21.3
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
488 22-01-18
23:05:35
21.3
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
489 22-01-18
23:15:35
21.4
T1 KTemp C
8.7 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
490 22-01-18
23:25:35
21.4
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
119
491 22-01-18
23:35:35
21.4
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
492 22-01-18
23:45:35
21.4
T1 KTemp C
8.7 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
493 22-01-18
23:55:35
21.4
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
494 23-01-18
00:05:35
21.5
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
495 23-01-18
00:15:35
21.5
T1 KTemp C
8.7 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
496 23-01-18
00:25:35
21.5
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
497 23-01-18
00:35:35
21.5
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
498 23-01-18
00:45:35
21.6
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
499 23-01-18
00:55:35
21.6
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
500 23-01-18
01:05:35
21.6
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
501 23-01-18
01:15:35
21.8
T1 KTemp C
8.9 T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
502 23-01-18
01:25:35
21.7
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
503 23-01-18
01:35:35
21.7
T1 KTemp C
8.9 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
504 23-01-18
01:45:35
21.8
T1 KTemp C
8.6 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
505 23-01-18
01:55:35
21.8
T1 KTemp C
8.9 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
506 23-01-18
02:05:35
21.8
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
507 23-01-18
02:15:35
21.8
T1 KTemp C
9.1 T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
120
508 23-01-18
02:25:35
21.8
T1 KTemp C
8.8 T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
509 23-01-18
02:35:35
21.9
T1 KTemp C
9.4 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
510 23-01-18
02:45:35
22 T1 KTemp C
9.5 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
511 23-01-18
02:55:35
22 T1 KTemp C
9.7 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
512 23-01-18
03:05:35
21.9
T1 KTemp C
9.7 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
513 23-01-18
03:15:35
22 T1 KTemp C
9.5 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
514 23-01-18
03:25:35
22 T1 KTemp C
9.5 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
515 23-01-18
03:35:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.6 T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
516 23-01-18
03:45:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.6 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
517 23-01-18
03:55:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.4 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
518 23-01-18
04:05:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.5 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
519 23-01-18
04:15:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.7 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
520 23-01-18
04:25:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.6 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
521 23-01-18
04:35:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.6 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
522 23-01-18
04:45:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.7 T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
523 23-01-18
04:55:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.5 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
524 23-01-18
05:05:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.7 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
121
525 23-01-18
05:15:35
22.1
T1 KTemp C
9.7 T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
526 23-01-18
05:25:35
22.2
T1 KTemp C
9.8 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
527 23-01-18
05:35:35
22.2
T1 KTemp C
9.8 T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
528 23-01-18
05:45:35
22.2
T1 KTemp C
9.8 T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
529 23-01-18
05:55:35
22.2
T1 KTemp C
9.8 T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
530 23-01-18
06:05:35
22.2
T1 KTemp C
9.8 T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
531 23-01-18
06:15:35
22.2
T1 KTemp C
9.8 T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
532 23-01-18
06:25:35
22.2
T1 KTemp C
9.9 T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
533 23-01-18
06:35:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
10 T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
534 23-01-18
06:45:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
10.1
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
535 23-01-18
06:55:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
10.2
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
536 23-01-18
07:05:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
10.3
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
537 23-01-18
07:15:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.3
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
538 23-01-18
07:25:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
10.3
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
539 23-01-18
07:35:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.1
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
540 23-01-18
07:45:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
9.9 T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
541 23-01-18
07:55:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
10.1
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
122
542 23-01-18
08:05:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
9.9 T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
543 23-01-18
08:15:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
10 T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
544 23-01-18
08:25:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.2
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
545 23-01-18
08:35:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.3
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
546 23-01-18
08:45:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.3
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
547 23-01-18
08:55:35
22.3
T1 KTemp C
10.3
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
548 23-01-18
09:05:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.4
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
549 23-01-18
09:15:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.5
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
550 23-01-18
09:25:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.5
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
551 23-01-18
09:35:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.3
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
552 23-01-18
09:45:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
553 23-01-18
09:55:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.5
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
554 23-01-18
10:05:35
22.4
T1 KTemp C
10.5
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
555 23-01-18
10:15:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.6
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
556 23-01-18
10:25:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.6
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
557 23-01-18
10:35:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.6
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
558 23-01-18
10:45:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.6
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
123
559 23-01-18
10:55:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.6
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
560 23-01-18
11:05:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.7
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
561 23-01-18
11:15:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.7
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
562 23-01-18
11:25:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.7
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
563 23-01-18
11:35:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.8
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
564 23-01-18
11:45:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.8
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
565 23-01-18
11:55:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.8
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
566 23-01-18
12:05:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
10.9
T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
567 23-01-18
12:15:35
22.5
T1 KTemp C
11 T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
568 23-01-18
12:25:35
22.6
T1 KTemp C
11 T2 KTemp C
2 T3 KTemp C
1 T4 KTemp C
569 23-01-18
12:35:35
22.6
T1 KTemp C
11 T2 KTemp C
2.1 T3 KTemp C
1.1 T4 KTemp C
570 23-01-18
12:45:35
22.6
T1 KTemp C
10.8
T2 KTemp C
2.3 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
571 23-01-18
12:55:35
22.7
T1 KTemp C
10.9
T2 KTemp C
2.3 T3 KTemp C
1.6 T4 KTemp C
572 23-01-18
13:05:35
22.6
T1 KTemp C
10.9
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
2.2 T4 KTemp C
573 23-01-18
13:15:35
22.6
T1 KTemp C
11 T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
1.4 T4 KTemp C
574 23-01-18
13:25:35
22.6
T1 KTemp C
11 T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
2 T4 KTemp C
575 23-01-18
13:35:35
22.6
T1 KTemp C
11.1
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
1.8 T4 KTemp C
124
576 23-01-18
13:45:35
22.6
T1 KTemp C
11.1
T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
1.5 T4 KTemp C
577 23-01-18
13:55:35
22.7
T1 KTemp C
11.2
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
1.8 T4 KTemp C
578 23-01-18
14:05:35
22.7
T1 KTemp C
11.2
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
1.9 T4 KTemp C
579 23-01-18
14:15:35
22.7
T1 KTemp C
11.2
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
1.8 T4 KTemp C
580 23-01-18
14:25:35
22.7
T1 KTemp C
11.2
T2 KTemp C
2.4 T3 KTemp C
1.5 T4 KTemp C
581 23-01-18
14:35:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
2.5 T3 KTemp C
1.8 T4 KTemp C
582 23-01-18
14:45:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
2.2 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
583 23-01-18
14:55:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
2.1 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
584 23-01-18
15:05:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
2 T3 KTemp C
1.1 T4 KTemp C
585 23-01-18
15:15:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
586 23-01-18
15:25:35
22.7
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
587 23-01-18
15:35:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
1.4 T4 KTemp C
588 23-01-18
15:45:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
1.4 T4 KTemp C
589 23-01-18
15:55:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
590 23-01-18
16:05:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.8 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
591 23-01-18
16:15:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
592 23-01-18
16:25:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
1.1 T4 KTemp C
125
593 23-01-18
16:35:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
1.1 T4 KTemp C
594 23-01-18
16:45:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
1 T4 KTemp C
595 23-01-18
16:55:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
596 23-01-18
17:05:35
22.8
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
597 23-01-18
17:15:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
598 23-01-18
17:25:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
599 23-01-18
17:35:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
600 23-01-18
17:45:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
1.3 T4 KTemp C
601 23-01-18
17:55:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
1.2 T4 KTemp C
602 23-01-18
18:05:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
1.1 T4 KTemp C
603 23-01-18
18:15:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
604 23-01-18
18:25:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
605 23-01-18
18:35:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.1
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
1 T4 KTemp C
606 23-01-18
18:45:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.2
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
1 T4 KTemp C
607 23-01-18
18:55:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
1.1 T4 KTemp C
608 23-01-18
19:05:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
1 T4 KTemp C
609 23-01-18
19:15:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
126
610 23-01-18
19:25:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
611 23-01-18
19:35:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
612 23-01-18
19:45:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
613 23-01-18
19:55:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
614 23-01-18
20:05:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.9 T4 KTemp C
615 23-01-18
20:15:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
616 23-01-18
20:25:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
617 23-01-18
20:35:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
618 23-01-18
20:45:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
619 23-01-18
20:55:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
620 23-01-18
21:05:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
621 23-01-18
21:15:35
22.9
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
622 23-01-18
21:25:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0.8 T4 KTemp C
623 23-01-18
21:35:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.7 T4 KTemp C
624 23-01-18
21:45:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
0.7 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
625 23-01-18
21:55:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
626 23-01-18
22:05:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
0.6 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
127
627 23-01-18
22:15:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
628 23-01-18
22:25:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
629 23-01-18
22:35:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
630 23-01-18
22:45:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.3
T2 KTemp C
0.8 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
631 23-01-18
22:55:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
0.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
632 23-01-18
23:05:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
633 23-01-18
23:15:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
634 23-01-18
23:25:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
635 23-01-18
23:35:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
636 23-01-18
23:45:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.1 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
637 23-01-18
23:55:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.3 T4 KTemp C
638 24-01-18
00:05:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
639 24-01-18
00:15:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.4
T2 KTemp C
1.2 T3 KTemp C
-0.6 T4 KTemp C
640 24-01-18
00:25:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
641 24-01-18
00:35:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.6
T2 KTemp C
1.5 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
642 24-01-18
00:45:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.5
T2 KTemp C
1.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.4 T4 KTemp C
643 24-01-18
00:55:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.6
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
128
644 24-01-18
01:05:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.6
T2 KTemp C
1.6 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
645 24-01-18
01:15:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.6
T2 KTemp C
1.7 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
646 24-01-18
01:25:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.7
T2 KTemp C
1.9 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
647 24-01-18
01:35:35
23 T1 KTemp C
11.7
T2 KTemp C
2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
648 24-01-18
01:45:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.8
T2 KTemp C
2.1 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
649 24-01-18
01:55:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.8
T2 KTemp C
2.2 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
650 24-01-18
02:05:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.8
T2 KTemp C
2.3 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
651 24-01-18
02:15:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.8
T2 KTemp C
2.3 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
652 24-01-18
02:25:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.9
T2 KTemp C
2.4 T3 KTemp C
-0.1 T4 KTemp C
653 24-01-18
02:35:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
11.9
T2 KTemp C
2.5 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
654 24-01-18
02:45:35
23.1
T1 KTemp C
12 T2 KTemp C
2.5 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
655 24-01-18
02:55:35
23.2
T1 KTemp C
12 T2 KTemp C
2.5 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
656 24-01-18
03:05:35
23.2
T1 KTemp C
12 T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
657 24-01-18
03:15:35
23.2
T1 KTemp C
12.1
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
658 24-01-18
03:25:35
23.2
T1 KTemp C
12.1
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
-0.2 T4 KTemp C
659 24-01-18
03:35:35
23.2
T1 KTemp C
12.1
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
660 24-01-18
03:45:35
23.2
T1 KTemp C
12.1
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
129
661 24-01-18
03:55:35
23.2
T1 KTemp C
12.1
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
662 24-01-18
04:05:35
23.2
T1 KTemp C
12.2
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
663 24-01-18
04:15:35
23.3
T1 KTemp C
12.3
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
664 24-01-18
04:25:35
23.3
T1 KTemp C
12.3
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
665 24-01-18
04:35:35
23.3
T1 KTemp C
12.3
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
0.2 T4 KTemp C
666 24-01-18
04:45:35
23.3
T1 KTemp C
12.3
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
667 24-01-18
04:55:35
23.4
T1 KTemp C
12.4
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
0.3 T4 KTemp C
668 24-01-18
05:05:35
23.4
T1 KTemp C
12.4
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
669 24-01-18
05:15:35
23.4
T1 KTemp C
12.4
T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
670 24-01-18
05:25:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.4
T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
0.4 T4 KTemp C
671 24-01-18
05:35:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.4
T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
672 24-01-18
05:45:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.5
T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
0.6 T4 KTemp C
673 24-01-18
05:55:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.5
T2 KTemp C
2.6 T3 KTemp C
0.5 T4 KTemp C
674 24-01-18
06:05:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.6
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
675 24-01-18
06:15:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.6
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
0.1 T4 KTemp C
676 24-01-18
06:25:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.6
T2 KTemp C
2.8 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
677 24-01-18
06:35:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.6
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
130
678 24-01-18
06:45:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.6
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
679 24-01-18
06:55:35
23.5
T1 KTemp C
12.6
T2 KTemp C
2.7 T3 KTemp C
0 T4 KTemp C
Appendix B
The following thermal orthophotos represent every temperature polygon range given in
the study. The data source for every orthophoto in this section is Svarmi ehf.
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
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