Is ultrasound useful in shock?
Jo McDonnell
Aim
Highlight what you could have a go at…
Highlight what the sonoboys could do for you to help assess your patient
Shock
Clinical situation where there is hypoperfusion of the cells and tissues
Background
Patients with shock have high mortality rates and these rates are correlated to the amount and duration of hypotension.
Diagnosis and initial care must be accurate and prompt to optimise patient outcomes.
Studies have demonstrated that initial integration of bedside ultrasound into the evaluation of the patient with shock results in a more accurate initial diagnosis with earlier definitive treatment.
Bedside USS allows direct visualisation of pathology or abnormal physiological states.
Remember…
Ultrasound is a tool to aid diagnosis, but it won’t tell you everything…
When using it we should always have a clinical question you would like it to answer
Case 1:
75 yo male, unwell, chest pain, SOB, dirty productive cough
Lung cancer, angina and CCF
pyrexic at 38.2
HR 110
BP 80/50
Swollen pitting oedema bilaterally
Case 1-
What clinical question can the probe answer for you
with this patient?
RUSH
Rapid ultrasound in shock and hypotension- US protocol published with aim to differentiate classification of shock
Perera P et al, Emerg Med Clin N Am 2010
H eart
I vc
M orrisons pouch/FAST
A orta
P neumothorax
Himap-THE PUMP
Contractility- Hyperdynamic LV- sepsis, hypovolaemia Hypodynamic- late sepsis, cardiogenic shock What’s the RV like? – collapsing? Dilated?
Obstructive shock
Gross valvular dysfunction
Cardiac assessment
Parasternal long axis
Transducer at left sternal edge between 2nd -4th intercostal space
Probe marker pointing to patients R shoulder
Probe aligned along the long axis: from R shoulder to cardiac apex.
Useful view to assess contractility
Transducer at 4th-6th intercostal space in the midclavicular to anterior-axillary line.
Probe directed towards patient’s right shoulder with the marker directed towards the left shoulder.
Important view to give relative dimensions of L and R ventricle.
Normal ventricular diameter ratio of R ventricle to L ventricle is <0.7.
Pericardial Tamponade
Remember tamponade is a clinical diagnosis based on patient’s haemodynamics and clinical picture.
Ultrasound may demonstrate early warning signs of tamponade before the patient becomes haemodynamically unstable.
Haemodynamic effects Its PRESSURE NOT SIZE THAT COUNTS! Rate of formation affects pressure-volume relationship and
is therefore more important than volume of fluid.
Tamponade using ultrasound
A moderate-large effusion.
Right atrial collapse Atrial contraction normal in atrial systole Collapse throughout diastole or inversion is abnormal.
RV collapse during diastole when meant to be filling (‘scalloping’ seen)
Whats seen in the IVC…
hImap
IVC
Where to put the probe…
Probe position Subxiphoid Orientate probe in
longitudinal plane with probe indicator to patient’s head
Slightly to right of midline
Bowel gas causing problems….
The FAST view…
Probe goes longitudinally in right mid axillary line with marker towards head.
Look for IVC running longitudinally adjacent to the liver crossing the diaphragm
Track superiorly until it enters the RA confirms it’s the IVC not the aorta
Assessing the IVC
During inspiration, intrathoracic pressure becomes more negative, abdominal pressure becomes more positive, resultant increase in the pressure gradient between the supra and infra-diaphragmatic vena cava, increases venous return to the heart.
Given the extrathoracic IVC is a very compliant vessel this causes diameter of IVC to decrease with normal inspiration.
In patients with low intravascular volume, the inspiration to expiration diameters change much more than those who have normal or high intravascular volume.
Estimating the CVP
Right atrial pressures, representing central venous pressure, can be estimated by viewing the respiratory change in the diameter of the IVC.
American society of Echocardiography 2010 guidelines
Subxiphoid long; shocked and dry
Subxiphoid transverse view of the IVC and aorta
Complicating the picture
Valvular disease
Pulmonary hypertension
Increased intraabdominal pressure
hiMAp eFAST/Aorta scan
himaP
Multiple studies have shown ultrasound to be more sensitive than supine CXR for the detection of pneumothorax.
Sensitivities ranged from 86-100% with specificities from 92-100%.
Furthermore USS can be performed more rapidly at the bedside.
Detection with ultrasound relies on the fact that free air is lighter than normal aerated lung tissue, and thus will accumulate in the nondependent areas of the thoracic cavity. (ie anteriorly when patient is supine).
To get the lung window
Patient should be supine.
Use high frequency linear array or a phased array transducer.
Position in the midclavicular line, 3rd to 4th intercostal space with probe oriented longitudinally.
Position between ribs.
Pneumothorax
Abdominal and cardiac evaluation with sonography in the hypotensive patient (ACES)
Our case…
H- no pericardial effusion
I- 1cm and collapses >50%
M- Free fluid in the LUQ/RUQ
Aorta- no AAA
P – No pneumothorax
Next time…Give the probe a go…