(JAN09CHEM101)APW/Jan09/CHEM1 CHEM1
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General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary ExaminationJanuary 2009
Time allowed� 1 hour 15 minutes
Instructions� Use black ink or black ball-point pen.� Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.� Answer all questions.� You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written
in margins or on blank pages will not be marked.� All working must be shown.� Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work that you do not
want to be marked.� The Periodic Table/Data Sheet is provided as an insert.
Information� The marks for questions are shown in brackets.� The maximum mark for this paper is 70.� Your answers to the questions in Section B should be written in
continuous prose, where appropriate.� You will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English– organise information clearly– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
Advice� You are advised to spend about 50 minutes on Section A and about
25 minutes on Section B.
For this paper you must have:� a calculator.
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Chemistry CHEM1
Unit 1 Foundation Chemistry
Friday 9 January 2009 1.30 pm to 2.45 pm
APW/Jan09/CHEM1
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1 In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom with a central nucleus, made up of protonsand neutrons, around which electrons moved in orbits. After further research, the model wasrefined when the existence of energy levels and sub-levels was recognised.
1 (a) Complete the following table for the particles in the nucleus.
Particle Relative charge Relative mass
proton
neutron
(2 marks)
1 (b) State the block in the Periodic Table to which the element tungsten, W, belongs.
.............................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
1 (c) Isotopes of tungsten include 182W and 186W
1 (c) (i) Deduce the number of protons in 182W
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
1 (c) (ii) Deduce the number of neutrons in 186W
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
(02)
SECTION A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
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APW/Jan09/CHEM1(03)
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1 (d) In order to detect the isotopes of tungsten using a mass spectrometer, a samplecontaining the isotopes must be vaporised and then ionised.
1 (d) (i) Give two reasons why the sample must be ionised.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
1 (d) (ii) State what can be adjusted in the mass spectrometer to enable ions formed by thedifferent isotopes to be directed onto the detector.
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
1 (e) State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the isotopes182W and 186W
Difference ..........................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
1 (f) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in the mass spectrum of asample of tungsten.
m/z 182 183 184 186
Relative abundance / % 26.4 14.3 30.7 28.6
Use the data above to calculate a value for the relative atomic mass of this sample oftungsten. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
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2 The table below shows the electronegativity values of some elements.
H C N O
Electronegativity 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5
2 (a) State the meaning of the term electronegativity.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
2 (b) State the strongest type of intermolecular force in the following compounds.
Methane (CH4) ...................................................................................................................
Ammonia (NH3) ................................................................................................................(2 marks)
2 (c) Use the values in the table to explain how the strongest type of intermolecular forcearises between two molecules of ammonia.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
2 (d) Phosphorus is in the same group of the Periodic Table as nitrogen.A molecule of PH3 reacts with an H+ ion to form a PH4
+ ion.Name the type of bond formed when PH3 reacts with H+ and explain how this bond isformed.
Type of bond ......................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
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2 (e) Arsenic is in the same group as nitrogen. It forms the compound AsH3Draw the shape of an AsH3 molecule, including any lone pairs of electrons. Name theshape made by its atoms.
Shape
Name of shape ....................................................................................................................(2 marks)
2 (f) The boiling point of AsH3 is –62.5 °C and the boiling point of NH3 is –33.0 °C.Suggest why the boiling point of AsH3 is lower than that of NH3
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
2 (g) Balance the following equation which shows how AsH3 can be made.
…… AsCl3 + …… NaBH4 → …… AsH3 + …… NaCl + …… BCl3(1 mark)
Turn over for the next question
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(06)
3 Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2, Mr = 79.9) is used as a white pigment in some paints. Thepigment can be made as shown in the following equation.
TiCl4(l) + 2H2O(l) → TiO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)
3 (a) (i) Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of TiO2
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
3 (a) (ii) In view of the low atom economy of this reaction, suggest how a company canmaximise its profits without changing the reaction conditions or the productioncosts.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
3 (b) In an experiment 165 g of TiCl4 were added to an excess of water.
3 (b) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of TiCl4 in 165 g.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
3 (b) (ii) Calculate the maximum amount, in moles, of TiO2 which can be formed in thisexperiment.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
3 (b) (iii) Calculate the maximum mass of TiO2 formed in this experiment.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
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3 (b) (iv) In this experiment only 63.0 g of TiO2 were produced. Calculate the percentageyield of TiO2
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
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(08)
4 This question is about the elements in Period 3 from Na to P
4 (a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
4 (a) (ii) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies for the elementsNa to P
Trend .........................................................................................................................
Explanation ...............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
4 (a) (iii) State which one of the elements from Na to P deviates from this general trendand explain why this occurs.
Element .....................................................................................................................
Explanation ...............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
4 (b) State which one of the elements from Na to P has the highest melting point and explainyour answer.
Element ..............................................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
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5 A metal carbonate MCO3 reacts with hydrochloric acid as shown in the following equation.
MCO3 + 2HCl → MCl2 + H2O + CO2
A 0.548 g sample of MCO3 reacted completely with 30.7 cm3 of 0.424 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid.
5 (a) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl which reacted with 0.548 g MCO3
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
5 (a) (ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of MCO3 in 0.548 g.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
5 (a) (iii) Calculate the relative formula mass of MCO3
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
5 (b) Use your answer from part (a) (iii) to deduce the relative atomic mass of metal M andsuggest its identity.(If you have been unable to calculate a value for the relative formula mass of MCO3you should assume it to be 147.6 but this is not the correct answer.)
Relative atomic mass .........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Identity of M ......................................................................................................................(2 marks)
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(10)
6 Petrol contains saturated hydrocarbons. Some of the molecules in petrol have the molecularformula C8H18 and are referred to as octanes. These octanes can be obtained from crude oilby fractional distillation and by cracking suitable heavier fractions.
Petrol burns completely in a plentiful supply of air but can undergo incomplete combustionin a car engine.
6 (a) State the meaning of both the words saturated and hydrocarbon as applied to the termsaturated hydrocarbon.
Name the homologous series to which C8H18 belongs.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
SECTION B
Answer Question 6 in the spaces provided on pages 10 to 15.
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6 (b) Outline the essential features of the fractional distillation of crude oil that enable thecrude oil to be separated into fractions.
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...............................................................................................................................................................(4 marks)
Question 6 continues on the next page
APW/Jan09/CHEM1
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(12)
6 (c) C8H18 is obtained by the catalytic cracking of suitable heavy fractions.State what is meant by the term cracking and name the catalyst used in catalyticcracking.
Write an equation to show how one molecule of C14H30 is cracked to form onemolecule of C8H18 and one molecule of another hydrocarbon.
Explain why oil companies need to crack ‘suitable heavy fractions’.
...............................................................................................................................................................
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APW/Jan09/CHEM1(13)
6 (d) Write an equation for the incomplete combustion of C8H18 to form carbon monoxideand water only.
A catalytic converter is used to remove carbon monoxide from the exhaust gases in acar. Identify a catalyst used in the catalytic converter.
Write an equation to show how carbon monoxide is removed in a catalytic converter.
State why the water produced in the exhaust gases may contribute to global warming.
...............................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................................(4 marks)
Question 6 continues on the next page
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(14)
6 (e) When some petrol was accidentally contaminated in 2007, the sensors in the affectedcars caused a decrease in the supply of petrol to the engine.
Suggest the effect that the contaminated fuel would have on the performance of thecars.
State how the oil company might have recognised the problem before the petrol wassold.
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
APW/Jan09/CHEM1
H3C C
H H CH3
CH3
C
H
C
CH3
CH3
20
15
6 (f) The molecular formula C8H18 represents several structural isomers.
State what is meant by the term structural isomers.
Name the following structural isomer of C8H18
...............................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
END OF QUESTIONS
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APW/Jan09/CHEM1(16)
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INSERT TO/APW/Jan09/CHEM1
Tabl
e 2
1 H n
.m.r.
che
mic
al s
hift
dat
a
Typ
e of
pro
ton
δ/pp
m
RO
H0.
5 –
5.0
RC
H3
0.7
– 1.
2
RN
H2
1.0
– 4.
5
R2C
H2
1.2
– 1.
4
R3C
H1.
4 –
1.6
RC
H2C
l or
Br
3.1
– 4.
2
RC
C2.
1– 2
.6
HO
RO
C3.
1 –
3.9
H
R4.
5 –
6.0
CH
C
O
RC
O3.
7 –
4.1
C H
9.0
– 10
.0R
OC
H
10.0
– 1
2.0
RO O
C
H
RC
C20
– 5
0
O
CC
5 –
40
OC
50 –
90
alco
hols
,et
hers
or
este
rs
RC O
160
– 18
5es
ters
or
acid
s
RC O
190
– 22
0al
dehy
des
or k
eton
es
Cl o
r B
rR
C10
– 7
0
NR
C25
– 6
0
90 –
150
CC
Tabl
e 3
13C
n.m
.r. c
hem
ical
shi
ft d
ata
Typ
e of
car
bon
δ
/ppm
CR
N11
0 –
125
110
– 16
0
Tabl
e 1
Infr
ared
abs
orpt
ion
data
Bon
dW
aven
umbe
r/c
m–1
N
H33
00 –
350
0(a
min
es)
O
H32
30 –
355
0(a
lcoh
ols)
C
H28
50 –
330
0
O
H25
00 –
300
0(a
cids
)
C
N22
20 –
226
0
C
O16
80 –
175
0
C
C16
20 –
168
0
C
O10
00 –
130
0
C
C 7
50 –
110
0
GC
E C
hem
istr
y D
ata
Sh
eet
1.0 H
hyd
rog
en
1
4.0 He
heliu
m
2
10
.8 Bb
oro
n
5
12
.0 Ccarb
on
6
14
.0 Nnitro
gen
7
16
.0 Oo
xyg
en
8
19
.0 Ffluo
rine
9
20
.2N
eneo
n
10
27
.0 Al
alu
min
ium
13
28
.1 Si
sili
co
n
14
31
.0 Pp
ho
sp
ho
rus
15
32
.1 Ssulfur
16
35
.5C
lchlo
rine
17
39
.9A
rarg
on
18
6.9 Li
lithiu
m
3
9.0 Be
bery
llium
4
1
2
3 4
5 6
7 0
* 58
– 7
1 L
an
than
ides
† 9
0 –
103
Actin
ides
rela
tive a
tom
ic m
ass
sym
bo
lnam
e
ato
mic
(p
roto
n)
nu
mb
er
The
Per
iod
ic T
able
of
the
Ele
men
ts
23
.0N
aso
diu
m
11
39
.1 Kp
ota
ssiu
m
19
40
.1C
acalc
ium
20
45
.0S
cscand
ium
21
47
.9 Ti
tita
niu
m
22
50
.9 Vvanad
ium
23
52
.0C
rchro
miu
m
24
54
.9M
nm
an
gan
ese
25
55
.8Fe iro
n
26
58
.9C
oco
balt
27
58
.7N
inic
kel
28
63
.5C
uco
pp
er
29
65
.4Z
nzin
c
30
69
.7G
ag
alli
um
31
72
.6G
eg
erm
an
ium
32
74
.9A
sars
enic
33
79
.0S
esele
niu
m
34
79
.9B
rb
rom
ine
35
83
.8K
rkry
pto
n
36
85
.5R
bru
bid
ium
37
87
.6S
rstr
ontium
38
88
.9 Yytt
rium
39
91
.2Z
rzirco
niu
m
40
92
.9N
bnio
biu
m
41
96
.0M
om
oly
bd
enu
m
42
[98
]Tc
tech
netiu
m
43
10
1.1
Ru
ruth
eniu
m
44
10
2.9
Rh
rho
diu
m
45
10
6.4
Pd
palla
diu
m
46
10
7.9
Ag
silv
er
47
11
2.4
Cd
cad
miu
m
48
11
4.8
Inin
diu
m
49
11
8.7
Sn
tin
50
12
1.8
Sb
antim
ony
51
12
7.6
Tete
llurium
52
12
6.9 I
iod
ine
53
13
1.3
Xe
xeno
n
54
13
2.9
Cs
caesiu
m
55
13
7.3
Ba
barium
56
13
8.9
La *
lanth
anum
57
17
8.5
Hf
hafn
ium
72
18
0.9
Tata
nta
lum
73
18
3.8
Wtu
ng
ste
n
74
18
6.2
Re
rheniu
m
75
19
0.2
Os
osm
ium
76
19
2.2
Iririd
ium
77
19
5.1
Pt
pla
tinum
78
19
7.0
Au
go
ld
79
20
0.6
Hg
merc
ury
80
20
4.4
Tl
thalli
um
81
20
7.2
Pb
lead
82
20
9.0
Bi
bis
muth
83
[20
9]
Po
po
loniu
m
84
[21
0]
At
asta
tine
85
[22
2]
Rn
rad
on
86
[22
3]
Frfr
anciu
m
87
[22
6]
Ra
rad
ium
88
[22
7]
Ac
†actiniu
m
89
14
0.1
Ce
cerium
58
14
0.9
Pr
pras
eody
miu
m
59
14
4.2
Nd
neo
dym
ium
60
[14
5]
Pm
pro
meth
ium
61
15
0.4
Sm
sam
arium
62
15
2.0
Eu
euro
piu
m
63
15
7.3
Gd
gad
olin
ium
64
15
8.9
Tb
terb
ium
65
16
2.5
Dy
dysp
rosiu
m
66
16
4.9
Ho
ho
lmiu
m
67
16
7.3
Er
erb
ium
68
16
8.9
Tm
thuliu
m
69
17
3.1
Yb
ytt
erb
ium
70
17
5.0
Lulu
tetium
71
23
2.0
Th
tho
rium
90
23
1.0
Pa
pro
tactiniu
m
91
23
8.0
Uura
niu
m
92
[23
7]
Np
nep
tuniu
m
93
[24
4]
Pu
plu
toniu
m
94
[24
3]
Am
am
ericiu
m
95
[24
7]
Cm
curium
96
[24
7]
Bk
berk
eliu
m
97
[25
1]
Cf
calif
orn
ium
98
[25
2]
Es
ein
ste
iniu
m
99
[25
7]
Fmfe
rmiu
m
10
0
[25
8]
Md
men
del
eviu
m
10
1
[25
9]
No
no
beliu
m
10
2
[26
2]
Lrla
wre
nciu
m
10
3
24
.3M
gm
ag
nesiu
m
12
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
Key
[26
7]
Rf
ruth
erfo
rdiu
m
10
4
[26
8]
Db
dub
niu
m
10
5
[27
1]
Sg
seab
org
ium
10
6
[27
2]
Bh
bo
hrium
10
7
[27
0]
Hs
hassiu
m
10
8
[27
6]
Mt
meitnerium
10
9
[28
1]
Ds
darm
stad
tium
11
0
[28
0]
Rg
roentg
eniu
m
11
1
Ele
men
ts w
ith a
tom
ic n
umb
ers
112-
116
have
bee
n re
por
ted
but
not
fully
aut
hent
icat
ed