Ureter
• Originates as the _• • Layers of Ureter– Inner layer: _________________________.
Continuous with renal tubules and bladder– Middle layer: ________________________ Smooth
muscle fibers both circular and longitudinal– Outer layer: _____________________________
Connective tissue
Peristalsis
• ____________________________ enters renal pelvis and ureters
• Pushed along by ______________________ to urinary bladder
• _______________________: at entrance of bladder to _
Urinary bladder
• ________________: ________________ area composed of– – – _________________________ of the bladder (opens
to urethra)
• Trigone remains _____________________________ as rest of bladder expands and contracts
Micturition
• ______________________ reflex _• ______________________ of the bladder
stimulates _• ______________________ muscle contracts– Aided by _
• External urethral sphincter relaxes –
Bladder volume
• Bladder may hold up to ____________ of urine
• Urge may be present at _
• At about 300 ml, sensation _
Bladder
• As bladder fills and distends, detrusor muscle contracts
• Contractions may force _– Involuntary muscle
• However, in adults, urination is a ______________________________ action.
Male Urethra
• Has both _
• Divided into three sections– _________________________________: passes through
prostate gland– ________________________________ urethra: passes
through urogenital diaphragm. Surrounded by external urethral sphincter muscle
– ________________________________ urethra: passes through corpus spongiosum of penis
• Ends as _
Distribution of body fluids
• Fluid compartments– Intracellular fluid compartment• All water and electrolytes _
– Extracellular fluid compartment• All fluid _
– Interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph– Transcellular fluid: _________________________________,
aqueous humor, _______________________________, synovial fluid, _
Body fluid
• – _________________________________ of
sodium, chloride bicarbonate ions
– _________________________________ of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfur
Body fluid composition
• Intracellular fluids– Higher concentrations of potassium, phosphate,
and magnesium ions– Lower concentrations of sodium, chloride,
bicarbonate than extracellular fluids
– Greater concentration _
Movement of fluid
• Two major factors for movement– ___________________________________:
pressure exerted by fluids• Fluid _
– ___________________________________: the potential pressure of a solution caused by non-diffusible solute particles in the solution
OsmosisIf two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semi-permeable membrane which is permeable to to the smaller solvent molecules but not to the larger solute molecules, then the solvent will tend to diffuse across the membrane from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution. This process is called osmosis.
Water balance
• Adult water intake– 60% from _– 30% from _– 10% __________________________________:
by product of metabolizing nutrients
Thirst
• Primary regulator:– – Related to
________________________________________ of brain
– Body loses water _____________________ of the EC (extracellular) fluids _______________
Thirst
• Stimulates ________________________ in the thirst center
• Dry mouth:
• Thirst triggered when total body water is decrease _
Quenching thirst
• Drinking water _________________________________ triggers impulses to brain _
• Prevents ___________________________ Mechanism is inhibited with ________________________ of water, not ________________________ of water
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
• DCT linings are _______________________ to water.
• Blood plasma becomes _______________ due to _____________________ triggers posterior pituitary gland to release _
• ADH in bloodstream reaches ____________________ increases permeability of__________ water is _
Dehydration
• EC fluid becomes _• Change in osmotic pressure stimulates
_____________________ to release ADH• ADH carried by blood to kidneys• Changes permeability of DCT• Water output _
Excess water intake
• EC fluid becomes _• Stimulates _• Pituitary _
• Water ________________________ and collecting ducts
• Removed from _
Diuretics
• Alcohol, some narcotics: _
• Caffeine: inhibit _______________________ reduces reabsorption of water urine output increases
Electrolyte Balance• Important electrolytes:– Sodium– – Calcium– Magnesium– – Sulfate– Phosphate– –
Primarily obtained from Foods Beverages Byproducts of
metabolism
Regulation of Potassium
• Rising potassium ion concentration will _
– Enhances sodium _
– Causes renal tubules to _
Regulation of Calcium
• Dropping Ca concentration stimulates• – Secretes parathyroid hormone – Which _______________________________
concentrations of both calcium and phosphate ions in extracellular fluids
– Also increases _