tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn
Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨
Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
kwÿm\ hnZym-̀ ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)
tIcfw 2019
]T-\-k-anXn AwK-߃
tUm. Fw.F kp[o¿
(Fao-c-‰kv s{]m -̂k¿: Km‘n{Kw dqd¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ v, Xan-gv\mSv)
tUm. tKmIp¬Zm-k≥]n-ff kn.
(ap≥ Icn-°pew ta[m-hn, Fkv.-kn.-C.B¿.-Sn. tIc-fw)
tUm.ARvPp sF.
(Akn. s{]m -̂k¿, sF.F.-F-kv.-C. Xr»q¿)
{io. Sn.Un. them-bp-[≥.
(tPm.U-b-d-IvS¿, (dn´.) ̂ nj-dokv Un∏m¿´p-sa‚v)
tUm. sP._n. cmP≥
(Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m -̂k-¿. Ine, Xriq¿)
{io. cXv\mI-c≥
({]n≥kn-∏mƒ (dn´.) Ub‰v Xncp-h-√)
{io.]n.-B¿. cma-N-{μ≥
(ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿(dn´), Ub-‰v, Be-∏pg)
{io. Fw. Xºm≥
(ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿ (dn´.) Ub‰v tImgn-t°m-Sv)
{io.A_vZpƒ d^o°v
(ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub-‰v, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw)
{io. sI.sI. cmL-h≥
(dn´. F®v.-Fw. Pn.F¬.-]n.-Fkv sXcp-h-Øv)
{ioa-Xn. Nn{X.-Fkv
(sP.B¿.-F-̂ v., Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. tIc-fw)
A°m-Z-an°v tImUn-t\-‰¿
tUm._n. {ioPnXv
(dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿. Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. tIc-fw)
BapJw
tIcfØns‚ XoctZitaJebn¬ hkn°p∂ a’ysØmgnemfnIƒ
]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´ Hcp P\ kaqlamWv. kmaqlnIambpw hnZym`ymk ]cambpw
Ht´sd ]cnanXnIƒ Ah¿ t\cnSp∂p≠v. Cu taJebnse Ip´nIfpsS
hnZym`ymk]camb \nehnse Ahÿ F¥msW∂v Is≠Øn KpWta∑bp≈ ]T\w
Dd∏m°p∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ Hcp Ahÿm]T\w Fkv.kn.Cu.B¿.Sn Gs‰SpØv
\SØnbncn°bmWv. c£mI¿Øm°ƒ, A[ym]I¿, hnZym¿∞nIƒ, kvIqƒ
A[nImcnIƒ XpSßnbhcn¬ \n∂v IrXyambn hnhcw tiJcn®v \SØnb Cu
]T\w a’ysØmgnemfn taJebnse Ip´nIfpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw KpWta∑bp≈Xm°n
am‰p∂Xn\v Ahkcsamcp°pw F∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.
kmaqlnI]hpw, A°mZanIhpw, BtcmKy]chpw, ÿm]\]chpamb Ht´sd
]cnanXnIƒ Cu Ip´nIƒ t\cnSp∂ps≠∂v ]T\w kpNn∏n°p∂p. ]T\ØneqsS
cq]s∏SpØnb Is≠ØepIƒ A\pkcn®p≈ \n¿t±i߃ Cu hn`mKØn\v
Gsd KpWw sNøpw. s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£W b⁄-hp-ambn _‘s∏´v
]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´ Cu kaqlØn\pw KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw
Dd∏phcpØm≥ hnhn[ hn`mKßfpsS Iq´mb ]cn{iaw AXy¥mt]£nXamWv.
Cu ]T\w AXn\v IqSpX¬ Du¿Pw \¬Ipsa∂v {]Xo-£n-°-s´.
tUm.sP.-{]-kmZv
UbdIvS¿, Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn
Xncph\¥]pcw
kw{Klw
A[ymbw 1 : ]T-\-Øns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw 7
A[ymbw 2 : ]T\ taJe 12
A[ymbw 3 : coXn imkv{Xw 17
A[ymbw 4 : ZØ-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w 21
A[ymbw 5 : Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpw \n¿t±-i-ß-fpw 84
A\p-_‘w
1. Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ A`n-apJ tNmZym-hen
2. A[ym-]-I¿°p≈ A`n-apJ tNmZym-hen
3. c£n-Xm-°ƒ°p≈ A`napJ tNmZym-hen
4. ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-߃ tNmZym-hen
5. aqey\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ˛ F¬.-]n. hn`mKw
6. aqey\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ˛ bq.]n hn`mKw
7. aqey-\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ˛ sslkvIqƒ hn`mKw
8. aqey-\n¿W-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn /
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-Cu. hn`mKw
9, k¿shbv°p sXc-s™-SpØ hnZym-e-b-߃ ˛ Pn√m Xncn-®p≈ ]´nI
D≈-S°w
]´n-I-Iƒ
]´nI 3.1 hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS kmºnƒ
3.2 A[ym-]-I-cpsS kmºnƒ
3.3 c£n-Xm-°-fpsS kmºnƒ
]´nI 4.1 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ kmaq-lnIw
4.2 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ kmap-lnIw {Km^v
4.3 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ kmwkvIm-cnIw
4.4 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ kmwkvIm-cnIw {Km^v
4.5 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ kmº-ØnIw
4.6 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ kmº-ØnIw {Km^v
4.7 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ BtcmKyw
4.8 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ BtcmKyw {Km^v
4.9 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ Iem-Im-bnIw
4.10 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ Iem-Im-bnIw {Km^v
4.11 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw
4.12 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw {Km^v
4.13 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-߃
4.14 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-߃ {Km^v
4.15 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ k{º-Zmbw
4.16 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ k{ºm-Zmbw {Km^v
]´nI 4.17 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ kmap-lnIw
4.18 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ kmap-lnIw {Km^v
4.19 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw
4.20 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw {Km^v
4.21 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ BtcmKyw
4.22 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ BtcmKyw {Km^v
4.23 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m\w
4.24 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m\w {Km^v
4.25 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ ]T-\-k-{º-Zmbw
4.26 Ahÿm hni-I-e\w ˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ ]T-\-k-{º-Zmbw {Km^v
]´nI 4.27 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmaq-ln-I-hÿ
4.28 Ahÿm ]T\w˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmaq-ln-I-hÿ {Km^v
4.29 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmº-Øn-I-hÿ
4.30 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmº-Øn-I-hÿ {Km^v
4.31 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmwkv°m-cnIw
4.32 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ kmwkv°m-cnIw {Km^v
4.33 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ ImbnIw
4.34 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ ImbnIw {Km^v
4.35 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ BtcmKyw
4.36 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ BtcmKyw {Km^v
4.37 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-߃
4.38 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ ˛ ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-߃ {Km^v
]´nI 4.39 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ ˛ `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-߃
4.40 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ ˛ `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-߃ {Km^v
4.41 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ ˛ A°m-Z-anIw
4.42 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ ˛ A°m-Z-anIw {Km^v
4.43 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ ˛ sF.Sn km[y-X-Iƒ
4.44 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ ˛ sF.Sn km[y-X-Iƒ {Km^v
4.45 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ ˛ kmap-lnIw
4.46 Ahÿm ]T\w ˛ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ ˛ kmaq-lnIw {Km^v
]´nI 4.47 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ {]oss{]-adn ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
4.48 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ {]oss{]-adn ˛ {]I-S\w
4.49 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ F¬.]n ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\
4.50 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ F¬.]n ]cnk-c-]-T\w
4.51 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ F¬.-]n. ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw
4.52 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ F¬.]n KWnXw ˛ kwJym-t_m[w
4.53 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\
4.54 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n. ae-bmfw ˛ N¿® kwhmZw
4.55 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n. KWnXw
4.56 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n. Cw•ojv ˛ hmb\
4.57 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ bp.]n. Cw•ojv ˛ `mjWw
4.58 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw
4.59 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\
4.60 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ ˛ Cw•ojv ˛ `mjWw
4.61 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ -˛ Cw•ojv ˛ hmb\
4.62 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿® kwhmZw
4.63 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\
4.64 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw
4.65 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ Cw•ojv ˛ hmb\
4.66 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿® kwhmZw
4.67 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ lb¿ sk°-≠dn ˛ Cw•ojv ˛ `mjWw
]´nI 4.68 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ Cw•ojv --˛ hmb\
4.69 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw
4.70 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ Cw•ojv ˛ `mjWw
4.71 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\
4.72 A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. ˛ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿®/kwhmZw
7tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn
Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨
Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
s]mXp-hn -Zym -`ymk kwc£W b⁄-Øns‚ `mK-ambn KpWta∑bp≈ ]T\w
km¿h{XnIam°p∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ {ia߃ \S∂p hcnIbmWv. hnZym`ymk]cambn
AhKW\ A\p`hn°p∂ Ht´sd hn`mK߃ \ΩpsS \m´nep≠v. h\taJebn¬
Pohn°p∂ BZnhmknIƒ, ImgvN ]cnanXnbpw tIgvhn ]cnanXnbpw D≈h¿,
Xoc{]tZitaJebn¬ A[nhkn°p∂h¿, tNcn {]tZ -i-ß-fn¬ Ignbp∂h¿
F∂nhscms° CØcØn¬ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcmbn IW°m°s∏Sp∂p. Ch¿°pw
KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw {]Zm\w sNøp∂Xn\p≈ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn®ph-cn-I-bmWv.
a’y-_-‘\w {][m\ D]-Po-h\ am¿§-ambn kzoI-cn® Xoc-tZ-i-ta-J-e-bnse P\-k-aq-
lsØ°pdn®v BgØn¬ ]Tn®v AhcpsS Ip´nIƒ°v KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw
km[yam°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cn{ia߃ AXy¥mt]£nXamWv. kmaqlnI kmº-ØnI ]mcn-
ÿn-XnI ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ IS-temc taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ymk
e£y-߃ F{X-tØmfw t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-´ps≠∂pw Ah-cpsS ]T\ {]iv\߃ F¥m-
sW∂v Is≠-Øm\pw Hcp ]T\w \SØp∂Xv Cu {]iv\sØ ka{Kambn
a\ nem°p∂Xn\pw {]Xnhn[nIƒ \n¿t±in°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcsamcp°pw.
1.1 ]T-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw {]m[m-\yhpw.
tIcf hnI-k\ tamU¬ temI-sa-ßpw «mLn-°-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-Wv. s]mXp P\mtcmKyw,
hnZym-`ym-kw, XpS-ßnb tkh\ taJ-e-Ifnep-≠mb hf¿®bpw Im¿jnI hymh-km-bnI
taJ-e-Ifn-ep-≠mb DW¿hpw tIc-fo-bs‚ PohnX KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sØ, Db¿Øm≥ klm-
b-I-am-bn-́ p-≠v. km¿h{XnI-hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw, ̀ q]-cn-jvI-c-Ww, apX¬ A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-I-cWw
hsc \S∂ kmaq-ly-am-‰-߃ \h-tI-cf krjvSn°p Imc-W-`q-X-am-bn-´p≠v F∂p \n w-
ibw ]d-bmw. F∂m¬ KpW-]-c-amb am‰w F√m `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw kwkvIr-Xn-bnepw
Htc-t]m-se-bmtWm {]Xn-^-en-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv, F∂Xv Nn¥-\o-b-am-Wv. Fkv.-kn.- F-kv.Sn
hIp-∏p-I-sf GtIm-]n∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ß-fnepw
ae-\m-´nse P\-ß-fn¬ samØ-ambpw hnI-k-\-Im-gvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ FØn-°m≥ km[n-®n-´p-≠v.
^oj-dokv hIp-∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ kPoh-am-sW-¶n¬ IqSnbpw hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏p-
ambn tN¿∂p hnZym-`ymk KpW-ta-∑m-b-⁄-Øn\pw ]pXn-b-]m-X-Iƒ Xpd-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS e`yX°pd-hv, hmb-\ime, ¢_p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb kmwkv°m-
cnI ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS hym]-\-an-√m-bva, c£n-Xm-°-fpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-Ønepw Pohn-
Xm-h-t_m-[-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ, imkv{X⁄m\sØ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn-te°v
Dƒt®¿°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ A⁄-X, samØ-Øn¬ PohnX KpW-ta-∑-bn-ep≈ ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ
F∂nh Xoc-tZiw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fm-Wv.
hnI-k-\-cw-K-Øv BtKmf {]i-kvXn-bn¬ FØn \n¬°p∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv XojvW-
amb PohnX{]iv\ßsf A`napJoIcn®psIm≠v AXnPoh\Øns‚ k¶o¿ÆXIfpw
bmX\Ifpw A\p`hn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ Cu hn`mKap≈Xv F∂v \mw ad-∂p-IqSm. 10% apX¬
14% hsc sImgn™vt]m°v C∂pw kvIqƒ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-eq-≠v. tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp-km-£-
cXm \nc°v 95% Bbncn°ptºmƒ Xoc {]tZiØv CXv 91.3% am{XamWv. s]mXp hnjbßsf
kw_‘n®pw XßfpsS AhImißsf°pdn®pw XnI®pw A⁄cmb IStemcP\XbpsS
s]mXpt_m[sØ DW¿Øn kmaqlnIamb kpÿncXbnte°v Db¿tØ≠Xp≠v.
A[ymbw 1
]T\Øns‚ {]k‡nbpw {]m[m\yhpw
8tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn
Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨
Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
tIcfØns‚ Btfmlcn hcpam\w Db¿∂n´pw a’ysØmgnemfnIfpsS PohnX-
\nehmcØn¬ Imcyamb am‰ßƒ H∂pw kw`hn®n´n√ F∂pw ImWmw. a’ysØmgnemfn-
IfpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn cq]oIrXamb a’ys^Un\pw hnZym`ymk]camb apt∂‰Øn\v
t\XrXzw \¬Im≥ km[n°p∂n√. k¿°mcn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂ B\pIqeyßfpw
klmbßfpw ^e{]Zambn hn\ntbmKn°m≥ c£nXm°ƒ°pw km[n°p∂n√.
Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn¬ th≠{X {i≤ sNepØm\pw hensbmcp hn`mKØn\pw
Ignbp∂n√.
tIcfØnetßmfantßmfw Xoc{]tZisØ hnebncpØnbm¬ Hmtcm {]tZiØpw
{]mtZinI PmXn, aX hn`mKßfpsS \nb{¥WØnemWv Ch¿ PnhnXw apt∂m´v
\o°p∂sX∂p ImWmw. Ah¿ D≠m°p∂ IS¬ \nbaßfpw A\pjvTm\ßfpw tNmZyw
sNømsX A\pkcn°m≥ \n¿_‘nXcmhp∂p. klIcWkwL߃°pw
s]mXpIq´mbvaIƒ°pw th≠{X kzm[o\w XoctZisXmgn¬ taJebn¬ D≠m°n-
sbSp°m≥ km[n®n´n√. hn[nhnizmkßfnepw A‘hnizm-kßfnepw s]´pt]mb
hensbmcp P\Xsb IStemctaJebn¬ ImWmw. hnZym`ymk kmwkvImcnI klIcW
Iq´mbvaIfneqsS am{Xta Ahcn¬ ImXemb am‰ßƒ hcpØm≥ km[n°q.
1. 2 \nehnse Ahÿ
2011 se AJn-te¥ym sk≥kkv {]Imcw tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-
fpsS FÆw 33.4 Zi-e-£-am-sW∂v IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS
aq∂n-sem∂v `mK-am-WnXv. Ch-cn¬ _lq`q-cn-]-£hpw tIc-f-Øns‚ IS¬Øoc-ta-J-e-tbmSp
tN¿∂p≈ 222 a’y-_-‘\ {Kma-ß-fn-emWv Xnßn-∏m¿°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS PohnX {]iv\-
߃, Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw XpS-ßn-bh Fßs\-sb∂ At\z-jWw \mfn-Xp-h-scbpw \S-
∂n-́ n-√. Cu ]T\w AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ka{K At\z-j-W-Øn\v ]mX-sbm-cp°pw.
kwÿm\ kºZv LS-\-bn¬ a’y _‘-\-ta-J-e-bpsS kw`m-h\ 11.58 iX-am-\-amWv
(tIcf \nb-a-k`m k_vI-Ω‰n dnt∏m¿´v ˛ 2015 ˛ '16) ASn-°-Sn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ {]IrXn Zpc¥-
߃, t{SmfnMv \ntcm-[-\w, a≤y-h¿Øn-I-fpsS Nqj-Ww, DXv]m-Z\ amμyw, hne-bn-Snhv
XpS-ßn-h-bpsS ^e-ambn `qcn-`mKw a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw IS-_m-[y-X-bn-em-Wv. PohnX
{]mcm-_v-[-߃°n-S-bn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk Imcy-Øn¬ Imcy-amb {i≤ ]Xn-bp-
∂n√. kzmX{¥yw In´n 70 h¿j-߃ Ign-™n´pw \nc-¥cw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ P\-X-
bmbn C∂pw XpS-cp∂p F∂Xv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv. F√m-h¿°pw
hnZym-`ymkw (Education for All), KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw (Quality Education) F∂o
e£y-߃ ssIh-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \nc-¥cw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu kaq-l-Ønse
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T\w BÀm-Z-I-c-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, sImgn-™vt]m°v XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw {]tXyI
]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xp≠v. AXn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb Hcp At\z-
jWw \S-tØ-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ hnhn[ßfmb a’y-k-º-Øp-Iƒ tIcf P\-Xbv°v
e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kp{]-[m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. cmsht∂m ]I-se-t∂m, ag-sbt∂m
shbn-set∂m C√msX kz¥w PohnXw sI´n-∏Sp°p∂-Xn-\mbn A∂w tXSp∂ Ch-cpsS
thZ-\-Iƒ, t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-߃ F∂nh ]e-t∏mgpw {i≤n-°-s∏-SmsX t]mIp-∂p. a’y-
sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS a°fpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fmbn amdp∂ coXn-bmWv
s]mXpsh I≠p hcp-∂-Xv. Ip™p-ß-fpsS {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw Fß-s\-sb-¶nepw
]q¿Øn-bm°n a’y-sØm-gn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS _me-]mT߃
A`y-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-te°v \oßp-∂-Xm-bmWv I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. CXn\v Hcp
am‰w AXym-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
9tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn
Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨
Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
1.3 ]T\Øns‚ {]k‡n
hnZym-`ymkw Ip´n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ambn amdn-b-tXmsS Ip´nIsf hnZym`ymkw sNøn°Ww
F∂ t_m[w c£nXm°fn¬ {]ISamWv. c£n-Xm-°-fn¬ D≠mb Cu am‰sØ a\- n-
em°n Ah¿°v Bh-iy-amb Ah-t_m[w \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. CXns‚ `mK-ambn ]c-º-cm-
KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ip™p-߃ hnZym-̀ ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v́ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-
߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠-tØ-≠Xv BXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn a’y-sØm-gn-emfn {Kma-ß-fn¬Øs∂ c£-I¿Ør
IqSnt®c-en\v Ah-kcw Hcp-°pI {KmaoW hmb\ ime-Iƒ ÿm]n-°pI Ip´n-I-fpsS
Iem-Im-bnI hmk-\-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I, Xoc-tZi BtLm-j-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn
Ip´n-I-fpsS Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-sbms° Ct∏mƒ \S-°p-∂pt≠m?
F{X-am-{X-amWv Ah \S-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn At\z-jn-
°m≥ km[n-°pw.
kaq-l-Ønse a‰v Ip´n-I-sf-t∏mse Cu taJ-e-bnse anSp-°-cmb Ip´n-Iƒ°pw hnP-bn®p
apt∂m-´p-h-cm-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kvtImf¿jn∏v kwhn-
[m-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw a’c∏co-£-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Ip´n-Iƒ°pw, c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw [mc-
W-bpt≠m F∂pw Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.
IS-ens‚ a°-fmbn hf-cp∂ Cu Ip™p-߃°v IS-epw, sh≈hpw F√mw Ifn D]-I-c-W-
ß-fm-Wv. Bb-Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \o¥-ep-ambn (swimming) _‘-s∏´ ImbnI C\-ß-fn¬
{]tXyI ]cn-io-e\w \¬In-bm¬ \ΩpsS \mSns‚ bi v Db¿Øm≥ t]m∂ ImbnI
Xmc-ßsf hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°pw. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-t_m[w c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw
Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Dt≠m F∂ Imcyhpw Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.
kap-{ZsØ imkv{Xo-b-ambn a\- n-em-°m-\pw, kap{Z hn`hß-sf-°p-dn®v icn-bmb [mcW
ssIh-cn-°m-\pw, kap-{Z-Po-hn-I-sf-°p-dn®v D]-cn-]-T\hpw Kth-j-Whpw \S-Øm\pw IS-ens‚
a°ƒ°v Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-Ipw. CXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw Ip´n-
Iƒ°pw Dt≠m F∂v Is≠-Øm\pw Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
a’y taJ-e-bn¬Øs∂ B[p-\nI a’y-_-‘-\w, a’y hn]-W-\w, a’yw D]-tbmKn-
®p≈ aqey-h¿[nX DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS \n¿amWw F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ D]-cn-]-T\w \SØn
Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-amb ̀ {Z-Xbv°v ASn-Ø-d-bn-Sp-∂-Xn\v km[n-°pw. CXn-\p≈
Ah-t_m[w hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS am{Xta km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p.
assd≥ F©n-\n-b-dnwKv anI® sXmgn¬ km[yX {]Zm\w sNøp∂ taJ-e-bm-Wv. CXn-
t\mSv CjvSw IqSm≥ BZyw th≠Xv IS-en-t\m-Sp≈ kulr-Z-am-Wv. AXv G‰hpw IqSp-X-
ep-≈Xv IS-ens‚ a°ƒ°m-Wv. CXns‚ hnhn[ km[y-X-Iƒ jn∏nwKv taJ-e-bn-epw, hnt\mZ
k©mc taJ-e-bnepw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Adn-bm≥ hnZym-̀ ymkØneqsS
km[n-°pw.
IS¬Øo-c-Øn\v kao-]-ÿ-amb {]tZißfn¬ Ip™p-߃°v ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ kvIqƒ kuI-cy-߃ F{X-tØm-f-ap≠v? Cu kvIqfp-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-߃
Fs¥-√m-amWv? a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk Imcy-ß-fn¬
A\p-`-hn-°p∂ {]iv\-߃ Fs¥-√m-amWv? Cu {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn®v ]T\w BÀm-Z-I-
cam-°p-∂-Xn\v tIcf kaq-l-Øn\v F¥v Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]n¥pW \¬Im≥ km[n°pw?
AXn-\p≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø\ ]≤Xn Xbm-dm°n \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-߃ A[n-
Im-cn-Iƒ°v ka¿∏n-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ Cu ]m¿iz-h¬IrX kaq-l-tØmSv sNøp∂ G‰hpw
henb ssIØm-ßmhpw AXv.
10tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn
Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨
Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
CXn\p klm-bn-°p∂ ]T\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS
Ahÿm ]T\w hfsc {][m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn IS-
ens‚ a°ƒ°pw Db¿∂ PohnX \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-Imiw D≠v. AXv
km[y-am-°m≥ Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Ah-kcw ssIh-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1.4 ]T\ e£y-߃
]T\Øns‚ kp{][m\ e£y߃ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.
$ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßfpw ]mcn-ÿnXnImLm-X-ßfpw adn-I-S∂v bmYm-ÿn-XnI Nn¥m-[m-
c-Isf AXn-ew-Ln®v KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ PohnX \nc-hm-c-Øn-se-Øm≥ Xoc-tZ-i-a-’y-
sØm-gn-emfn hn`m-KsØ {]m]vX-cm-°pI F∂-XmWv ]c-a-amb e£yw.
$ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-_-‘\ coXn-Ifpw hn]W\ coXn-Ifpw Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ a’y-
sØm-fn-emfn IpSpw_-ßsf hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ apt∂-‰-Øn-eqsS B[p-\n-I-h¬°-c-
W-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-se-Øn®v kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn\p ]m{Xn-`qX-cm-°p-I.
$ aZyw, ab-°-a-cp∂v XpS-ßn-b-hbv°p ASn-a-s∏-Sp∂ kmaq-lym-h-ÿbv°p hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-
eqsS ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-I. k¿thm-]cn ka-Xp-en-X-amb tIcf hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Xoc
{]tZ-isØ F√m hn`mKw P\-ßfpw ]¶m-fn-bm-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-߃ Is≠-ØpI.
$ Cu e£y߃ ssIhcn°p∂Xn\pth≠nbp≈ kv]jvSamb Dt±iy߃ NphsS
sImSp°p∂p.
1.5 Dt±-iy߃
1. ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hni-Z-amb
Ahÿm ]T\w \SØpI. ]c-ºm-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-
fpsS hnZym-`ymk]c-amb {]iv\-߃ Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
2. kmaq-ln-Iw, kmwkvIm-cn-Iw, Btcm-Kyw, Iem-Im-bn-Iw, ]T\k{ºZm-bw, ÿm]\kwhn-
[m-\-ß-fpsS kuI-cy-߃ F∂o taJ-e-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج.
3. hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpsS Imc-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
4. hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fsS e`y-X, ]cy-m]vX-X, Imcy-£-a-X F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I.
5. {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
6. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø\ ]≤Xn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I.
1.6 km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Xoc-tZi taJ-e-bnse s]mXp-
hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ÿmbo-`m-h-tØmsSbp≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥ km[n-
°pw.
^nj-dokv hIp-∏ns‚ XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn e`n-°p∂ Is≠-
Ø-ep-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.
Zpc-¥-\n-hm-cW tk\ cq]oI-c-Ww, \mhnI tk\, Xpd-apJ hnI-k-\w, kap-t{Zm-ev]∂ ]cy-th-
£-Ww, Bg-°I-S¬ a’y-_-‘\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-se√mw ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-
fpsS sshZKv[yhpw IS-e-dnhpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn-\p≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw t{]c-I-am-hpw.
A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]T-\-hn-j-b-߃, tImgvkp-Iƒ, F∂nh \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw klm-b-
I-am-hpw.
11tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn
Ip-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨
Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]T-\-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-bmbn IW°m°mhp∂Xv 8 Pn√-I-fnse 200 e[nIw hcp∂ a’y
{Kma-ß-fn¬ tIhew 10 FÆw am{Xta ]T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°m≥ km[n-®p≈p F∂-Xm-
Wv. ^nj-dokv hIp-∏ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {]tXy-I-ambn
]T\w \S-Øm≥ km[n-®n-´n-√ F∂Xpw ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. ]T-\-Im-e-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw IqSp-
∂-Xn-\p-k-cn®v ]T\ aqeyw Ipd-bp-Ibpw Nne-t∏mƒ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ A{]-k-‡-am-hp-Ibpw
sNbvtX-°mw.
]cn-lmc {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p≈ ^≠nw-Kn-s\-°p-dn®p≈ [mc-W-bn-√m-bvabpw ]cn-an-Xam-
Wv. kaq-l-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\v hnZym-̀ ymk ]ptcm-KXn F∂-Xn-s\m∏w ]mcn-ÿn-XnIhpw
sXmgn¬]chpw DXv]m-Z\-hnX-cW taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ kmaqly coXn \ncmkhpw \n¿Æm-b-
I-L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. {]kvXpX taJ-e-I-fn¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T\w CtXm-sSm∏w \S-Øm≥
km[n-°m-ØXv hen-sbmcp ]cn-an-Xn-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
1.7 coXn-imkv{Xw
tIcf Xoc-tZ-isØ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS PohnX kml-N-cy-߃ Is≠-
Øp-∂-Xn\v k¿sh coXn-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-®n-́ p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-ØnepS-\ofw a’ysØmgn-emfn
IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kam-\-X-Iƒ BWp-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v A©v Xoc-tZ-i-Pn-√-I-fnse Hmtcm
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw dm≥Uw coXnbn¬ sXcs™SpØp. Ahn-S-ß-fnse {]oss{]-adn apX¬
lb¿sk-°‚dn Xew hsc-bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-bXv. Cu Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ, A[ym-]-I¿, c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ, ÿm]\ ta[m-hn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂mWv hnh-c-
߃ tiJ-cn-®-Xv. tNmZy-mhen, C‚¿hyp sjUyqƒ, achievement test F∂o Sqfp-Ifpw
sSIv\n-°p-I-fp-am-Wv, hnhc tiJ-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. e`n® ZØ-ß-fpsS KW-]-chpw
KpW-]-c-hpamb hni-I-e\w \n¿Δ-ln°p∂Xn\v \S]Sn kzoIcn®p.
12tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]T\ ]›m-Øew
C¥y-bpsS hnZym-`ymk ̀ q]-S-Øn¬ anI® ASn-Ø-d-bp-ff kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. 2011 se
sk≥kkv IW°v {]Imcw 74.04 iX-am-\-amWv C¥y-bpsS samØ-Øn-ep-ff km£-c-X.
tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw 93.91% BWv samØw km£-c-X. CXn¬ kv{Xo km£-
c-X-bmb 91.98% C¥y-bpsS samØ-Øn-ep-ff km£-c-X-bpsS 65.5% BWv. CXn-¬ \n∂v
Xs∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ {]mapJyw hy‡-am-Wv. 5˛16 hbkv hsc-bp-ff Ip´n-I-fpsS km£-cX
100% tØmSv ASp-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hf¿® BtKm-f \ne-hm-
cØn-te°v FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff {]h¿Ø\w tIcfw kPo-h-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F∂n-
cp-∂mepw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ kq£va-amb ]T\w AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. \qdv iX-am\w F∂
e£y-Øn-te-°p-ff {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS XSkw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ah- k-lm-b-I-am-hpw. 590
Intem-ao-‰-dn¬ Hcp \mS-t]m-se-In-S-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-tZ-i-ta-J-e-bnse ]c-º-cm-
KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hnZym-`ym-kw, kwkvImcw, Btcm-Kyw, kmaq-lnI
˛ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn F∂n-h-bnse ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bv°p-ff Imc-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-
∂Xv AXoh {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p.
Hcp P\-X-bpsStbm, ImeL´-Øn--s‚tbm Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-fmWv kwkvImcw. Hcp kaq-l-
Øns‚ `qX-ImesØ°pdn®v IrXyamb coXn-bn¬ ]T\w \S-Øn-bm¬ am{Xsa h¿Ø-am-
\-Ime Pohn-Xm-hÿ \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. Ah A]-{K-Yn-°p-I-bpw, hne-bn-
cp-Øp-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. a\pjyhmkm-cw`w apX¬ hyh-km-bnI taJ-e-
bn¬ {]tXy-In-®pw, hf¿®bpsS h¿Ø-am-\Ime-Øn¬ ]eXpw C√m-Xm-hp-I-bpw, ]pXn-
bXv cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
2.1 ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kw.
F√m a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw {]mY-anI Bh-iy-ß-fn¬ H∂mbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv hnZym-
`ym-kw. aqey-ßsfbpw ss\]pWnItfbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ B¿Pn-s®-Sp-°m\pw hnZym-̀ ymkw
klm-bn-°p-∂p. Chn-sS, a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ F√m ASn-ÿm\ taJ-e-I-fnepw {]iv\-
߃ t\cn-Sp-∂p. hnZym-̀ ym-kw, ipNn-Xzw, Btcm-Kyw, Xma-k-ku-I-cy-߃ F∂n-h-bn-se√mw
Ah¿ {]iv\-߃ t\cn-Sp-∂p. aXw, PmXn, h¿Kw XpS-ßnbh Ip´n-I-fpsS ÿnXnsb
_m[n-°p-∂p. km[m-c-W-bmbn a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ B¨Ip-́ n-I-fp-ambn
Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ s]¨Ip-́ n-Iƒ°v Xmgv∂ kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnI kuJy-
Øns‚ ASn-Ød F∂Xp Xs∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpw Ip´n-I-fp-am-bp-ff _‘-am-Wv. F∂m¬
Xoc-tZ-i-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu _‘w hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. Hcp-]mSv Ip´n-Iƒ°v
Xß-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v Xßsf tIƒ°m≥ ka-b-an-s√-∂pw, {i≤n-°m≥ ka-b-an-
√msX a‰p tPmen-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-sW∂pw Dff ]cm-Xn-I-fp-≠v. ChnsS B¨Ip-´n-I-
fpsS kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bmWv s]¨Ip-´n-I-tf-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xmbn ImW-s∏-´n-´p-f-f-Xv.
kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-߃ Cu Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-
`ymk t\´-Øn¬ apJy-]¶p hln-°p-∂p-≠v. apI-fn¬ tN¿Ø hnZym-`ymk ]nt∂m-°m-h-
A[ymbw 2
]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØmgn-emfn IpSpw_ßfnse
]T\ ]›m-Ø-e-hpw A\p-_‘ ]T-\-ßfpw
13tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
ÿ-bpsS Imc-Wß-tfm-sSm∏w tN¿Øp-h-t°-≠p-∂-XmWv A[ym-]I hnZym¿Yn _‘-
Øns‚ ZrV-X-bn-√m-bva. Ah¿°p th≠p-∂Xv ]cn-K-W-\-bm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw kvIqfn¬
\n∂v AXv e`n-°p-∂n-√. Xoc-tZ-iØv Xma-kn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS sImgn-™p-t]m-°n-\p-ff
as‰mcp ImcWw kvIqfns‚ Zqc-]-cn-[n-bm-Wv. Abhp≈ ]mTy-]-≤-XnbpsS A`mhw, ka-b-
{I-aw ]men-°m-\p≈ {]bm-k-߃, D®-`-£-W-Øns‚ Ipdhv F∂n-hbpw {][m-\- {]-Xn-k-
‘n-I-fm-Wv.
$ kmaq-lnI ˛ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn
IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI `{Z-X-bpsS A`mhw henb {]iv\w krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]T\
kuI-cy-an-√m-bva, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS {i≤-°p-d-hv, XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf _m[n-
°p-∂p-≠v. XpS¿®-bmb sXmgn¬-Zn\-߃ c£n-Xm-°ƒ°n√ F∂Xpw Imc-W-am-Wv.
$ B[p-\nI temIw sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS ImeamWv. ]pXn-b-am-‰-߃ henb km[yXIƒ
hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp∂p. Ah-tbm-sSm∏w Db-cm-\p-≈ kmº-ØnI
hf¿® Cu hn`m-K-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂n-√. a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse
as‰mcp {]iv\w kmaq-ly-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-tfm-Sp-ff Xmev]-cy-Ip-d-hm-Wv. Ch¿ {]tXyIw
kwL-ß-fm-hp-∂p. PmXn-]cambpw aX-]-c-ambpw H‰-s∏-S¬ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p.
C∂sØ ImeØv b{¥-h¬°-c-Whpw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk coXn-Ifpw tIc-f-Øns‚
kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI am‰-ß-fn¬ apJy-]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ a’y-sØm-gn-emfn
kaqlw Cu am‰-Øns‚ bmsXmcp KpW-^-eßfpw A\p-`hn°p-∂n-√. ImcWw b{¥-
h¬°-cWw ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Isf kzm[o-\n-®n-´n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. a’y-sØm-
gn-emfn kaqlw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn hnZym-`ymk \yq\X A\p-`-hn-°p∂hcm-Wv. Ah-cpsS
sXmgn¬ kw_-‘-am-bn-´p-ff Imcy-ß-fm¬ Xs∂ Ah¿ hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂pw
AI‰n \n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ip´n-Isf a’y-_-‘\ kw_-‘-amb tPmen-Iƒ°v D]-
tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂, ASn-ÿm\ hnZym-`ymkw \n¿_-‘-ambn Ah¿ IW-
°m-°n-bn-´n-√. a’y-sØm-gn-emfn kaq-l-Øn\v hnZym-`ym-k-tØm-Sp-ff Cu Hcp Imgv®-∏mSv
Ah-cpsS apgp-h≥ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-csØ _m[n-®n-´p-≠v.
C∂v Cu ]c-º-cm-KX kaq-l-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂p h∂n-cn-°p∂ {]iv\w XnI®pw k¶o¿W-am-
Wv. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Ønepw a‰p-ap-≠mb hnI-k-\-߃ Cu kaq-l-sØ Xo¿Øpw H‰-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. a’y-_-‘\ taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff ]mh-s∏-´-hcpw \nc-£-
c-cp-amb Bƒ°m¿ BWv CXn\p IqSp-Xepw Cc-I-fm-Ip-∂-Xv. ]pdw temI-hp-am-bp-ff _‘w
Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-ksØ \√ coXn-bn¬ kzm[o-\n-°pw. Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ am‰m\pw
hnZym-`ymkw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw a‰p taJ-e-I-fp-am-bp-ff _‘w Chsc klm-bn-°pw.
$ ]m¿∏nSw
a’y-sØm-gn-emfn kaq-l-Øns‚ C∂sØ Pohn-X-co-Xn-bpw, _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-
hm-\p--ff ImcWhpw B kaq-l-sam-´msI tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv Xnßn-sR-cpßn,
AhnsS am{X-ambn HXpßn Pohn-°m≥ CS-bm-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Ah¿ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw
IS-en-t\mSv tN¿∂v, Ah-cpsS hf-f-ßfpw a‰pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ IS-en-en-d-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ CS-
ß-fn¬ BWv Pohn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. a¨kq¨ ka-b-ß-fnepw a‰pw, Ah-cpsS Poh-
\v bmsXmcp kpc-£-bp-an-√. Xnßn-sR-cp-ßn-bp-ff PohnXw BtcmKy]c-amb {]iv\-
߃°pw, ipNnXz {]iv\-߃°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. H´p-an° a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw
14tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
Kh¨sa‚ v `qan-bnepw ]pd-tºm-°p-I-fn-ep-amWv Xma-kw. Cu Imc-W-ß-sf√mw Xs∂
hnZym-`ym-k-apƒs∏sS Ah-cpsS {]mY-anI Bh-iy-߃°v hneßp XSn-bm-Ip-∂-h-bm-Wv.
h¿j-ß-fmbn a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS -Po-h-t\m-]m[n IS-em-Wv. IS-ent\mSv
tN¿∂ Pohn-X-amWv Ah-cp-tS-Xv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ as‰m-cn-S-tØ°v ]d-n®p-\-SpI Akm-
[y-am-Wv. \s√mcp hoSv Ah¿°v kz]v\w am{X-am-Wv. `qcn-]£w a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-
_-ß-fnepw {]mY-anI Imcy-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w t]mep-an-√. Ct∏mgpw
Iq´p-Ip-Spw_ hyh-ÿnXn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.
$ BtcmKyw
Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bnse t_m[-h-XvI-cWw AXym-h-iy-ambn th≠ hn`m-K-amWv a’y-sØm-
gn-emfn kaq-lw. Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬ AXym-hiy CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ hmb-\-im-e-
Iƒ, IpSpw-_-{io-Iƒ, a‰p tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°ƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Bhiyw D≠v. tcmK-Im-c-W-
߃ {]Xn-tcm-[-am¿K-߃ XpS-ßn-b-hsb°pdn-®p≈ t_m[-h-Xv°cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
$ kwkvImcw
a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ kpμ-c-am-°p-∂Xv Ahs‚ Np‰p-∏m-Sp-I-fpsS sXfn-®-am-Wv. kwkvImcw
F∂-hm°v F√m-‰n\pw apI-fn-em-Wv. hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ A]-N-b-amWv kwkvIm-csØ C√m-
Xm-°p-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ ]T\w ]mXn-h-gn-bn¬ Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv Ip´nsb kwL¿j-
Øn¬ B°p∂p. aZy-hpw, ]pI-h-enbpw ioe-am-°n-b-hcpw a’ysØmgn-emfn hn`m-K-Øn¬
IqSp-X-em-Wv. sNdnb {]mb-Øn¬ Xs∂ Zpio-e-ß-fn¬s∏´h-cp-ap-≠v. \√ kulr-Z-߃
Ipd-hm-Wv. Zpio-e-߃ IqSp-tºm-gmWv IpSpw-_- _‘-߃ inYn-e-am-hp-∂-Xv. Chsb
C√m-Xm-°m≥ GI-hgn KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym-`ym-k-amWv.
2.2 A\p-_-‘-]-T-\-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w
1. t]mƒ (1980) "A study of the vocational interests of the pupils of the Fisheries high
schools of kerala in relation to their achievement patterns" F∂ hnj-bsØ A[n-
I-cn®v Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
Cu ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´ Is≠ØepIƒ NphsS \¬Ip∂p.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS sXmgn¬ A`n-cp-Nn- ̨ ̀ mj, kmap-ly-im-kv{Xw, ̂ nj-dokv kb≥kv, Irjn,
kmln-Xyw, KWn-Xw, F©n-\o-b-dnwKv F∂o hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn IqSp-X¬ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-
bv°p-∂p.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS kzm`m-hnI Xmev]-cyhpw sXmgn¬ A`ncp-Nnbpw XΩn¬ t\¿Zn-i-bn¬
_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw Iºyq-t´-j≥, Iem-]-c-amb Xmev]cyw F∂n-h-bn¬ Cu
kmayw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
$ ]T\ kml-Ncyw Ip´nI-fpsS anI-hn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb IqSp-
X¬ ]T\ kml-N-cy-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Hcp-°n-s°m-SpØp sIm≠v Ah-cpsS ]T-\-an-I-
hns\ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-bv°psa∂pw Cu ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
2. 2013 ¬ Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ Xan-gv\m-´nse Z£nW Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse {KmaoW aXv-ky-
_-‘\ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS PohnX coXnbpambn _‘s∏´pØn Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-
I-bp-≠mbn.
15tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
CXp-ambn _‘s∏´ Is≠ØepIƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.
$ `qcn-`mKw a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS \nXy-Po-hnXmh-iy-߃°v IqSp-X¬
{]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xmbn Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p. {][m-\-ambpw `£y hkvXp-°ƒ
hmßp-∂-Xn-\pw ]mNIw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ Aeq-an-\nbw ]m{X-߃ hmßp-∂-Xn\pw
Ah-cpsS hcpam\w sNe-h-gn-°p-∂p. NmIc ka-b-ß-fn¬ Ch¿ ho´p km[-\-߃
hmßn kq£n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv hdp-Xn-°m-e-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ah¿ Ah hnev°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
$ Im¬i-X-am-\-tØmfw hcp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-_-‘\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ssSev ]mInb
Dd∏p≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ Xma-kn°p-tºmƒ `qcn-`mKhpw IpSn-ep-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xmbn
]T\w shfn-hm-°p-∂p.
$ a’y_‘\sØmgn-em-fn-IfpsS Xmak CS-߃ `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS A`m-h-
Øm¬ henb tXmXn¬ _p≤p-ap-´-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. KXm-KX tbmKy-a-√mØ tdmUp-Iƒ
IpSn-sh≈ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS A`mhw, Agp°v Nm¬, ipNn-Xz-]q¿Æa√mØ Np‰p ]mSp-
Iƒ F∂n-h-aqew BtcmKy]c-ambn _p≤p-ap-´p-Iƒ C°q-´¿ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xmbn ]T\w
hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
$ Znh-khpw IS-en¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v NnIn’m kw_-‘-ambn Bip-
]{Xn kuI-cy-ß-fpsS e`y-X-°p-dhv {]Xn-k‘n krjvSn-°p-∂p. NnIn’m kuI-
cym¿∞w Zqsc-bp≈ Kh¨sa‚ v Bip--]-{Xn-I-sfbpw \m´p-ssh-Zy-s\bpw Ah¿°v
B{i-bn-t°-≠n -h-cp-∂p.
$ NmIc ka-bØv Zn\w-{]Xn GI-tZiw Aøm-bncw cq]bpw hdp-Xn-°m-eØv aqhm-bncw
cq]bpw e`n-°p-∂p. `qcn-`mKw hcp∂ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw 31 hb- n\p apI-fn¬
{]mb-ap-≈-hcpw B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn-eq∂n a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. _m°n-bp-≈-h¿ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y_-‘\ coXnbmWv Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂Xv.
$ 32.8% a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ am{X-amWv sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-´p-
≈-Xv.
$ ^nj-dokv skmssk-‰n-bn¬ 57.4% a’y sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v am{X-amWv AwK-Xz-ap-≈-
Xv. F∂m¬ 23.4% t]¿°v tIm∏-td-‰ohv _m¶p-I-fnepw 34.2% t]¿°v a’y-s^-Unepw
AwK-Xz-ap-≈-Xmbn ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
$ `qcn-`mKw hcp∂ (65.33%) a’ysØmgn-em-fn-Ifpw tamt´m¿ LSn-∏n® t_m´p-Iƒ D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p-≈-h¿ km[m-cW t_m´p-Iƒ (h≈w) D]-tbm-Kn-°pIbpw a’y-
_-‘\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS icm-icn hm¿jnI hcp-am\w 73810.34 cq]-bm-Wv. CXv 40
h¿j-Øn-\p-ta-ep≈ tPmen ]cn-N-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
$ 30.60 % hcp∂ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v 10˛12 h¿jsØ sXmgn¬ ]cn-Nbw am{X-am-
Wp-≈-sX∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p.
$ tem¨ Xncn-®-S-hn\mbn GI-tZiw 24.85 cq] Znh-khpw sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xmbpw ]T\w
hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
16tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
3. Nmƒkv (2011 ) tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’ysØmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS \ne-hnse Btcm-
Ky-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw BtcmKy kwc-£-W-sØbpw kw_-‘n®pw Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-
I-bp-≠mbn
CXpambn _‘s∏´ Is≠ØepIƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.
$ tIc-f-Øn-se ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v hfsc Xmgv∂ BtcmKy ÿnXn-
bmsW∂v Cu ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
$ IqSmsX hnZym-`ym-kw, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hen-∏w, sXmgn¬, hcp-am-\w, sNehv, {]mY-
anI kuI-cy-߃, Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£W tI{μ-߃ F∂n-hbn-se√mw enwKw/PmXn/
aX/tZi-t`-Z-at\y Xoc-tZi P\X ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ t\cn-´p-∂p.
$ k¿°mcpw k¿°m-cn-Xc GP≥kn-Ifpw a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS BtcmKy kwc-
£W Imcy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn CS-s]-S¬ \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
4. hnP-b-cm-L-h≥ (2009) ae-_m¿ta-J-e-bnse Bg-°-S¬ a’y-_-‘-\hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´v Hcp kmaply ˛ kmº-ØnI hni-I-e\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.
CXp-{]-Imcap≈ Is≠ØepIƒ
$ ae-_m¿ taJ-e-bnse a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ 52.2% P\-ßfpw lnμp-a-X-Ønse [ohc
kaq-Zm-b-Øn-epƒs∏-´-hcpw tijw hcp∂ 37.8% P\X C…mw aX-Øn-epƒs∏-´-h-cpam-
sW∂p ]T\w shfn-hm-°p-∂p.
$ `qcn-`mKw hcp∂ (96.80%) aX-vky-sØm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn
IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-Wv.
5. cmtPjv (2005) ""tIc-fØnse Xoc-tZi hnt\mZ k©m-cØn\v tIcf kº-ZvL-
S\bpsS taepw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS taepap≈ kzm[o-\w'' ˛ Cu hnj-bsØ Bkv]-
Z-am°n Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
CXp-{]-Im-cap≈ Is≠ØepIƒ:
$ tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZi km[y-X-Iƒ {]mtbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v kqÿnc hnI-
k-\-Øn-te°v t]mIp-hm≥ Xoc-tZi hnt\mZ k©mcw klm-b-Iam-Ip-∂p.
$ Xt±i hnt\mZ k©m-c-Øn¬ CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fmb B{‘ {]tZ-iv, DØ¿{]-tZ-
iv, Xan-gv\mSv, I¿Æm-S-I, cmP-ÿm-≥, alm-cmjv{S F∂n-h-b-t∏mse tIc-f-Ønse
Xoc-tZi hnt\mZ k©mcw \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p.
$ hnI-knX cmjv{S-ßsf At]-£n®v hnI-kzc cmjv{S-amb C¥y-bpsS hnt\m-Z-k-©mc
cwKsØ IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv hf¿®m \nc°v Xmc-X-X-tay\ A\p-Zn\w IqSn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂m-Wv.
$ hntZi k©m-cn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm®n, F∂o {]tZ-i-߃, hnt\m-
Z-Øn-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]me-°m-Sv, sIm®n F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv Xt±-i-
hm-kn-Iƒ IqSp-X-embn sXcs™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
$ sNe-hns‚ IW°v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ hntZinIfpsSbpw kztZ-in-I-fp-tSbpw sNe-
hn¬ henb hyXym-k-ap-≈-Xmbn ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
$ hntZi k©m-cn-Iƒ°v 3878 cq] {]Xn-io¿j sNehv IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ Xt±i k©m-
cn-Iƒ°v Ah shdpw 2234 cq] am{X-am-Wv.
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
17
tIcfØns‚ Xoc{]tZiØv a’y_‘\w Poht\m]m[nbmbn kzoIcn®v Ignbp∂
]cºcmKX a’ysXmgnemfn IpSpw_ßfnse Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymk Ahÿsb-
°pdn®p≈ ]T\Øns‚ coXnimkv{Xw kw_‘n® hniZmwi߃ ]cntimZn°mw.
s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb⁄Øns‚ `mKambn ]cºcmKX a’ysXmgnemfn
IpSpw_ßfnse Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw Hcp {][m\ taJebmbn I≠psIm≠v kmaqlnIw,
kmwkvImcnIw, kmºØnIw, BtcmKyw, IemImbnIw, hnZym`ymkw, ÿm]\-kwhn[m\-
߃, ]T\k{ºZmbw F∂o D]taJeIsf tI{μoIcn®psIm≠v Ip´nIfpw IpSpw_ßfpw
hnZymebßfpw t\cnSp∂ {][m\ sh√phnfnIƒ Xncn®dnbpIbpw Ahsb C√mbvasNbvXpw
_Z¬ am¿§ßƒ \n¿t±in®pw hnZym`ymkØn¬ Imcy£aXbpw KpWta∑bpw
Dd∏phcpØpI F∂ e£yw km[qIcn°m\mWv Cu ]T\w kwLSn∏n°s∏´Xv.
IS¬Øocw F∂pw Hcp kpμcamb ImgvNbmWv. ISent\mSv a√Sn®v Pohn°p∂ sXmgnemfn-
Iƒ°mIs´ F∂pw \ncmibpw. B \ncmimt_m[Øn¬ \n∂mWv ]pXp\mºpIfmb
Ipcp∂pIfpsS Poh≥ DW¿thIp∂Xv. ss\cmiyw k∂nthin°s∏´ Hcp kaqlambn
XpScmXncn°m\p≈ GI B{ibw hnZym`ymkamWv. AXmbXv A\ptbmPyamb
hnZym`ymk kmlNcyßsfmcp°n DNnXamb coXnbn¬ hnZy A`ykn∏n°pI F∂Xv
hnZym`ymk hIp∏ns‚ ISabmWv. s]mXpt_m[sØ DW¿Øn {]Xo£m\n¿`camb Hcp
\√ \msfbnte°v ssI]nSn®v Db¿Øm≥ Cu ]T\Øn\v Ignbs´ F∂ {]XymitbmsS
]T\Øns‚ imkv{Xob ho£WØnte°v Hcp FØnt\m´w \SØmw.
3.1 kmºnƒ
tIcfØnse ]cºcmKX a’ysØmgnemfn IpSpw_ßfnse {]o˛ss{]adn apX¬ lb¿
sk≠dnXew hsc ]Tn°p∂ apgph≥ Ip´nIfpw c£nXm°fpw Ahsc ]Tn∏n°p∂
A[ym]IcpamWv Cu ]T\Øns‚ t]m∏ptej≥. AXn¬ tIcfØnse XoctZi Pn√Ifmb
Imk¿tKmUv, tImgnt°mSv, FdWmIpfw, Be∏pg, Xncph\¥]pcw F∂nhnSßfnse
sXcs™SpØ Ip´nIfpw c£nXm°fpw A[ym]Icpw hnZymebßfpamWv kmºnƒ.
Hmtcm Pn√bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp {Kma]©m-bØpw Hcp \Kc k`mhm¿Upw IqSn A©p
Pn√Ifn¬ \n∂v 10 {]tZißfmWv ]T\Øn\pth≠n sXcs™SpØXv. hniZhnhc߃
NphsS ]´nIbn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂p.
]T\Øns‚ ˛ kmºnƒ hniZmwi߃ ˛ Pn√, {Kmaw, \Kcw
{Ia\º¿ Pn√ {Kmaw \Kcw
1. Xncph\¥]pcw ASnaeØpd henbXpd
2. Be∏pg ]pd°mSv Be∏pg
3. FdWmIpfw sN√m\w t^m¿´v sIm®n
4. tImgnt°mSv Nmenbw ]pXnbm∏
5. Imk¿tKmUv APm\q¿ Imk¿tKmUv
]´nI 3.1
A[ymbw 3
coXnimkv{Xw
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
18
kmºnfmbn sXcs™SpØ hnZym¿∞nIƒ, A[ym]I¿, c£nXm°ƒ F∂nhcpsS ]´nI
hnZym¿∞nIfpsS kmºnƒ]´nI
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ
{Ia-\º¿ kvIqƒ hn`mKw {Kmaw ]´Ww
1 {]oss]-adn 40 40
2 ss{]adn 40 40
3 A∏¿ ss{]adn 40 40
4 sslkvIqƒ 40 40
5 lb¿ sk°-≠dn 40 40
6 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C e`y-am-bXv e`y-am-bXv
]´nI 3.2
A[ym]IcpsS kmºnƒ]´nI
A[ym-]-I-cpsS FÆw
{Ia-\-º¿ kvIqƒ hn`mKw {Kmaw ]´Ww
1 {]o ss{]adn 6 6
2 ss{]adn 4 4
3 A∏¿ ss{]adn 4 4
4 sslkvIqƒ 6 6
5 lb¿ sk°-≠dn 6 6
6 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C e`y-am-b-Xv e`y-am-bXv
]´nI 3.3
c£nXm°fpsS kmºnƒ]´nI
c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ
{Ia-\-º¿ kvIqƒ hn`mKw {Kmaw ]´Ww
1 {]o ss{]adn 6 6
2 ss{]adn 4 4
3 A∏¿ ss{]adn 4 4
4 sslkvIqƒ 6 6
5 lb¿ sk°-≠dn 6 6
6 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C e`y-am-b-Xv e`y-am-bXv
]´nI 3.4
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
19
3.2 D]m[nIfpw D]IcWßfpw (Tools and Techniques)
Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn. bn¬ sh®v 2018 s^{_phcn 27, 28, am¿®v 1 XobXnIfn¬ \SØnb
inev]-im-e-bn¬ \mev SqfpIƒ Xbmdm°pIbp≠mbn. Ip´nIƒ A[ym]I¿ c£n-Xm-°ƒ
F∂nh¿°p≈ A`napJtNmZymhenbpw ÿm]\ kwhn[m\ßsf°pdn®pw ]n¥pWm-
kwhn[m\ßsf°pdn®pw Adnbm≥ {][m\m[ym]Icn¬ \n∂pw klA[ym]Icn¬
\n∂pw hnhctiJcWØn\v D≈ t^m¿am‰pw CXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. IqSmsX Ip´nIfpsS
hnhn[ taJeIfnse t\´w a\ nem°p∂Xn\v ¢m pIfn¬ D]tbmKnt°≠p∂
aqey\n¿Wb D]m[nIfpw Cu ]T\Øn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂p.
1. Ip´nIƒ°p≈ A`napJ tNmZymhen
]cºcmKX a’ysØmgnemfn IpSpw_ßfnse Ip´nIfpsS kmaqlnIw, kmwkvImcnIw,
kmºØnIw, BtcmKy]cw, ÿm]\kwhn[m\߃ ]T\kwhn[m\߃ kuIcy߃,
hnZym`ymkw F∂o taJeIfnep≈ ]n∂m°mhÿ a\knem°p∂Xn\pw AXn\p≈
ImcW߃ I≠p]nSn®v {]iv\]cnlmcØn\p≈ \n¿t±i߃ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈
A`napJ tNmZymhenbmWv Xbmdm°nbXv. CXv A\p_‘ambn \¬Inbn´p≠v.
2. A[ym]I¿°p≈ A`napJtNmZymhen
Ip´nIfpsS lmP¿\ne, A[ym]IhnZym¿∞n_‘w, kmaqlnI ]¶mfnØw,
]T\m¥co£w, kmwkvImcnIm¥co£w, kmºØnI\ne, BtcmKyImcy߃, A[ym]I
c£mI¿Ør_‘w, ]T\\nehmcw F∂o Imcyßsf {][m\ambpw Adnbp∂Xn\p≈
A`napJtNmZymhenbmWv Xbmdm°nbXv. CXpw A\p_v[ambn \¬Inbn´p≠v.
3. c£nXm°fpsS tNmZymhen
c£nXm°fpsS kmaqlnIhpw hnZym`ymk]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb AhÿIƒ
A\mhcWw sNøs∏Sm\p≈ tNmZyßtfmsSm∏w IpSpw_]›mØew, _‘߃
F∂nhbpw Cu SqfneqsS Is≠Øp∂p tIm∏n A\p_‘ambn \¬Inøn´p≠v.
4. hnZym`ymk ÿm]\kwhn[m\ßsf°pdn®v hnhc߃ Adnbm≥
{][m\ A[ym]I\pw a‰v A\[ym]IcpaS°ap≈ Poh\°mtcmSvv ÿm]\sØ°pdn®pw
ÿm]\w t\Snbn´p≈ anIhpIsf°pdn®pw Ip´nIfpsS ]T\w Gs‰SpØv \SØm≥ D≈
ÿm]\-Øns‚ k∂≤Xsb°pdn®pw kmaqly _‘sØ°pdn®pw ASnÿm\-kuIcy-
ßfpsS e`yXsb°pdn®pamWv hnhcw tiJcn®Xv. CXns‚ tIm∏nbpw A\p_‘ambn
\¬Inbn´≠v.
3.3. ]T\\nehmcw Adnbm\p≈ aqey\n¿Wb{]h¿Ø\߃
{]o˛ss{]adnXew apX¬ lb¿ sk°≠dnXewhscbp≈ kmºnfmbn sXcs™SpØ
hnZym¿∞nIfpsS ]T\\nehmcw Adnbp∂Xp\pth≠n kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW
]cnioe\ Iu¨kn¬ Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn. bpsS t\XrXzØn¬ Xbmdm°nb aqey \n¿Æb
{]h¿Ø\߃ ¢m n¬ \S∏nem°n Ip´nIfpsS t{KUpIƒ tiJcn®p. {]o˛ss{]adn
¢m pIfn¬ IfncoXnbnep≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv \¬InbXv . Ip´nIfpsS
kPohCSs]SepIfmWv aqey\n¿ÆbØn\v hnt[bam°nbXv. temh¿ ss{]adnbn¬ 1, 2
¢m pIƒ Hcp bqWn‰mbn FSpØv 2˛mw ¢m nepw 3, 4 ¢m pIƒ Hcp bqWn‰mbn FSpØv
4-̨ mw ¢mknepw KWnXw (kwJymt_m[w), ]cnkc]T\w (]´nIs∏Spج, Xcw Xncn°¬),
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
20
`mj (`mjWw hmb-\) F∂o tijnIfpsS hnImkamWv ]cntim[\bv°v
hnt[bam°nbXv. A∏¿ ss{]adn ¢m pIfn¬ hmb\, KWnXw, kwhmZw F∂o
hnjbßsf kw_‘n°p∂ aqey\n¿Æbw \SØnbt∏mƒ sslkvIqƒ ¢m pIfn¬
aqey\n¿ÆbØn\v Cw•ojv `mjWw, hmb\, kwhmZw F∂o tijnIƒ Dƒs∏SpØn.
lb¿ sk°≠dnbnepw shmt°jW¬ lb¿ sk°≠dnbnepw Cw•ojv, aebmfw ˛
`mjWw, hmb\, N¿®, kwhmZw F∂o D]m[nIfmWv aqey\n¿WbØn\v D]tbmKn®Xv.
3.4. ]T\coXn
k¿tΔcoXnbmWvv ]T\Øn\v Bh-ew-_n-®-Xv. CXn\mbn Pn√Xncn®v ]cnioe\w kn≤n®
A[ym]I¿°v NpaXe \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp.
3.5. Ãm‰n-ÃnIvkv
ZØ-ßfpsS A]{KY\Øn\v imXam\hpw, am[yhpamWv {][m\ambpw D]tbmKn®Xv.
21
4.1 (A)
(i)
290 294 584 1161 1177 2338 476 365 841 41 31 36
291 295 586 1165 1180 2345 839 649 1488 72 55 64
294 290 584 1177 1162 2339 824 721 1545 70 62 66
293 294 587 1173 1178 2351 833 766 1599 71 65 68
291 291 582 1167 1164 2331 852 687 1531 73 59 66
293 292 585 1172 1169 2341 504 456 960 43 39 41
370 311 341 62 52 57
22
52
62
23
(ii)
255 243 498 1020 975 1995 51 39 90 5 4 5
136 184 320 544 738 1282 392 295 687 72 40 56
243 245 488 973 982 1955 389 275 664 40 28 34
241 245 486 966 982 1948 454 432 886 47 44 46
244 242 486 975 971 1946 507 437 944 52 45 49
247 247 494 990 990 1980 297 277 574 30 28 29
229 187 208 41 32 37
24
SPC, NCC
41
32
25
(iii)
196 194 390 589 584 1173 165 146 311 28 25 27
195 196 391 586 588 1174 334 359 639 57 61 59
195 193 388 585 580 1165 351 331 682 60 57 59
194 193 387 582 581 1163 332 349 681 57 60 59
194 194 388 584 584 1168 362 310 672 62 53 58
197 196 393 592 589 1181 225 206 431 38 35 37
302 291 296 50 49 50
26
27
(iv)
257 257 514 770 772 1542 154 139 293 20 18 19
258 256 514 775 278 1053 349 246 595 45 88 66
262 257 519 786 772 1558 299 309 608 38 40 39
257 261 518 770 785 1555 316 314 630 41 40 41
257 264 521 771 794 1565 293 301 594 38 38 38
259 255 514 779 764 1543 187 168 355 24 22 23
206 555 209 34 42 38
28
29
(v)
191 197 388 574 593 1167 132 178 310 23 30 27
195 193 388 586 580 1166 498 296 794 85 51 68
194 195 389 582 586 1168 495 299 794 85 51 68
194 194 388 582 581 1163 361 372 733 62 64 63
194 195 389 581 584 1165 337 362 699 58 62 60
193 196 389 580 588 1168 232 153 385 40 26 33
59 47 53
30
47
59
31
(vi)
270 272 542 1350 1362 2712 405 327 732 30 24 27
274 275 549 1371 1373 2744 1097 728 1825 80 53 67
272 273 545 1361 1369 2730 1048 931 1979 77 68 73
271 274 545 1359 1372 2731 1114 1125 2239 82 82 82
273 272 545 1365 1362 2727 1160 994 2154 85 73 79
273 273 546 1364 1364 2728 682 655 1337 50 48 49
404 348 376 67 58 63
32
58
67
33
(vii)
262 261 523 787 783 1570 236 188 424 30 24 27
260 259 519 779 777 1556 631 443 1074 81 57 69
260 260 520 780 782 1562 562 524 1086 72 67 70
261 260 521 785 781 1566 565 523 1088 72 67 70
258 258 516 776 777 1553 644 505 1149 83 65 74
261 258 519 783 774 1557 360 325 685 46 42 44
64 54 59
34
54
64
35
(viii)
239 232 471 1194 1162 2356 215 244 459 18 21 20
234 235 469 1170 1176 2346 714 494 1208 61 42 52
233 233 466 1163 1165 2328 756 559 1315 65 48 57
234 232 466 1172 1162 2334 785 639 1424 67 55 61
234 235 469 1168 1175 2343 794 705 1499 68 60 64
235 232 467 1173 1158 2331 469 440 909 40 38 39
53 44 49
36
44
53
37
(B)
(i)
33 33 66 330 330 660 142 161 303 43 49 46
33 33 66 330 330 660 160 162 322 48 49 49
33 33 66 330 330 660 215 154 369 65 47 56
33 33 66 330 330 660 213 174 387 65 53 59
33 33 66 330 330 660 174 215 389 53 65 59
33 33 36 330 330 660 155 128 283 47 39 43
54 50 52
38
50
54
39
(ii)
48 48 96 480 480 960 187 226 413 39 47 43
48 48 96 480 480 960 250 212 462 52 44 48
48 48 96 480 480 960 387 238 625 81 50 66
48 48 96 480 480 960 354 273 627 74 57 66
48 48 96 480 480 960 222 240 462 46 50 48
48 48 96 480 480 960 204 187 391 43 39 41
56 48 52
40
48
56
41
(iii)
12 12 24 120 120 240 62 63 125 52 53 53
12 12 24 120 120 240 73 67 140 61 56 58
12 14 26 120 140 260 104 71 175 85 51 67
12 12 24 120 120 240 109 88 197 91 73 82
13 12 15 30 120 50 20 83 103 58 69 69
12 12 24 120 120 240 78 59 137 65 49 57
69 59 64
42
69
59
43
(iv)
6 6 12 60 60 120 22 20 42 37 33 35
6 6 12 60 60 120 38 33 71 63 55 59
6 6 12 60 60 120 49 38 87 82 63 73
6 6 12 60 60 120 59 50 109 98 83 91
6 6 12 60 60 120 41 55 96 68 92 80
6 6 12 60 60 120 45 40 95 75 67 79
71 66 70
44
6671
45
(v)
18 18 36 180 180 360 88 61 149 49 34 42
18 18 36 180 180 360 122 110 232 68 61 64
18 18 36 180 180 360 174 106 280 97 59 78
18 18 36 180 180 360 166 140 306 92 78 85
18 18 36 180 180 360 94 116 210 52 64 58
18 18 36 180 180 360 93 89 182 52 49 51
68 56 63
46
56
68
47
C)
(i)
86 86 172 860 860 1720 352 232 384 41 27 34
85 84 169 850 840 1690 298 126 424 35 15 25
84 84 168 840 840 1680 135 117 252 16 14 15
86 85 171 860 850 1710 172 221 393 20 26 23
86 87 173 860 870 1730 223 122 345 26 14 20
86 86 172 860 860 1720 95 292 387 11 34 24
25 22 24
48
22
25
49
ii)
112 114 226 1356 1370 2726 461 315 776 34 23 29
113 115 228 1367 1382 2749 410 152 562 30 11 20
113 109 222 1367 1309 2676 205 144 349 15 11 13
114 112 226 1363 1341 2704 259 295 554 19 22 21
112 124 236 1341 1492 2833 295 174 474 22 12 17
112 112 224 1345 1345 2690 148 296 444 11 22 17
22 17 20
50
2 3
3 4
51
(iii)
101 101 202 603 604 1207 380 278 658 63 46 55
99 98 197 595 589 1184 327 159 486 55 27 41
100 101 201 600 605 1205 150 109 259 25 18 22
101 100 201 607 598 1205 176 239 415 29 40 35
100 98 198 598 587 1185 239 135 374 40 23 32
100 100 200 600 600 1200 108 276 374 18 46 32
38 33 36
52
33
38
53
(iv)
71 69 140 393 347 700 173 111 284 49 32 41
70 22 92 352 357 709 155 68 223 44 19 32
70 69 139 350 347 697 84 59 143 24 17 21
70 70 140 352 348 700 81 122 203 23 35 29
70 69 139 348 345 693 115 69 184 33 20 27
70 71 141 350 354 704 42 138 180 12 39 26
31 27 29
54
27
31
55
(v)
100 100 200 598 594 1192 299 196 495 50 33 42
100 100 200 605 594 1199 230 101 331 38 17 28
97 98 195 583 593 1176 105 89 194 18 15 17
98 98 196 588 588 1176 153 159 312 26 27 27
99 97 196 593 582 1175 160 99 252 27 17 22
100 100 200 615 606 1221 80 194 274 13 32 22
29 24 26
56
24
29
57
(vi)
46 46 92 601 602 1203 469 331 800 78 55 67
46 46 92 602 600 1202 397 168 565 66 28 47
46 46 92 600 695 1295 174 119 293 29 20 25
46 46 92 605 600 1205 212 270 482 35 45 40
46 46 92 605 607 1212 266 170 436 44 28 36
46 46 92 514 600 1114 113 330 443 22 55 39
46 39 42
58
39
46
59tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-߃
`uXnI kml-N-cy-߃
]c-º-cm-KX a’y--sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw_ß-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfpI-fnse
`uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS \nPÿnXn a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn BsI 79 ({Kmaw 32, \Kcw
47) kvIqfp-Iƒ ({]o{]-adn apX¬ F®.-F-kv.-hn.-F-®v.-F-kv) kμ¿in-®p.
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse `uXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fmb Ifn-ÿ-ew, iuNm-eb kuI-cy-
߃, kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-e-b-߃, HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/Hm∏¨ tÃPv, Np‰p-a-Xn¬, IpSn-sh-
ffw apX-em-bh ]cn-K-Wn-®p. Ch-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ p-ff hnh-c-ti-J-c-WamWv NphsS ]´nI
4.19 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
kvIfp-I-fnse `uXnI kml-N-cy-߃
`uXnI kml-N-cy-߃ kvIqfp-Iƒ BsI
{]oss{]adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv,
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc)
{Kmaw ]´Ww
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
(32) (47) (79)
1. Ifnÿew 29 91 45 96 74 94
2. iuNm-ebw 31 97 46 98 77 97
3. kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-ebw 30 94 46 98 76 96
4. HmUn-t‰m-dnbw 28 87 45 96 73 92
5. Np‰p-a-Xn¬ 17 53 32 68 49 62
6. IpSn-sh-≈w 19 59 39 83 58 73
BsI 80 90 86
]´nI 4.19
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏ v́ hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ̀ uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fmb Ifn-ÿ-ew, iuNm-
eb kuI-cy-߃, kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-e-b-߃, HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/Hm∏¨ tÃPv, Np‰p-a-
Xn¬ IpSn-sh-ffw F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-®-Xn¬ s]mXp-hmbn 86% hnZym-e-b-
ßfpw anI® kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-f-h-bmbn Is≠-Øn.
74 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kz¥-ambn Ifn-ÿ-e-hpw, 77 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ iuNm-eb kuI-cy-ß-fp-ap≠v.
76 kvIqfp-I-fn-emWv kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-e-b-ß-fp-f-f-Xv. HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/Hm∏¨ tÃPv
kuI--cy-ß-ƒ 73 kvIqfp-I-fn-ep≠v. 58 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ IpSn-sh-ff kuI-cy-hpw, 49 kvIqfp-I-
fn¬ Np‰p-a-Xn¬ kuI-cy-hp-ap-f-f-Xmbn ]T\ØneqsS Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
60tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
{KmaoW taJe ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 29 kvIqfp-Iƒ°v kz¥-ambn Ifn-ÿ-e-hpw, 31 kvIqfp-
I-fn¬ iuNm-eb kuI-cy-ß-fp-ap-≠v. kv{XokulrZ iuNm-e-b-ß-fp-ff kvIqfp-Iƒ 30
BWv. 28 kvIqfpI-fn-emWv HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/Hm∏¨tÃPv kuI-cy-ap-f-f-Xv. 17 kvIqfp-I-fn¬
Np‰p-a-Xn¬ kuI-cy-hpw, 19 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ IpSn-sh-ff kuI-cy-ß-fp-ap-f-f-Xmbn ]T-\-Øn-
eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p. samØ-Øn¬ 80% `uXnI kuI-cy-ß-tfmSp IqSn-bmWv
{KmWoW taJ-e-bnse hnZym-e-b-߃ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
\K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]T-\-Øn-\p-hn-t[-b-am-°nb 47 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 45 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kz¥-ambn
Ifn-ÿ-e-hpw, 46 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ iuNm-eb kuI-cy-ß-fp-ap-≠v. kv{Xo kulrZ iuNm-e-
b-ß-fp-f-fXpw 46 kvIqfp-I-fn-em-Wv. 45 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ HmUn-t‰m-dnbw/ Hm∏¨ tÃPv kuI-
cy-hpw, 32 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Np‰p-a-Xn¬ kuI-cy-hpw D≠v. 39 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ IpSn-sh-ff kuI-
cy-hp-ap-f-f-Xmbn ]T-\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p. samØ-Øn¬ 90% ̀ uXnI kuI-
cy-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. \K-c-ta-Jebnse kvIqfp-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
{KmaoW taJ-ebpw \K-c-ta-J-ebpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {KmaoW taJ-esb(80%) At]-
£n®v \K-c-ta-J-e-bnse (90%) kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ̀ uXnI kuI-cy-߃ IqSp-X-emWv F∂v a\-
n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
61tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
A°m-Z-anIw
]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIfpIfnse A°m-
Z-anI Imcy-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn
`uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS \nPÿnXn a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn BsI 79 ({Kmaw 32, \Kcw
47) kvIqfp-Iƒ ({]o{]-adn apX¬ F®.-F-kv.-]n.-F-®v.-F-kv) kμ¿in-®p.
a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse A°m-Z-anI
Imcy-ßfmb (kvIqƒ sse{_-dn, ssPh sshhn[y DZym-\w, Im¿jnI kwkvImcw
hf¿Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃, em_v kuI-cy-߃, hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ F∂nhbpambn _‘-
s∏´ hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww \S-b-Øn-bXv NphsS ]´nI 4.20 ¬ sImSp-°p∂p
]´nI 4.20 kvIqfp-I-fnse A°-Z-anI kuI-cy-߃
A°m-Z-anIw kvIqfp-Iƒ BsI
{]oss{]adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv,
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc)
{Kmaw ]´Ww
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
(32) (47) (79)
1. kvIqƒ sse{_dn 30 94 44 94 74 94
2. ssPh sshhn[y DZym\w 28 88 40 85 68 86
3. Im¿jnI kwkvImcw hf¿
Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff {]h-¿Ø\-߃ 31 97 39 83 70 89
4. em_v kuI-cy-߃ 23 72 34 72 57 72
5. hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ 18 56 33 70 51 65
BsI 81 81 81
]´nI 4.20
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ A°m-Z-anI Imcy-ß-fmb kvIqƒ sse{_-
dn, ssPh sshhn[y DZym-\w, Im¿jnI kwkvImcw hf¿Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃, em_v
kuI-cy-߃, hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-®-t∏mƒ 81% hnZym-e-b-
ßfpw anI® A°m-Z-anI kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-f-h-bmbn Is≠-Øn.
]T\w \S-Ønb 79 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 74 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kvIqƒ sse{_-dn-bpw, 68 kvIqfp-I-fn¬
ssPh sshhn[y DZym-\-ß-fp-ap-f-f-Xmbn Is≠-Øn. Im¿jnI kwkvImcw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-
\p-ff {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 70 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-™p. em_v kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-fXv 57
kvIqfp-I-fn-em-Wv. 51 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ t]mse-bp-f-fh \S-°m-dp-s≠∂pw
]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
62tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
{KmaoW taJe ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ BsI-bp≈ 32 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 30 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ sse{_dn
kuI-cy-ßfpw 28 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ssPh-sshhn[y DZym-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Im¿jnI kwkvImcw
hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 31 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-™p. 23 kvIqfp-I-fn-
emWv em_v kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-f-Xv. 18 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnt\m-Z-bm{X t]mse-bp-f-fh \S-Øm-
dp-s≠∂pw ]T-\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p.
\K-c-ta-J-ebnse kvIqfp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ BsI-bp≈ 47 kvIfp-I-fn¬ 44 kvIqfp-
I-fn¬ kvIqƒ sse{_-dn-bpw, 40 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn[y DZym-\-ß-fp-ap-≠v. 39 kvIqfp-
I-fn¬ Im¿jnI kwkvImcw hf¿Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ImWm≥ Ign-™p. 34 kvIqfp-
I-fn-emWv em_v kuI-cy-ß-fp-f-f-Xv. 33 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ t]mse-bp-f-fh
\S-Øm-dp-s≠∂pw ]T-\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw Im¿jnI kwkvImcw
hf¿Øp-∂-Xnepw bYm{Iaw (56%, 97%) BsW-¶n¬ \K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ AXv bYm-{Iaw
(70%, 83% BWv) F∂v Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
63tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
sF.‰n km[y-X-Iƒ
]c-º-c-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfp-I-fpsS
kmaq-lnI \ne-hmcw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn BsI 79 kvIqfp-Iƒ ({Kmaw 32, \Kcw 47)
{]oss{]-adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv / hn.F-®v.-Fkv.C hsc-bp≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ kμ¿in-®p.
a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse sF.‰n ]T\
kml-N-cy-ß-fmb (C‚¿s\-‰v, kvam¿´v ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ) F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-ff hnh-
c-ti-J-c-Ww \S-Øn-bXv NphsS ]´n-I-bn¬ (4.21) sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI 4.21.
sF.‰n. km[y-X-Iƒ kw_v[n® hni-b-߃
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfnse C‚¿s\-‰v, kvam¿´v ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ F∂n-
hbpsS hnh-c-߃ BsI 79 hnZym-e-bßfn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn-®-Xn¬
\ne-hn¬ 76 (95%) hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ C‚¿s\‰v kuIcyw e`y-am-Wv. kvam¿´v ¢mkv apdn-Iƒ
\ne-hn-ep-≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ 49 (62%) BWv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-I-fn¬ 32 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ 29 (90%) kvIqfp-I-fnepw C‚¿s\‰v kuIcyw e`y-
am-Wv. 18 (56%) kvIqfp-I-fn¬ kvam¿´v ¢mkv kuI-cy-ß-fp-≠v.
\K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ BsI hnhc tiJ-dn® 47 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw (100%) kvIqfp-I-
fnepw C‚¿s\‰v kuI-cy-ap-≠v. ChnsS kvam¿´v ¢mkv kuI-cy-߃ 68% kvIqfp-I-fn¬
e`y-am-Wv.
\K-c-ta-J-esb (84%) At]-£n®v {Kma-ta-J-e-bn¬ (73%) sF.‰n. A[n-jvTnX ]T\ kml-
N-cy-߃ Ipd-hp-f-f-Xmbn ]T\w sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
sF.‰n km[y-X-Iƒ kvIqfp-Iƒ BsI
{]oss{]adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv,
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc)
{Kmaw ]´Ww
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
(32) (47) (79)
1. C‚¿s\-‰v 29 90 47 100 76 95
2. kvam¿´v ¢mkvapdn-Iƒ 18 56 32 68 49 62
BsI 73 84 79
]´nI 4.21
64tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
kmaq-lnIw]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfp-I-fpsS kaq-
ln-I-amb \ne-hmcw hnen-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn kmaq-lnI \ne-hmcw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-
\mbn BsI 79 kvIqfp-Iƒ ({Kmaw 32, \Kcw 47) {]oss{]-adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv./
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc-bp≈ kvIqfp-Iƒ kμ¿in-®p.
a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpambn _‘-s∏-´-
F-kv.-Fw. kn/]n.Sn.F, ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\, anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ apX-em-
bh ]cn-K-Wn-®p. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-ff hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww NphsS ]´nI 4.22 ¬ \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.22 kmaq-lnI hnh-c-߃
]´nI 4.22
tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse kmaq-lnI Imcy-ß-fmb F-kv.-Fw.kn/
]n.Sn.F, ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\, anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-
߃ tiJ-cn-®-Xn¬ 83% hnZym-e-b-ßfpw kmaq-lnI ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn¬ ap∂n-´p-\n¬°p-∂p.
BsI hnhcw tiJ-cn® 79 kvIqfp-I-fnepw F-kv.-Fw,kn/]n.Sn.F {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Imcy-
£-a-am-Wv. ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-f-fXv 53 kvIqfp-I-fn-em-Wv. 65 kvIqfp-
I-fn¬ anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ t]mse-bp-ff {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw ]T-
\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p.
{Kmao-W-ta-Je ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ BsI ]T\w \n¿h-Kn® 32 kvIqfp-I-fnepw (100%) F-
kv.-Fw,kn/]n.Sn.F {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. 21 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]q¿h-hn-Zym¿Yn kwL-S-\-Iƒ
\ne-hn-ep-≠v. anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ t]mse-bp-ff {]h¿Ø-\-߃ 24 kvIqfp-I-fn¬
\S-°p-∂p-≠v F∂pw ]T-\-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p.
\K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ F-kv.-Fw,kn/]n.Sn.F ]T\w \n¿h-ln® 47 kvIqfp-I-fnepw (100%) {]h¿Ø-
\-£-a-am-Wv. 32 kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xmbpw, 41
kvIqfp-I-fn¬ anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ t]mse-bp-ff {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw
hy‡-amWv.
{KmaoW taJ-esb (80%) At]-£n®v \K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ (85%) kmaq-lnI ]¶m-fnØw \√
coXn-bn-ep-s≠∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.
kmaq-lnIw kvIqfp-Iƒ BsI
{]oss{]adn apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv,
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc)
{Kmaw ]´Ww
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
(32) (47) (79)
1. F-kv.-Fw,kn/]n.Sn.F 32 100 47 100 79 100
2. ]q¿h hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\ 21 66 32 68 53 67
3. anI-hp-’hw kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬ 24 75 41 87 65 82
BsI 80 85 83
65tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn. hni-I-e\w
1. {]oss{]-adn Xe-Ønse Bi-b-hn-\n-ab hne-bn-cp-ج
aqey-\n¿Wbw
BsI 242 ({Kmaw 117, \Kcw 125) {]oss{]-adn Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏-SpØn ]T-\-hn-[-b-am-°n-b-Xv.
Bib hn\n-abw ˛ {]oss{]-adn Xe-Øn-se- Ip-´n-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \S-Ønb
]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ß-fmWv NphsS ]´nI 4.23 ¬ X∂n-´p-≈-Xv.
]´nI 4.23 {]oss{]-adn ̨ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 86 74 89 71 175 72
Xr]vXn-Icw 20 16 18 14 38 15
icm-icn 9 8 14 11 23 10
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 2 2 4 4 6 3
BsI 117 100 125 100 242 100
]´nI 4.23
{]oss{]-adn hn`m-K-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ°v efn-X-amb IfnIƒ \¬In Ah F{X-am{Xw a\- n-
em°n F∂ \nco-£n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 72% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xmbn Is≠-
Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 15% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 10% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-
icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ 3% Ip´n-Iƒ hfsc ]nt∂m-́ m-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 74% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw
{]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p F∂v ImWmw. 16% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-camb {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv°p-tºmƒ
8% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 2% Ip´n-Iƒ am{X-amWv hfsc ]nt∂m-°-amb
\ne-hmcw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv.
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 71% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 14% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb
\ne-hm-c-Ønepw {]h¿Øn®p. 11% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. hfsc ]nt∂m°w
t]mbXv \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 4% BWv.
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ anI® \ne-hmcw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-
cpsS FÆw Gsd-°psd Xpey-am-sW∂v ImWmw. F∂m¬ hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-
Xn¬ ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ip´n-Iƒ IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWmw.
(ii) {]oss{]-adn Xe-Ønse Ip´n-I-fpsS {]I-S\w hne-bn-cp-ج:
{]oss{]-adn Xe-Ønse Ip´n-Isf {]I-S\w hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am°n BsI 24 Ip´n-
Iƒ ({Kmaw 117, \Kcw 125). t{ImUo-I-cn® hni-Zmw-i-߃ NphsS ]´nI 4.24 ¬ \¬In-bn-
cn-°p-∂p.
66tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
{]oss{]-a-dn-X-e-Ønse Ip´n-I-fpsS {]I-S\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 61% Ip´n-Iƒ anI®
coXn-bnepff {]I-S-\-߃ \S-Øp∂p F∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-
bn¬ {]I-S\w \n¿h-ln-®-h¿ 19% BWv. 16% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv {]I-S\w
\S-Øn-b-Xv. 4% t]¿°v am{X-amWv {]I-S\w \S-Øm≥ sshjayw t\cn-́ -Xv. imco-cnI£aX
Ipd-™tXm t\cnb _p≤n-am-μytam AXn\v Imc-W-am-Imw.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 66% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® coXn-bn¬ {]I-
S\w \n¿h-ln®p F∂v ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. Xr]vXnI-c-ambn {]I-S\w \S-Øn-b-h¿ 18%
hpw icm-icn {]I-S\w \S-Øn-b-h¿ 13% hpw BWv. 3% {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ°v
{]I-S\w \S-Øm≥ Xosc Ign-™n-√. \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 56% Ip´n-Iƒ°v anI® {]I-S\w
ImgvN-h-bv°m≥ Ign-™p. 20% Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn-epw, 19% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-
icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw {]I-S\w \n¿h-ln-°p∂p F∂v ImWmw. 5% Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]I-S\w
\n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v Xosc Ign-bp-∂n√ F∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ Ip´n-Iƒ anI® {]I-
S\w ImgvN-h-bv°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ap∂n-em-sW∂v ImWmw. F∂m¬ {]I-S\w
ImgvNhbv°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ip´n-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ \K-c-Øn-em-sW∂v ImWmw.
(iii) F¬.]n Xe-Ønse ae-bm-fw ˛ hmb-\-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
F¬.-]n Xew hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v BsI 258 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ]T\w hnt[-b-am-°n-
b-Xv. ({Kmaw 121, \Kcw 137) hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-ج hni-Zmwiw NphsS
]´nI 4.25 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.25 F¬.]n ae-bmfw ̨ hm-b\
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 53 43 44 32 97 38
Xr]vXn-Icw 42 35 41 30 83 32
icm-icn 19 16 35 26 54 21
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 7 6 17 12 24 9
BsI 121 100 137 100 258 100
]´nI 4.25
]´nI 4.23 {]oss{]-adn ̨ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 86 74 89 71 175 72
Xr]vXn-Icw 20 16 18 14 38 15
icm-icn 9 8 14 11 23 10
hfsc ]n∂m°w 2 2 4 4 6 3
BsI 117 100 125 100 242 100
]´nI 4.24
67tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
temh¿ ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´v 38% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-
hmcw ]pe¿Øn F∂v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂p. 32% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmb\
\n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 21% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv hmb\ \n¿h-ln-®Xv. 9% Ip´n-Iƒ
Xosc hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-cmbn D≠v F∂Xv {]tXyIw {i≤-]-Xn-tb-≠-Im-cy-am-Wv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p--tºmƒ 43% Ip´n-Iƒ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb-\-
bn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn F∂v ImWmw. 35% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-®p.
16% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 6% Ip´n-Iƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
\K-c{]tZi-ß-fn¬ 32% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 30% Ip´n-Iƒ hmb-\-
bn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 26% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-
t∏mƒ 12% Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xo¿Øpw hmbn-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ hmb-\-bn¬ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-߃ Aev]w
ap∂n-em-sW∂v ImWmw. F∂m¬ hmb\ Xosc Ign-bmØ Imcy-Øn¬ ]´-W-Øn-ep-ff
Ip´n-Iƒ IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWmw.
(iv) F¬.]n Xew ]cn-kc ]T\w ˛ hne-bn-cp-ج:
F¬.]n Xew ]cn-kc ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønb BsI 258 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw
121, \Kcw 137) ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. Ah-cpsS \nehmcw kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-߃
NphsS ]´nI 4.26 ¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
]´nI 4.26 F¬.]n ̨ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w hne-bn-cp-ج
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 46 38 43 31 89 35
Xr]vXn-Icw 30 25 31 23 61 24
icm-icn 19 15 19 14 38 15
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 26 22 44 32 70 26
BsI 121 100 137 100 258 100
]´nI 4.26
temh¿ ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn anI® [mc-W-bp-ff Ip´n-
Iƒ 35% BWv. 24% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 15% Ip´n-Iƒ
icm-icn \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ 26% Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]c-k-c-]-T-\-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏´v icn-bmb [mcW ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-´n√ F∂v ]T\w sXfn-bn-
°p∂p.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 38% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hm-c-
Øn¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w \n¿h-
ln-°p-∂Xv 25%hpw, icm-icn \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-®Xv 15%hpw BWv. {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬
22% Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ icn-bmb [mcW ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-´n√ F∂v
ImWmw.
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 31% Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ anI-®-\n-e-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-
Wv. 23% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bnepw 14% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-amWv ]cn-k-c-
68tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]-T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h¿ 32% BsW∂v ImWmw.
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿ {Kma-
{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-em-Wv. F∂m¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-
h¿ ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWmw.
(v) F¬.]n ae-bmfw ˛ `mjWw:
F¬.]n Xe-Øn¬ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bXv 258 Ip´n-I-sf-bm-Wv. ({Kmaw 121, ]´Ww 137)
`mj-W-h-ambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.27 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-
∂p.
]´nI 4.27 F¬.]n : ae-bmfw ̨ ̀ mjWw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 31 26 37 27 68 26
Xr]vXn-Icw 50 40 43 32 93 36
icm-icn 14 12 37 27 51 20
hfsc ]n∂m°w 26 22 20 14 46 18
BsI 121 100 137 100 258 100
]´nI 4.27
temh¿ ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ ae-bmfw ̀ mj-W-Øn¬ 26% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-
∂p. Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn ae-bmfw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿ 36% Ip´n-I-fm-Wv. 20% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn
`mj-W-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-tºmƒ 18% Ip´n-Iƒ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 26% Ip´n-Iƒ ae-bmf `mj-W-Øn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p.
40% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn `mj-W-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂p. 12% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-
Øn-em-Wv. 22% Ip´n-Iƒ {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ `mj-W-Øn¬ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ae-bmfw `mj-W-Øn¬ 27% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcØnem-Wv. 32%
Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 27% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-am-Wv. 14%
Ip´n-Iƒ hfsc ]nt∂m-°hp-am-Wv.
\K-chpw {Kmahpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-˛-\-Kc A¥cw Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw {Kma-{]-
tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv `mj-W-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ F∂p ImWmw.
(vi) F¬.]n Xew -˛ KWnXw ˛ kwJym t_m[w
temh¿ ss{]adn Xe-Øn¬ KWn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 178 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv hne-bn-cp-
Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°n-bXv. CXn¬ 81 t]¿ {Kma-{]-tZ-iØpw 97 t]¿ \Kc {]tZ-iØpw D≈-
∂p-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.28 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
69tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]´nI 4.28 KWnXw : kwJym-t_m[w (F¬.]n Xew)
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 34 42 23 24 57 33
Xr]vXn-Icw 22 27 15 15 37 21
icm-icn 13 16 32 33 45 24
hfsc ]n∂m°w 12 15 27 28 39 22
BsI 81 100 97 100 178 100
]´nI 4.28
temh¿ ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ KWn-X-Øn¬ 33% Ip´n-Iƒ°v anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ kwJym-
t_m-[-ap-≠v. 21% Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hn[Øn¬ kwJym-t_m-[-ap-≠v. 24% Ip´n-Iƒ
icm-i-cn-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 22% Ip´n-Iƒ kwJym-t_m-[--Øn¬ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 42% Ip´n-Iƒ anI-®-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ kwJym-t_m-[-\-ap-f-f-h-cm-Wv. 27%
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ kwJym-t_m-[--ap-≠v. 16% Ip´n-Iƒ Cu cwKØv icm-
icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ 15% Ip´n-Iƒ Cu cwKØv hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.
]´-W-Ønse Ip´n-I-fn¬ 24% Ip´n-Iƒ°v am{X-amWv anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ kwJym-t_m-[-
ap-f-f-Xv. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ 15% Ip´n-I-fp-≠v. 33% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-
Øn-em-Wv. \K-c-{]-tZ-iØv 28% Ip´n-Iƒ°v kwJym-t_m[w th≠{X t\Sm≥ Ign-™n-
´n√.
kwJym-t_m-[-Øn¬ \K-c-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ip´n-Iƒ {KmaoWtc°mƒ Gsd ]n∂n-em-Wv.
(vii) bp.]n. Xew ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\:
bp.]n Xew ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ BsI 223 Ip´n-Ise ({Kmaw 98, ]´Ww
125) bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI
4.29 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.29 bq.]n: ae-bmfw ̨ hmb\
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 39 40 27 20 66 30
Xr]vXn-Icw 18 18 58 46 76 33
icm-icn 25 26 34 25 59 25
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 16 16 6 9 22 12
BsI 98 100 125 100 223 100
]´nI 4.29
ae-bmfw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn A∏¿ ss{]a-dn-X-e-Ønse Ip´n-I-fn¬ 30% t]¿
anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿ 33%hpw icm-
icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿ 25%hpw BWv. F∂m¬ 12% Ip´n-Iƒ°v ae-bmfw hmb\
70tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
A∏¿ ss{]adnXe-Øn-se-Øn-bn-́ pw icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bpambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ A∏¿ss{]-a-dn-X-e-Ønse
Ip´n-Ifn¬ 40% t]¿ hfsc anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 18% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-camb hn`m-K-
Øn-¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. 26% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-tºmƒ 16% t]¿ hmb-\-bpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv.
A¿_≥ taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff A∏¿ss{]-adn Ip´n-Ifn¬ 20% t]¿ am{Xta Db¿∂ hmb-
\m-tijn Df-f-h-cmbn ImWp-∂p-f-fp. 46% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°m≥ Adn-bm-hp∂
hn`m-K-Øn¬ Df-f-h-cm-Wv. 25% t]¿ icm-i-cn-\n-e-hmcØn¬ Df-f-hcpw 9% t]¿ H´pw hmbn-
°m≥ Adn™pIqSm-Ø-hcpw BWv.
taJ-e-Iƒ XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ hmb-\-bn¬ anI® hmb-\m-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-
∂Xv {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ Dff Ip´n-I-fm-Wv. H´pw Xs∂ hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ip´n-Ifpw
{Kma-{]-tZ-i-ØmWv IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
(viii) bp.]n. Xew ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿® kwhmZw
bp.]n Xew ae-bmfw N¿®v ˛ kwhm-Z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 158 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv hne-bn-
cp-Ø-en\v hn[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. CXn¬ 78 Ip´n-Iƒ {Kma {]tZ-iØpw 80 Ip´n-Iƒ ]´W {]tZ-
iØp s]Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. hne-bn-cp-ج hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.30 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.30 N¿® ̨ kwhmZw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 19 24 14 18 33 21
Xr]vXn-Icw 28 36 29 36 57 36
icm-icn 14 18 16 20 30 19
hfsc ]n∂m°w 17 22 21 26 38 24
BsI 78 100 80 100 158 100
]´nI 4.30
A∏¿ss{]-a-dn-X-e-Ønse Ip´n-I-fn¬ 21% Ip´n-Iƒ N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw anI® \ne-
hmcw ]pe¿Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 36% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn-emWv kwhm-Z-Øn¬
]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv. 19% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 24% Ip´n-Iƒ ]n≥h-en™p
\n¬°p-∂-XmWv ImWm≥ Ign-™-Xv.
{Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 24% Ip´n-Iƒ N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-
Ønepw hfsc kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xmbn IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 36% Ip´nIƒ
\√ {]Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p ImgvN-h-®Xv. 18% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
22% Ip´n-Iƒ Ch-bn¬ \n∂v Hgn™v amdn \n∂p.
A¿_≥ Gcn-b-bn¬ \n∂v 18% Ip´n-Iƒ am{Xta Ch-bn¬ \√ {]I-S\w ImgvN-h®v ImWp-
∂p-f-fp. Chn-sSbpw 36% Ip´n-I-fpsS kPoh ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 20% Ip´n-Iƒ
sNdnb coXn-bn¬ am{Xta CS-s]-´p-f-fp. 26% Ip´n-Iƒ ]n≥hmßn \n∂p.
bq.]n hn`m-K-Øn¬ N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw dqd¬ hn`m-K-Øn-ep-ap-ff Ip´n-Iƒ BWv
A¿_≥ hn`m-K-Øn-ep-f-f-h-sc-°mƒ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bn-ep-ff ]¶m-fn-Ø-
71tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
Øn¬ Htc t]mep-ff ]¶m-fnØw Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]n≥h-en™p \n¬°p∂
Ip´n-Ifn¬ IqSp-X¬ ImWp-∂Xv ]´-W-ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv.
(ix) bp.]n. Xew ˛ KWnXw hne-bn-cp-ج:
bq.]n Xew KWn-X-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ 203 Ip´n-Isf ({Kmaw 78, \Kcw 125) bmWv
]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. Ip´n-I-fpsS anI-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-Zmw-i-߃ NphsS ]´nI
(4.31) bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.31 KWnXw ̨ bq ]n
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 29 37 20 16 49 24
Xr]vXn-Icw 23 30 44 40 67 33
icm-icn 19 24 30 24 49 24
hfsc ]n∂m°w 7 9 31 20 38 19
BsI 78 100 125 100 203 100
]´nI 4.31
A∏¿ss{]adn Xe-Ønse Ip´n-I-fpsS KWn-X-an-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 24% Ip´n-Iƒ
anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p F∂v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-®p. 33% Ip´n-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬
Xr]vXn-I-c-amb {]I-S\w ImgvN hbv°p-tºmƒ 24% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-
∂-h-cm-Wv. 19% Ip´n-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ Gsd-]n-∂m-°-amWv. CXv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\
A¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn-ep-ff Ip´n-Ifn¬ 37% Ip´n-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ hfsc ap∂n¬ \nev°p-
∂p. 30% Ip´n-Iƒ kmam-\y-amb Imcy-ßsf Ipdn®v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb Ah-t_m[w Df-f-h-cm-
Wv. 24% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Df-f-h-cm-Wv. 9% Ip´n-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ hfsc
]n∂n-em-Wv.
\K-c-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 16% Ip´n-Iƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ \√ Ah-
t_m[w Df-f-h-cm-Wv. 40% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Df-f-hcpw 24% t]¿ icm-
icn hn`m-K-Øn¬ Df-f-h-cp-am-Wv. 20% Ip´n-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\-⁄m\w t]mepw C√m-Ø-h-
cmsW∂v ImWmw.
s]mXpsh t\m°p-tºmƒ KWn-X-Øn¬ Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ip´n-Iƒ {Kma
{]tZ-iØv \n∂p-ffhcm-sW∂v ImWmw. kmam\yambn Adn-hp-ff Ip´nIƒ IqSp-X¬
Df-fXv A¿_≥ hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂p-f-f-h-cm-Wv. KWn-X-Øn¬ ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n¬°p-
∂Xpw IqSp-X¬ A¿_≥ hn`m-K-Ønepff Ip´n-I-fm-Wv.
(x) bp.]n -˛ Cw•ojv hmb\ hnen-b-cp-ج
bp.]n Xew Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 175 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-
°n-b-Xv. CXn¬ 95 Ip´n-Iƒ {Kma {]tZ-iØpw 80 Ip´n-Iƒ \Kc {]tZ-iØpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-
Wv. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.32 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
72tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]´nI 4.32 Cw•ojv hmb\ (bq.]n)
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 21 22 18 22 39 22
Xr]vXn-Icw 34 36 31 39 65 37
icm-icn 30 32 19 24 49 28
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 10 10 12 15 22 13
BsI 95 100 80 100 175 100
]´nI 4.32
]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ A∏¿ss{]-adnXe-Øn¬ Cw•ojv anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°m≥
22% t]¿°v Ign-bpw F∂v ImWmw. 37% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°p-tºmƒ 28% Ip´n-Iƒ
icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Cw•ojv H´pw hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ 13% Ip´n-
Iƒ A∏¿ss{]-a-dn-X-e-Øn-ep-s≠-∂Xv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂
Ip´n-Iƒ 22%amWv. 36% Ip´nIƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Cw•ojv hmbn-°p-tºmƒ icm-icn \ne-
hm-c-Øn-ep-f-fXv 32% t]¿ BWv. 10% {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ°v Cw•ojv hmbn-
°m≥ Ign-bp-∂tX C√.
]´-W-Øn¬ 22% Ip´n-Iƒ°v anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p.
Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°p-∂-h¿ 39%amWv. icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-f-fXv 24% Ip´n-I-fm-Wv.
Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ Adn--bm-Ø-h¿ \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw 15% Xs∂-bm-Wv.
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøptºmƒ ]´-W-{]-tZ-isØ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Cw•ojv
hmb-\-bn¬ {Kma {]tZ-i-hp-ambn henb hyXym-k-an-√ F∂v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬
Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {Kma-Øn-sebpw ]´-W-Øn-sebpw Ip´n-
IfpsS FÆw Xpey-am-sW∂v ImWmw.
(xi) bp.]n. Xew ˛ Cw•ojv `mjWw hne-bn-cp-ج
bp.]n Xew Cw•ojv {Smj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 158 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v
hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. CXn¬ 78 Ip´n-I-ƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp≈ hcpw 80 Ip´n-Iƒ \Kc {]tZ-i-
Øp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´n-I-bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.33 Cw•ojv ̀ mjWw (bq.]n)
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 4 5 29 37 33 21
Xr]vXn-Icw 36 46 21 26 57 36
icm-icn 17 22 17 21 34 22
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 21 27 13 16 34 21
BsI 78 100 80 100 158 100
]´nI 4.33
73tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
A∏¿ss{]-adnXe-Øn¬ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ Bi-b-\-hn-\n-abw \S-
Øm≥ 21% Ip´n-Iƒ°v am{Xta Ign-bp-∂p-f-fp. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ 36% Ip´n-Iƒ Bi-
b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-tºmƒ 22% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-
Øp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ 21% Ip´n-Iƒ°v Cw•o-jn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂n√
F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 5% Ip´n-Iƒ°v am{Xta Cw•o-
jn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abØn\v Ign-bp-∂p-f-fp. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-
Øp-∂-h¿ 46% BWv. icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ 22% t]¿ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂p.
F∂m¬ H´pw Xs∂ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v km[n-°m-Ø-h¿ {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 27%
Ds≠∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ anI® coXn-bn¬ Cw•o-jn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v 37% Ip´n-
Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p. 26% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bnepw 21% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-
bnepw Cw•o-jn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. 16% Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
Cw•o-jn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v Ign-bp-∂n-√.
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ Cw•o-jn¬ anI® coXn-bn¬ Bi-b-hn-
\n-abw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h¿ ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ImWmw. Cw•o-
jn¬ H´pw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Ign-bm-Ø-hcpw ]´W{]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv IqSp-X¬ F∂v ImWmw.
(xi) sslkvIqƒ Xew ˛ ae-bmfw `mjWw hne-bn-cp-ج:
sslkvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ ae-bmfw `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 277 Ip´n-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv
hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-®-Xv. CXn¬ 145 t]¿ {Kma {]tZ-i-Øp-≈-hcpw 132 t]¿ ]´W {]tZ-i-
Øp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv. hne-bn-cp-ج hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.34 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.34 ae-bmfw ̨ ̀ mjWw (sslkvIqƒ)
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 72 45 34 28 106 36
Xr]vXn-Icw 51 41 58 39 109 40
icm-icn 19 9 28 22 47 16
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 3 5 12 11 15 8
BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100
]´nI 4.34
]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ a\- n-em-°m-dp≈ Imcy-߃ NphsS tImSp-°p-∂p.
sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ae-bmfw `mj-W-Øn¬ 36% Ip´n-Iƒ anI®
\ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 40% Ip´n-Iƒ `mj-W-Øn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-
t∏mƒ 16% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿ØpI am{X-amWv sNbvX-Xv. 8% Ip´n-Iƒ°v
`mjWw \n¿h-ln-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂n√ F∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Hgp-t°m-sS-bp-ff hmb\
Xosc-bn√ F∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 45% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw
74tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ae-bmfw hmb\ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 38% Ip´n-
Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 39% Ip´n-Iƒ hmb\-bn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw
]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ. 17% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 6% Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xosc
hmbn-°m≥ ]‰p-∂n√ F∂Xv {]tXyI {i≤ \¬tI≠ Imcy-am-Wv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 50% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw
hmb-\-bn¬ ]pe¿Øn. 35% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 13% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-
icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. hfsc Ipd®p Ip´nIƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂n√ F∂pw
Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
\K-c-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 26% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn.
44% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 21% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-
hmcw am{X-amWv ]pe¿ØnbXv. 9% Ip´n-Iƒ°v \K-c-{]-tZ-iØv hmb\ icn-bmbn \n¿h-
ln-°m≥ km[n-®n-√.
]´Ww, {Kmaw F∂nh Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h¿ IqSp-X¬ anI®
\ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. F∂m¬ ]´W {]tZ-i-Øp-ff Ip´n-Iƒ hmb-\-
bn¬ Gsd sa®-s∏-tS-≠-sX∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
hmb-\-bn¬ ]pe¿Øn. 41% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 9% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-
icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ sslkvIqƒX-e-Øn¬ ae-bmfw `mjWw Hgp-t°msS
\n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-bmØ 5% Ip´n-Iƒ D≠v F∂Xv {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-am-Wv.
\K-c-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 28% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn.
39% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ 22% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-
hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 11% Ip´n-Iƒ°v `mjWw Hgp-t°msS \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.
\K-cw, {Kmaw Xmc-Xayw \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ IqSp-X¬
anIhv ]pe¿Øn-b-Xmbn ImWm≥ km[n-°pw. F∂m¬ ]´W {]tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h-cmWv `mj-
W-Øn¬ Gsd ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ F∂p ImWmw.
(xii) sslkv°qƒ Xew ˛ ae-bmfw hmb\ hne-bn-cp-ج:
sslkvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ ae-bmfw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v 277 IpS-Sn-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw
145, \Kcw 132) ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI- 4.35 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.35 ae-bmfw ̨ hmb\ (sslkvIqƒ)
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 72 50 34 26 106 38
Xr]vXn-Icw 51 25 58 44 109 39
icm-icn 19 13 28 21 47 17
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 3 2 12 9 15 6
BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100
]´nI 4.35
75tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]´nI 4.36
sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cw•ojv `mjWw anI® coXn-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-
°p-∂-Xn\v 21% Ip´n-Iƒ°v km[n-®p. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ 42% Ip´n-Iƒ `mjWw
\n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 24% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ 13% Ip´n-Iƒ°v
Cw•ojv `mjWw \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn 27% Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ anI® {]I-S\w
ImgvN-h-®p. Xr]vXn-I-c-amb {]I-S\w 43% t]¿ \n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 23% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn
{]I-S\w \S-Øn. 7% Ip´n-Iƒ `mjWw \n¿h-ln-®n-√.
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 14% Ip´n-Iƒ am{X-amWv anI® \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-®-Xv. 41% Ip´n-Iƒ
Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn `mjWw \n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 25% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw am{X-amWv
]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. 20% Ip´n-Iƒ `mjWw \n¿h-ln-°m≥ hfsc ]n∂n-em-bn-cp-∂p.
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ Ip´n-I-fmWv Cw•ojv
`mj-W-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ anIhv ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv F∂p ImWmw. F∂m¬ Cw•ojv `mj-W-
Øn¬ Gsd ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂Xv \K-c-{]-tZ-isØ Ip´n-I-fm-Wv.
(xiv) sslkvIqƒ ˛ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-ج:
sslkvIqƒ ˛ Cw•ojv hmb-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 277 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 145,
\Kcw 132) hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.37 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-
°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.37 Cw•ojv hmb\ (sslkvIqƒ)
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 52 36 13 11 65 24
Xr]vXn-Icw 57 39 52 39 109 39
icm-icn 28 19 36 27 64 23
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 8 6 31 23 39 14
BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100
(xiii) sslkvIqƒ Xew ˛ Cw•ojv `mjWw ˛ hne-bn-cp-ج:
sslkvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ 277 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-bXv {Kma {]tZ-iØv 145
Ip´n-Ifpw 132 Ip´n-Iƒ \Kc {]tZ-iØv D≈-h-cp-am-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.36 ¬ \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.36 Cw•ojv ̀ mjWw (sslkvIqƒ)
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 39 27 19 14 58 21
Xr]vXn-Icw 63 43 54 41 117 42
icm-icn 33 23 33 25 66 24
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 10 7 26 20 36 13
BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100
]´nI 4.37
76tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cw•ojv hmb\ anI® coXn-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-
∂-Xn\v 24% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. 39% Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•ojv
Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmbn-®-t∏mƒ icm-icn hmb\ \n¿h-ln-®Xv 23% Ip´nIƒ°p
am{X-amWv. 14% Ip´n-Iƒ°v hmbn-°mt\ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn t\m°p-tºmƒ 36% Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•ojv hmb-\bn¬
anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmb\ \n¿h-ln-®Xv 39% t]cm-Wv.
19% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 6% Ip´n-Iƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fn¬ 11% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 39% Ip´n-Iƒ
Cw•ojv Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-®-t∏mƒ 27% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 23%
Ip´n-Iƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.
{Kmahpw ]´-Whpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ
Ip´n-Iƒ Gsd ap∂n-em-sW-∂v ImWmw. am{X-a√ ]´W {]tZ-isØ Ip´n-I-fmWv Cw•ojv
hmbn-°m-\-dn-bm-Ø-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ F∂v ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.
(xv) sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ N¿®v kwhmZw ˛ hne-bn-cp-ج:
sslkvIqƒ ˛ ae-bmfw N¿® kwhmZw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 277 Ip´n-I-sf-
bmWv ]T\ hnt[-bm-am-°-bn-Xv. CXn¬ 145 t]¿ {Kma {]tZ-iØpw 130 t]¿ \Kc {]tZ-i-
Øp-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´n-I-bn¬ \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.38 F®v.-Fkv ae-bmfw ̨ N¿® kwhmZw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 48 33 28 21 76 27
Xr]vXn-Icw 63 43 52 39 115 42
icm-icn 13 9 30 23 43 16
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 21 15 22 17 43 15
BsI 145 100 132 100 277 100
]´nI 4.38
sslkvIqƒ hn`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ae-bmfw N¿® kwhm-Z-Øn¬ 27% Ip´n-Iƒ
anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 42% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn®t∏mƒ 16%
Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-amWv ssIh-cn-®-Xv. 15% Ip´n N¿® kwhmZØn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥
Xmev]cyw Im´p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ 33% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw
ssIh-cn-®p. 43% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØt∏mƒ 9% t]¿ icm-
icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 14% {KmaoW Ip´n-Iƒ kwhm-Z-Øn¬ henb Xmev]-cyw {]I-
Sn-∏n-®n-√.
]´-W{]tZ-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 21% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬
kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 39% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bpw, 23% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-
77tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
c-Ønepw kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 15% Ip´n-Iƒ kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ henb
Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-√.
{Kmaw, ]´Ww Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ Ip´n-Iƒ kwhmZ anI-hns‚ Imcy-
Øn¬ ap∂n-em-sW∂v ImWmw. F∂m¬ ]¶m-fn-I-f-√msX amdn-\n¬°p∂ {]h-WX \K-
c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv IqSp-X¬.
(vii) lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\ hne-bn-cp-ج:
lb¿ sk°‚dn ae-bmfw hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 235 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 123,
\Kcw 112) ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. CX-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-Zw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.39 ¬
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.39 lb¿sk-°‚dn ae-bm-f-̨ -hm-b\ anIhv
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 72 59 37 33 109 45
Xr]vXn-Icw 30 24 58 52 88 38
icm-icn 18 15 14 12 32 14
hfsc ]n∂m°w 3 2 3 3 6 3
BsI 123 100 112 100 235 100
]´nI 4.39
lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Øn¬ ae-bmf hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 45% Ip´n-Iƒ anI-®-
coXn-bn¬ hmb\ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂hcm-sW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. 38% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-
I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmb\ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. 14% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 3%
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v icn-bmbn hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 59% t]¿ ae-bmfw hfsc \∂mbn hmbn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. 24% t]¿°v
kmam\yw \√ coXn-bn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. 15% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-
hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂p. 2% t]¿°v hmbn-°m≥ {]bmkw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.
\K-c-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fn¬ 33% t]¿ anI-®-co-Xn-bn¬hmbn-°p-∂p. 52% t]¿ kmam\yw Xr]vXn-I-
c-ambn hmbn-°m≥ Ign-hp-f-f-h-cm-Wv. 12% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°pw. 4%
t]¿°v hmb-\m-tijnIpd-hm-Wv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff Ip´n-Iƒ \K-c-hmknItf-°mƒ hmb-\m-\n-e-hmcw Db¿∂-
h-cm-Wv. c≠p taJ-e-I-fnepw icm-icn \ne-hm-c-tØ-°mƒ Db¿∂p \nev°p∂ Ip´n-I-
fpsS FÆw IqSp-X-em-Wv.
(xvii) lb¿ sk°‚n ˛ ae-bmfw ˛ `mjW hne-bn-cp-ج
lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ ae-bmfw `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 235 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw
123, \Kcw 112) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.40 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
78tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]´nI 4.40 lb¿sk-°‚dn ae-bm-fw ̨ ̀ mjWw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 70 57 45 39 115 48
Xr]vXn-Icw 32 26 38 34 70 30
icm-icn 19 15 26 23 45 19
hfsc ]n∂m°w 2 2 3 4 5 3
BsI 123 100 112 100 235 100
]´nI 4.40
lb¿sk-°‚dnbnse 48% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® coXn-bn¬ ae-bmf `mjWw sNøm≥ Ign-hp-
ffh¿ BWv 30% Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ ae-bmf `mjWw \S-Øm≥ Ign-
bpw. 19% Ip´n-Iƒ°v icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \S-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. 19% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn
\ne-hm-c-Øn¬ `mjWw \S-Øp-∂p. 3% Ip´n-Iƒ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.
{KmWoW taJ-e-bn¬ 57% Ip´n-Ifpw `mj-W-Øn¬ anIhv {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. 26% Ip´n-Iƒ°v
Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bnepw 15% Ip´n-Iƒ°v icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw `mjWw \S-Øm≥
Ign-bpw. 2% Ip´n-Iƒ hfsc ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p.
]´-W-Ønse Ip´n-I-fn¬ 39% t]cmWv `mj-W-Øn¬ anIhv ]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. 34% Ip´n-Iƒ
Xc-t°-Sn-√mØ coXn-bn¬ `mjWw \S-Øn. 23% Ip´n-I-fpsS `mjWw icm-icn \ne-hm-c-
Øn-em-Wv. 4% Ip´n-Iƒ hfsc ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p.
ae-bmf ̀ mj-W-Øn¬ lb¿sk-°‚-dn-bn¬ {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ anI®p \n¬°p-
∂p. `mj-W-Øn¬ ]´-W-Ønse \men-sem∂p Ip´n-I-fpsS \ne-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sm-\p-≠v.
(xviii) lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ Cw•ojv hmb\ hne-bn-cp-ج:
lb¿ sk°‚dn Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _\-[-s∏-SpØn 235 Ip´n-Isf ({Kmaw 123, \Kcw
112) bmWv ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zm-iw-߃ ]´nI 4.41 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.41 lb¿sk-°‚dn Cw•ojv hmb\ \ne-hmcw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 34 28 26 23 60 26
Xr]vXn-Icw 67 54 56 50 123 52
icm-icn 21 17 25 22 46 20
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 1 1 5 5 6 2
BsI 123 100 112 100 235 100
]´nI 4.41
79tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
lb¿sk-°‚dn Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 26% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw
ssIh-cn-®p. 52% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ hmb\ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ 20% Ip´n-
Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 2% t]¿ ]n∂m-°-amWv hmb-\-bn¬.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 28% Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•o-jv hmb-\-bn¬ anIhv ]pe¿Øp-∂p. 54% {KmaoW
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ kmam\yw sa®-s∏´ \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Cw•ojv hmbn-°pw. 17% t]¿ icm-icn
\ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-∂p. 1% Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv.
]´-W-Øn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ 23% t]¿ hmb-\-bn¬ \ne-hm-c-ap-ffhcm-Wv. 50% t]¿
km[m-cW coXn-bn¬ Df-f-hcpw 22% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Df-f-hcpw BWv. \K-c-
Ønse 5% Ip´n-Iƒ°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
{Kma-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepw `qcn-]£w Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ Ignbpw. {Kma-
Øn¬ A©n-sem∂pw \K-c-Øn¬ \men-sem∂pw Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ {]bmkw
t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv.
(xix) lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ N¿® ˛ kwhmZw hne-bn-cp-ج:
lb¿ sk°‚dn N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Øn¬ 235 Ip´n-I-fmWv ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv. CXn¬ 121 t]¿
{Kma {]tZ-i-Ønepw 114 t]¿ ]´W {]tZ-i-Ønepw D≈-h-cm-Wv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.42
¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.42 N¿® kwhmZw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 31 25 34 29 65 27
Xr]vXn-Icw 63 52 40 34 103 43
icm-icn 17 15 18 15 35 15
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 10 8 22 22 32 15
BsI 121 100 114 100 235 100
]´nI 4.42
{Kq∏v N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw 27% Ip´n-Iƒ sa®-s∏´ \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 43% Ip´n-Iƒ
Xr]vXn-I-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ N¿®-bnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 15% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-
icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 15% Ip´n-Iƒ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ H∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
{Kq∏v N¿®-I-fnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff Ip´n-Iƒ 25% t]¿ kPo-
h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øp. 52% Ip´n-Iƒ A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 15% Ip´n-Iƒ GsX-
¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ AhcpsS km∂n[yw ]¶p-h-®p. 8% Ip´n-Iƒ \njv{In-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
]´-W-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ip´n-Iƒ 29% t]¿ N¿®-I-fnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-
Sp-Iƒ hy‡-ambn ]¶p-h-®p. 34% Ip´n-Iƒ°v A`n-{]mb {]I-S\w \S-Øm≥ Ign-™p. 15%
Ip´n-Iƒ sNdnb coXn-bn-se-¶nepw CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. F∂m¬ 22% Ip´n-Iƒ bmsXmcp
hn[ A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\hpw \S-Øm-Ø-h¿ Bbn-cp-∂p.
Chn-sSbpw {Kmaß-fn¬ \n∂pff IqSp-X¬ Ip´n-Iƒ anI® {]I-S\w \S-Øn. F∂m¬
80tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]´nI 4.43 lb¿ sk°‚dn Cw•ojv kw`m-jWw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 25 21 31 28 56 24
Xr]vXn-Icw 70 58 48 43 118 51
icm-icn 23 19 22 20 45 19
hfsc ]n∂m°w 3 2 11 9 14 6
BsI 121 100 112 100 233 100
]´nI 4.43
lb¿sk-°‚-dn-X-e-Øn¬ Cw•ojv `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 24% Ip´nIƒ anI®
coXn-bn¬ `mjWw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. 49% Ip´nIƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ `mjWw
\n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ 19% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. Cw•o-jn¬ `mjWw \n¿h-
ln-°m≥ Ign-bm-Øh¿ 6% BWv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-t\m-°p-tºmƒ 21% Ip´nIƒ anI® \ne-hmcw
]pe¿Øp-∂p. 58% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn `mjWw \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ 19% {KmaoW
taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-I-ƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 2% Ip´n-Iƒ `mj-W-Øn¬ Gsd ]n∂n-
em-Wv.
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 28% Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•ojv `mj-W-Øn¬
anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂p. 43% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-°p-tºmƒ
20% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. `mj-W-Øn¬ Gsd ]n∂n-ep-f-fXv 9% t]cm-Wv.
s]mXp-hmbn ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ip´n-Ifpw {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ip´n-Ifpw `mj-W-Øn¬
Htc \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-sW∂v ]d-bmw. {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ Ipd®p IqSn sa®-s∏-
Sm-\p≠v F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
(xxi) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu : Cw•ojv hm\b hne-bn-cp-ج:
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-Cu. ̨ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 108 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 45,
\Kcw 63) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zm-iw-߃ ]´nI 4.44 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Ip´nIfpsS -anI-hn¬ {Kma {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fmWv ap≥]-¥n-bn¬. A©n-sem∂v Ip´n-
Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sm-\p-≠v.
(xx) lb¿ sk°‚dn ˛ Cw•ojv kw`m-jWw hne-bn-cp-ج:
lb¿ sk°‚dn Cw•ojv kw`m-j-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 233 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw
121, ]´Ww 112) ]T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.43 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-
°p-∂p.
81tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]´nI 4.44 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C Cw•ojv hmb\
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 0 0 9 14 9 7
Xr]vXn-Icw 11 24 29 46 40 35
icm-icn 27 60 17 26 44 43
hfsc ]n∂m°w 7 16 8 14 15 15
BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100
]´nI 4.44
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ 7% t]¿ am{X-amWv
anIhv ]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. 35% Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•ojv hmb\ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn \n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 43%
t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ am{X-amWv FØn-b-Xv. 15% t]¿ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-bn-cp∂p
F∂pw ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ {KmaoW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Bcpw anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-en√. 24% t]¿
{Kma-Øn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-°p-∂p. 60% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 16% t]¿
Gsd ]n∂m-°-hp-am-Wv.
\K-c-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fn¬ 14% t]¿ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 46% t]¿°v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn
hmbn-°mw. 26% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ 14% Cw•ojv hmb-\-
bn¬ Gsd ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.
\K-c-hn-Zym¿Yn-Iƒ {KmaoWtc°mƒ Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ ap∂nemWv. F¶nepw ]Øn-
sem∂v hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ \K-c-Ønepw {Kma-Ønepw ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.
(xxii) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu ae-bmfw `mjWw:
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu ae-bmfw `mj-W-hpambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 108 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 45,
\Kcw 63) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zm-iw-߃ ]´nI 4.45 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.45 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C ae-bmfw ̀ mjWw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 5 11 22 35 27 23
Xr]vXn-Icw 21 47 22 35 43 40
icm-icn 19 42 19 30 38 36
hfsc ]n∂m°w 0 0 0 0 0 1
BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100
]´nI 4.45
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C ae-bmf `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 23% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw
]pe¿Øn. 40% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn kw`m-jWw \n¿h-ln-®-t∏mƒ 36% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-
82tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv `mjWw \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. `mj-W-Øn¬ hfsc ]n∂m°w t]mbh¿
1% am{X-amWv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 11% anI-®-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 47% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-
Øn-em-Wv. 42% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. hfsc ]n∂m°w Bcp-an-√.
]´-W-Øn¬ 35% t]¿ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv, 35% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-chpw 30% t]¿ icm-
icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv. hfsc ]n∂m-°-°m¿ Bcp-an-√. {Kma-ß-tf-°mƒ \K-c-ß-fnse
Ip´n-Iƒ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂p. ]n∂m-°-°m¿ c≠p hn`m-K-Ønepw C√.
(xxiii) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C. Cw•ojv `mjWw hne-bn-cp-ج:
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C Cw•ojv `mj-W-hp-ambn _‘s∏SpØn 108 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 45,
\Kcw 63) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´nI 4.46 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.46 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C Cw•ojv ̀ mjWw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 2 4 10 16 12 10
Xr]vXn-Icw 9 20 30 48 39 34
icm-icn 31 69 17 27 48 48hfsc ]n∂m°w 3 7 6 9 9 8
BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100
]´nI 4.46
10% Ip´n-Iƒ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cbn¬ Cw•ojv `mj-W-Øn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p.
34% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. 48% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 8%
t]¿ hfsc ]nt∂m° Ah-ÿ-bnepw BWv.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 4% t]¿ am{X-amWv anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. 20% t]¿ Xr]vXn-
I-c-ambn Cw•ojv ̀ mjWw \S-Øp-∂p. 69% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 7% t]¿ Cw•ojv
`mj-W-Øn¬ Gsd ]n∂m-°-hp-am-Wv.
]´-W-Øn¬ 16% t]¿ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv. 48% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Cw•ojv kwkm-
cn-°p-∂p. 27% t]¿ icm-i-cn-\n-e-hm-c-Ønepw 9% t]¿ Gsd ]n∂m-°-hp-am-Wv.
]´-W-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ {KmaoWtc°mƒ Cw•ojv ̀ mj-W-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂p. ]Øn-
sem∂v Ip´n-Iƒ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv.
(xxiv) hn.F-kv.-F-kv.Cu ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\ hne-bn-cp-ج:
hn.F-kv.-F-kv.Cu ae-bmf hmb-\-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 108 Ip´n-I-sf-bmWv ({Kmaw 45,
\Kcw 63) ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zm-iw-߃ ]´nI 4.47 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
83tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]´nI 4.47 hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C ae-bmf hmb\
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 5 11 23 37 28 26
Xr]vXn-Icw 22 49 21 33 43 40
icm-icn 18 40 19 30 37 34hfsc ]n∂m°w 0 0 0 0 0 0
BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100
]´nI 4.47
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C taJ-e-bn¬ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ip´n-I-fn¬ 26% t]¿ ae-bmf hmb-
\-bn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn. 40% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hmbn-®-t∏mƒ 34% Ip´n-
Iƒ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv. ]n∂m°w Bcp-an-√.
{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ 11% Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ImgvN-sh-®p. 49% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-amb
\ne-hm-c-Ønepw 40% t]¿ icm-i-cn-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep-am-Wv. hfsc ]n∂m°w Bcp-an-√.
\K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ 37% t]¿ anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ ae-bmfw hmbn-°p∂hcm-Wv. 33% t]¿
Xr]vXn-I-c-amb \ne-hm-c-Ønepw 30% t]¿ icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Ønepw hmbn-°p-∂p. hfsc
]n∂m°w Bcp-an-√.
\K-c-ta-J-e-bnse hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ {KmaoW taJ-e-tb-°mƒ anI®p \n¬°p-
∂p. hfsc ]n∂m-°-°m¿ c≠p-ta-J-e-bnepw C√.
(xxv) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu ˛ N¿®v kwhmZw hne-bn-cp-ج
hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu ˛ N¿®v kwhm-Z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 108 Ip´n-I-sf-bmav ({Kmaw 45,
\Kcw 63) ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]´n-I-bn¬ (4.48) \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]´nI 4.48 N¿® ̨ kwhmZw
{Kmaw ]´Ww BsI
FÆw % FÆw % FÆw %
anI® \ne-hmcw 8 18 19 30 27 25
Xr]vXn-Icw 15 33 15 24 30 28
icm-icn 8 18 9 14 17 16
hfsc ]nt∂m°w 14 31 20 32 34 31
BsI 45 100 63 100 108 100
]´nI 4.48
hn.F-kv.-F-kv.C bn¬ a’y-sØm-gn-emfn taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-I-fn¬ 25% t]¿ N¿® kwhm-
Z-Øn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂p F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 28% t]¿ Xr]vXn-I-c-
amb {]I-S\w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ 16% t]¿ GsX-¶nepw coXn-bn¬ Ah-cpsS Bibw {]I-Sn-
∏n-°p-bp-≠m-bn. 31% N¿® kwhm-Z-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-ImsX Hgn™p \n¬°p∂ Ahÿ-
bmWv ImWm≥ Ign-™-Xv.
84tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
hn.F-kv.-F-kv.C hn`m-K-Øn¬ {KmaoW taJ-e-bpambn _‘-s∏-SpØn t\m°p-tºmƒ 18%
t]¿ kwhm-Z-Ønepw N¿®-I-fnepw hfsc \√ {]I-S\w ImgvN-h-®-Xmbn IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂p. 33% Ip´n-I-fpsS kPoh ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 18% Ip´n-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw
coXn-bn¬ Ah-cpsS Bi-b-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®-h-cm-Wv. 31% Ip´n-Iƒ°v CXn¬
]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ {ian-®n´n-√.
]´W taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff Ip´n-Ifn¬ anI® ]¶m-fnØw 30% BWv 24% Ip´n-Iƒ Xr]vXn-
I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ {]I-S\w ImgvN-h-®n-´p-≠v. 14% t]¿ sNdnb coXn-bn-se-¶nepw CS-s]-´n-
´p-≠v. 32% Ip´n-I-fpsS CS-s]-S¬ D≠m-bn-´n-√.
N¿®-I-fnepw kwhm-Z-Ønepw ]´W {]tZ-i-Øp-ff Ip´n-I-fmWv {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ Df-f-
h-sc-°mƒ \√ coXn-bn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv. ]¶m-fn-ØØn¬ FÆw IqSp-
X¬ {KmaoW taJ-e-bv°m-Wv. ]s¶-Sp-°mØ Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw c≠n-SØpw Hcp-t]mse
BWv.
85tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
tIkv ÃUn hni-Zmw-i-߃
tIkv ˛ 1
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw \K-c-{]m¥-Øn¬ hen-b-Xpd F∂ IS-temc {]tZ-iØv ÿnXn sNøp∂
Hcp k¿°m¿ bq.]n. kvIqfmWv hen-b-Xpd k¿°m¿ bq.]n. kvIƒ. Xoc-tZi a’y-sØm-
gn-em-fn-Iƒ IqSp-X-embn Xnßn-]m¿°p∂ Hcp CS-am-b-Xn-\m¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Chn-SpsØ
Ip´n-I-tf-sdbpw ]c-ºm-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS a°-fm-Wv. ap≥ h¿j-ß-fn¬ IqSp-
X¬ Ip´n-Iƒ ChnsS ]Tn-®p-sIm≠v anI® A°m-Z-anI hnPbw Ic-ÿ-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ C∂v hnc-en-se-Æm-hp∂ Ip´n-I-fp-ambn kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn a√n´p-sIm≠v {]Xn-
k-‘n-I-fpsS \Sp-hn¬ AXn-Poh-\-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-emWv Cu kvIqƒ. Xo¿Øpw IS-temc
{]tZ-i-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ASn-°Sn IS¬t£m`w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-aqew AXv kvIqfns‚ ssZ\w-
Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf _m[n-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v h¿j-ß-fmbn F∂Xv Hcp Ncn-{X-]-c-
amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.
kp\m-an, HmJn apX-emb {]IrXn Zpc-¥-߃ D≠m-b-t∏m-fp-≠mb ]p\x-c[nhmk {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fpsS t\¿°m-gvN-bmWv C∂v henbXpd k¿°m¿ bp.]n. kvIqƒ. 2004 ˛ Unkw-_¿
26˛mw XobXn tIc-f-Øns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kp\manbp≠m-b-t∏mgpw 2017 \hw-_¿
28˛mw XobXn HmJn hoi-nb-t∏mgpw D≠mb Zpc-¥-߃°v Cc-bm-b-hsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-
®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {]kvXpX hnZym-e-b-Øn-em-Wv. GI-tZiw Btdm Gtgm IpSpw-_-߃ Ct∏mgpw
AhnsS Xma-k-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ hnZym-e-b-Ønse H´p-an° ¢mkvap-dn-
Ifpw ]p\x-c-[n-hmk {]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn \evtI≠n h∂p. ChnsS hnZym-eb {]h¿Ø-
\-߃°v apS°w kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv ÿncw kw`-h-am-Wv. Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ccp∂v ]Tn-°p-hm≥
]‰p-∂-X-c-Øn¬ \s√mcp ¢mkv apdn-tbm, hmb\m apd-ntbm, et_m-d-́ n-tbm, Iºyq-́ ¿ dqtam,
ipNn-ap-dn-Isfm H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk kwc-£W b⁄Øns‚ `mK-ambn
s]mXp hnZym-e-b-߃ sslsS-°m-°n-bXns‚ ̂ e-ambn ta¬]-d™ hnZym-e-bhpw sslsS-
°m-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂m¬ ]p\x-c-[n-hmk {]h¿Ø-\-߃ aqew AXym-[p-\nI kuI-cy-
ß-tfmSv IqSnb \s√mcp kvam¿´v dqsam-cp-°p-∂Xn\v kvIqfm-[n-Ir-X¿ ]c-P-b-s∏-´n-cn-bv°p-
∂p. X∑qew F√m ¢mkv apdn-Ifnepw sa®s]´ ]T-\-ku-Icyw Hcp-°m≥ kvIqf-[n-Ir-
X¿°v Ign-™n-´n-√.
hnhn[ßfmb ¢mkp-I-fnse Ip´n-Isf Ht∂m-c-t≠m, ¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ {Iao-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v
A[ym-]\w \S-Øn-bmWv A[ym-]-I¿ Znh-khpw kvIqfnse ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-
Øp-∂Xv. hocy-ta-dnb Bkn-Up-Ifpw ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw {Iao-I-cn-®n-´p≈ em_n¬ sIm®p
Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-bv°p-Ibpw Ifn-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `mj ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym]n-
Ibpw KWn-Xm-[ym-]n-Ibpw Htc kabw Htc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. CXv Ip´n-I-fpsS
GIm-{K-X, ]T-\-tØmSv hnc-kc F∂nh krjvSn-bv°p-∂p. hrØn-lo-\-amb ¢mk-ap-dn-Ifpw
Zp¿K‘w han-bv°p∂ ipNn-ap-dn-Ifpw Ip´n-I-sfbpw A[ym-]-I-scbpw tcmKm-Xp-c-cm-°p-∂p.
ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßfpsS A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw aeo-\-k-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-Ifpw amXm-]n-Xm-
°sf Ip´n-Isf Cu hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ tN¿°p-∂-Xn¬ hnap-J-cm-°p-∂p. {]kvXpX kvIqfn\p
Np‰pw \nc-h[n AwKo-IrX hnZym-e-b-߃ Ds≠-¶nepw hnP-b-i-X-am\w Ipd-hm-sW Imcy-
Øn¬ \n¿_-‘n-X-ambn ]d™p hnSp∂ Ip´n-Isf XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ IrXy-ambn ]cn-
io-e\w sImSpØv A°m-Z-anI anI-hp-≠m-°m≥ Cu kvIqfnse A≤ym-]-I¿ \nc-¥-c-ambn
]cn-{i-an-bv°p-∂p. CsXms°bmsW-¶nepw ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vXXbpw
Ip´n-I-fpsS sImgn™p t]m°pw {]kvXpX kvIqfns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf A\p-Zn\w aμo-`-
hn-®n-®p-s≠m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
86tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
tIkv 2
Aa¬ (t]cv bYm¿∞-a-√) Hcp ]c-º-X-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-am-
Wv. Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ØmWv Xma-khpw A—\pw AΩbpw aqØ-»nbpw aq∂v a°-fp-a-S-ß-∂-
XmWv Ahs‚ IpSpw-_w. A—≥ IS-en¬ a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-\mbn t]mIp∂p AΩ ho´-Ω-
bm-Wv. ktlm-Z-c-߃ c≠p-t]cpw F´pw Bdpw ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. Aa¬ ]Ømw
¢mkn¬ ]Tn-bv°p∂ Hcp hnZym¿∞n-bm-Wv.
H≥]Xmw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-bv°p∂ Aa-en\v hbkv 17 ˛ BWv. icn-bmbn ae-bmfw hmbn-°p-
hmt\m Fgp-Xp-hmt\m Aa-en\v Adn-bn-√. KWn-Xw, `mjm hnj-b-߃, kb≥kv, XpS-
ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw Aa-en\v hfsc ISp-∏-ta-d-nb-h-bmWv. ]T-\-tØmSv hf-sc-b-
[nIw hnap-JX ImWn-bv°p∂ Aa-en\v ho´n¬ \n∂pw bmtXmcp Xc-Øn-ep-ap≈ t{]m’m-
l-\tam {]tNm-Z-\tam amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-bv°p-∂n-√. amXm-]n-Xm°fn¬ A—≥
\nc-£-c\pw AΩbv°v Ggmw ¢mkv hnZym-`ymkw am{X-hp-amWv D≈-Xv. {]tXy-In®v ]T\
apdntbm ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßtfm (I°q-kv, Ipfn-ap-dn) Ahs‚ hoSn-\n-√. A—≥ a’y-
sØm-gn-emfnbmb-Xn-\m¬ IS-en¬ t]mbn hcp∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ AXn-ambn aZy-]n®v _l-
f-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ho´n¬ kzÿX C√m-sØm-c-h-ÿ-bmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. A—s‚
aZy-]m\w apew ho´n¬ ÿncw ]´n-Wn-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ kvIqƒ hn´p-h-∂n´v IS-
en¬ a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-\mbn t]mtI-≠n-h-cp-∂p. kvIqfn¬ IrXy-ambn hcp-∂-Xnt∂m ]T\
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂Xnt\m Aa-en\v CXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ign-bmsX t]mIp-
∂p. Iq´p-ImtcmsSm∏w Iq´p-Iq-´p-∂-Xn-t\m If-n-°p-∂-Xnt\m kabw XnI-bm-dn-√. ]mXn-h-gn-
bn¬ apS-ßn-t∏mb ]T\w XpS-ßn-h-®-XmWv Aa¬ Ct∏mƒ. ̀ mhn-bn¬ Bcm-I-W-sa-∂p≈
tNmZyw t]mepw Aa-en\v A{]-k-‡-am-bmWv tXm∂n-b-Xv. `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-¶sfm
Nn´-bn-√mØ ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsfm Aa-ens\ Bi-¶-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ Xß-
fpsS IqsS Iq´m-ØXn\m¬ Aa¬ Gsd ZpxJn-X-\m-Wv. ho´n¬ \n∂pw kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw
bmsXmcp ]n¥p-Wbpw C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ssZ\w Zn\ Imcy-߃ t]mepw \nd-th-‰-sX-bmWv
Ah≥ an°-t∏mgpw kvIqfn-te-s°Øp-∂Xv. \n¿Z-bcm-bp≈ A[ym-]-I-cpsS s]cp-am-‰hpw
Aa-en\v Gsd hnj-a-ap-≠m-°p-∂p. {]Xy-£-Øn¬ Xs∂ bmsXmcp BtcmKy ioehpw
]men-bv°mØØn\m¬ CXv hcp-Øn-h-°p∂ A\m-tcm-Ky-_p-≤n-ap-́ p-Isf°pdn®v H´pw Xs∂
t_m[-hm-\-√.
\nK-a\w
hnZym-̀ ym-kw, Atcm-Kyw, hkv{Xw, ]m¿]nSw aXp-em-bh a\p-jys‚ ASn-ÿm-\m-h-iy-ßfpw
Ah-Im-i-ß-fp -am -Wm-∂n-cns° Ah-cn -j-°yX kaq-l-Øns‚ tae-¶n -b-Wn™v
kvIo¿ÆXIƒ°p\-Sp-hn¬ \nc-¥cw ]m¿iy-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-́ p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-I-bmWv ]c-
º-cm-lX a’y--sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ. hnZym-`ymkw Ip´n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-
ambn amdn-bn´pw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-ambn Ac-£n-Im-hÿ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-
isØ Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Ø-∂p.
87tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
BapJw
]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-ksØ°pdn®v a’y-
sØm-gn-emfn {Kma-Ønse Ip´n-I-tfmSpw Ah-cpsS c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw {]kvXpX Ip´n-Iƒ
]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿm-hn-ti-j-ß-sf-
°p-dn®v {][m-\m-[ym-]-I-t\mSpw tNmZn®p hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bp-≠m-bn. Ip´n-Iƒ°v
A°m-Z-anI {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-Øp-sIm≠p Ah-bpsS \nP-
ÿnXn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. hnjb tI{μo-IrXamb N¿®-I-fn¬ CS-s]´v kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ah-
kcw \¬In Ip´n-I-fpsS {]I-S\]cXsb tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpIbpw sNbvXp. Krl-k-μ¿i-\-
Øn-eqsS c£n-Xm-°ƒ°p-ff Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-߃ GtIm-]n-
∏n®pw {]o˛-ss{]-a-dn, AwK≥hm-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS kμ¿i-\-Øn-eqsS hnh-c-߃ tiJ-
cn®pw tIc-f-Ønse A©v Pn√-I-fn¬ Imk¿tIm-Sv, tImgn-t°m-Sv, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Be-∏p-g,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fmWv NphsS \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ip´n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ:
kmaq-lym-hÿhpambn _‘-s∏-´-Xv:
hnZym-eb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS Ip´n-bn¬ hnI-kn-°p∂ kmaq-ln-I-t_m-[w, Krlm-¥-co-£-
Øn¬ Ip´n°v e`n-°p∂ kmaq-ln-Ihpw ]T-\m-\p-Iq-e-hp-amb kml-N-cy-߃ F∂nh ]cn-
K-Wn-®-Xn¬ 57% Ip´n-Iƒ icm-i-cn°v tase-bmsW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-
™p. {Kmaw/\Kcw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ff Ip´n-Iƒ (62%) \K-c-{]-tZ-
i-Øp-ffhtc-°mƒ (52%) anI® \ne-bn-em-Wp-f-f-Xv F∂v ImWmw.
kmwkvIm-cnI]c-am-bXv:
kmaq-ly-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw, kmwkvIm-cnI ÿm]-\-ß-fmb hmb-\-im-e, ¢_p-
Iƒ Ch-bnse ]¶m-fnØw, hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse hnhn[ kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse
CS-s]-S¬ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®-Xn¬ icm-i-cn-bn¬ Xmsg (37%) Ip´n-Iƒ am{Xta CØcw
CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p-f-fp-sh∂v ]T\ØneqsS Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. G‰hpw anI®p
\n¬°p-∂Xv {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse F¬.]n hn`mKw Ip´n-I-fmWv (72%). {Kma-Ønse 41%
Ip´n-Ifpw \K-c-Ønse 32% Ip´n-Ifpw kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn CS-
s]-Sp-∂p F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
kmº-ØnI]c-amb Is≠-Øp-ep-Iƒ:
Ip´n-I-fpsS kmº-ØnIÿnXnbpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ `£-W-e-`y-X, hnt\m-Z-bm-{X, a‰v
hnZym-e-b-Xe {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse ]¶m-fnØw F∂n-h-bn¬ 50% hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ A\p-Iqe
{]Xn-I-cWw \¬In. {]o˛-ss{]-adn (27%) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C (37%) Xe-ßsf At]-£n®v
A[ymbw 5
Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw
88tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
F¬.]n (59%), bq.]n (59%), F®v.-Fkv (59%), F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv (58%) Xe-ß-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ
kmam-t\y\ anI® kmº-ØnI \ne-bn-ep-f-f-h-cmWv F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. {Kma-hm-
kn-I-fn¬ 41% t]cpw \K-c-hm-kn-I-fn¬ 32% t]cp-amWv kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bp-ffhcmbn
Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv.
BtcmKy]c-am-bXv:
Ip´n-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Im-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-®-t∏mƒ {]mY-anI kuI-cy-ß-fpsS e`y-Xbpw
Km¿lo-Im-¥-co-£-Øn¬ t\cn-Sp∂ ]T-\-X-S- -ß-fmb c£n-Xm-°-fpsS aZy-]m-\w, ]pI-h-
en, \nXy-tcm-Kn-I-fpsS km∂n≤yw apX-em-b-h-bn¬ 33% Ip´n-Ifpw tamNn-X-cm-sW∂v Is≠-
Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. Cu Ahÿ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h¿°pw (34%) \K-c-{]-tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h¿°pw (32%)
GI-tZiw Htc-t]m-se-bm-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Iem-Im-bnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ -Xv.
kvIqfnse Iem-Im-bnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-epff Ip´n-bpsS CS-s]-Sepw CS-s]-Sm≥ kaqlw
\¬Ip∂ ]n¥p-Wbpw BWv ]T\hnt[-b-am-°n-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw 53% t]¿°pw AXn-\-
h-kcaps≠∂v Is≠-Øn. F¬.-]n, bq.]n Xe-ß-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ°mWv (68%) G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬ Ah-k-chpw ]n¥p-Wbpw e`n-°p-∂-Xv. {Kma\Kc hyXymkw CXn¬ bYm-{Iaw
59%hpw 47%hpw BWv.
hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´Xv:
em_v, sse{_-dn, kvam¿´v dqw, ]T-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ ^e-h-Ømb CS-s]-S-ep-
Iƒ, Bfl-hn-izmkw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff \n¿t±-i-߃ F∂nh 63% Ip´n-Iƒ°p {]m]y-am-
Wv. sslkvIqƒ (82%) lb¿sk-°‚dn (79%) Xe-Øn-emWv CXv hfsc ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-´p-
f-f-Xv. {Kma, \Kc hnZym-`ymk CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn¬ {Kmaw (67%) \K-c-tØ-°mƒ(58%) anI®-
Xm-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ kw_-‘n-®Xv:
IS-temc hnZym¿Yn-Isf t\cn´v kzm[o-\n-°p∂ kvIqƒ ka-bw, A\p-Iq-e-amb hnZym-e-b-
Ønse a‰v LS-I-߃, {]Xn-Iq-e-Im-em-h-ÿ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ̀ uXn-I-kw-hn-[m-\-߃,
]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-\p-ff kml-N-cy-߃ F∂nh ]cn-K-W-\bv°p h∂-t∏mƒ e`n® {]Xn-I-
cWw 59%hpw A\p-Iq-e-amWv. {]o˛-ss{]-a-dn-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ 27% am{Xta A\p-Iq-e-am-bp-
f-fp. hn.F-®v.-F-kv.-C-bn¬ CXv 44% BWv. {Kma {]tZ-i-Øp-ff hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ 64%hpw
\K-c-{]-tZ-iØv 54% hpw BWv.
]T-\-k-{º-Zmbw kw_-‘n-®Xv:
]T-\-Øns‚ Bkzm-Zy-X, CjvS-s∏´ ]T-\-am-[y-aw, Pohn-X-hp-ambn Cg-pIn-t®¿∂ ]T-\m-\p-
`-h-߃, A[ym-]-I-cpsS kao-]\w F∂o Imcy-߃°v 49% Ip´n-Ifpw KpW-]-c-amb A`n-
{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. `qcn-]£w t]cpw (51%) am‰-߃ Bh-iy-am-sW∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-
cm-Wv. shmt°-j-W¬ lb¿ sk°‚dn hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv (39%) ]n∂n-ep-f-f-h¿. {Kma-
Øn¬ (53%) \K-csØ (44%) At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ A\p-Iq-e-amb A`n-{]m-b-߃ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
89tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
c£n-Xm-°fn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßsf A`n-ÿm-\-am-°p-bp≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ
kmwkvIm-cnI]c-am-bXv:
hmb-\m-io-ew, hmb-\-imem AwK-Xzw, tkmjy¬ aoUnb D]-tbm-Kw, D’-hm-tLmj
]¶m-fnØw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ 64% t]¿ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv c£-I¿Øm-
°ƒ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. bq.]n hn`mKw hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWv (78%) hmb-\-io-ew, D’-hm-
tLmj ]¶m-fnØw F∂n-h-bn¬ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-Xv. {]o ss{]adn hn`m-K-Ønse
Ip´n-I-fmWv (55%) a‰p hn`m-K-ß-tf-°mƒ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂-Xv. {Kma {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 62%hpw,
\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 67% t]cp-amWv kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-Xv.
kmaq-ln-Im-hÿbpambn _‘-s∏-´Xv:
IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Im-h-ÿ, kmaq-lnI]¶m-fnØw kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F∂n-
h-bn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£w t]cpw (76%) kmaq-ln-I-ambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂v
]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. bq.]n Xe-Øn-emWv kmaq-lnI ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ Xmc-X-tay\
IqSp-X-embn ImWp-∂-Xv. \K-c-ta-J-e-bnepw {Kma-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-ln-I-ambn henb A¥-
c-an-√m-sb∂v (bYm-{Iaw 35%, 32%) ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ImWm≥ Ign-™p.
BtcmKy Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ Xv:
NnIn-’m-co-Xn-Iƒ, BtcmKy kwc-£W am¿§-߃, ipNnXzw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ 73% Ip´n-
Ifpw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂psh∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- bq.]n hn`m-K-amWv (17%) Btcm-
Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]nt∂m-´p-f-fXv F∂v ]T\w Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. {]o ss{]adn
apX¬ F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv hn`mKw hsc (bYm-{Iaw 33%, 17%, 15%, 27%, 17%) {Kma-ta-J-e-I-fn-
epw, hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hn`m-K-Øn¬ \K-c-ta-J-e-bnepw (32%) Btcm-Ky-ÿnXn sa®-s∏´p
\n¬°p∂p F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ImWm≥ Ign-™p.
kmº-Øn-Im-hÿbpambn _‘-s∏-́ Xv:
IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-Im-h-ÿ, hcp-am-\-am¿Kw a‰v kmº-ØnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F∂n-
h-bn¬ 80% t]cpw kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-\X t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cm-sW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-
Øm≥ Ign-™p. {]o ss{]adn apX¬ F®v. Fkv.-Fkv/ hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hsc-bp-ff F√m
hn`m-K-Ønepw (bYm-{Iaw 71%, 79%, 87%, 79%, 83%, 83%) CtX kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-\-X-bmWv
{]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. {Kma-ta-J-ebpw \K-c-ta-J-ebpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ sa®-s∏´ kmº-
Øn-Im-hÿ {Kma-ta-J-e-bn-em-sW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
ImbnIhpambn _‘-s∏-́ Xv:
hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-tebpw hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebpw ImbnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃, kuI-cy-߃,
a’c ]¶m-fnØw XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ 71% Ip´n-Iƒ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂p F∂v ]T\w kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂p. bq.]n Xe-Ønepw (21%) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C Xe-Ønepw (20%) ImbnI anI-hp-Iƒ
t\Sm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-߃ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-sW∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. {]o ss{]adn
(49%), F¬.-]n (44%), bq.]n(24%), F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv (33%) hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw
F®v.-Fkv (35%) hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C (39%) hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \K-c-ta-J-e-I-fn-ep-amWv ImbnI anI-hp-
Iƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff kuI-cy-߃ IqSp-X¬ F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS hy‡-am-Wv.
90tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-߃ kw_-‘n®v:
kvIqƒ, Bip-]-{Xn, s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-߃, ¢mkvap-dn, em_v XpS-ßnb kuI-cy-߃ {]o
ss{]adn hn`m-K-Ønse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°mWv (67%) G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv F∂v
]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. bq.]n hn`m-K-Øn-emWv (25%) ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-߃ G‰hpw
Ipd-hv. {]o ss{]a-dn, bq.]n. F¬.-]n, F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ (bYm-{Iaw 78%, 66%,
29%, 44%) {KmaoWtaJ-e-bnepw, F®v.-F-kv, hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \K-c-ta-J-e-
bnepw (bYm-{Iaw 45%, 55%) ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-߃ IqSp-X-ep≠v F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS
Is≠-Ønbn´p-≠v.
A[ym-]-Icn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn® hnc-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ:
kmaq-lnIhpambn _‘-s∏-´Xv:
hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS lmP¿ \ne, A[ym-]-I-cp-am-bp-ff CS-s]-S¬, kaq-l-hp-am-bp-ff CS-s]-
S¬ XpS-ßn-bh kw_‘n®v 48% Ip´n-Iƒ°v XpS¿®-bmbn ¢mkn¬ lmP-cm-Im\pw ]T-\-
{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ XpS¿® ssIh-cn-°p-hm\pw Ign-™n-´n-s√∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn.
F®v.--F-kv, {]o ss{]adn (59%) hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ sa®-s∏´ kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-≠v. hn.F-®v.-
F-kv.C hn`m-K-Øn¬ (43%) Xc-X-tay\ Ipdhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. {Kma \Kc taJ-e-Iƒ
XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ (bYm-{Iaw 53.5%, 50.3%) henb A¥-c-an√ F∂v ]T\w
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
hnZym-`ymk]c-am-bp-≈Xv:
hnZym-`ymk Imcy-߃, t_m[-\-co-Xn, A°m-Z-anI \ne-hmcw XpS-ßn-bh 52% Ip´n-Iƒ°v
^e-{]-Z-amWv F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. bq.]n, F®v.-F-kv (66%) hn`m-K-ß-fn¬
{]kvXpX taJe-I-fn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ anI® \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. hn.F-®.-F-kv.C hn`m-K-
Øn-emWv G‰hpw Ipd-hv. {Kma \K-c-ta-J-e-Isf Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ (bYm-{Iaw 55.8%
˛ 47.78%) hnZym-`ymk Imcy-ß-fn¬ {]I-S-amb A¥-c-ap≠v F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
BtcmKy Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ Xv:
Btcm-Ky-Im-cy-߃, ipNnXzw F∂n-h-bn¬ 64% Ip´n-Iƒ ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v ]T-\-
Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øn. F®v.-Fkv Xe-Øn¬ 82% Ip´n-Ifpw BtcmKy Imcy-ß-fn¬ {i≤
]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v. {]o ss{]adn hn`m-K-Øn¬ 53% Ip´n-Iƒ am{X-amWv Btcm-Ky-Im-cy-ß-
fn¬ {i≤ ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. {Kma \Kc taJ-e-Iƒ XΩn¬ (bYm{Iw 68.7% ˛ 58.5%) {]I-S-
amb A¥-c-ap≠v F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
ÿm]\ kwhn-[m\w kw_-‘n-®Xv:
ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-sSbpw `uXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ Xr]vXn-I-c-
amb \ne-hm-c-amsW∂v (68%) ]T\w Is≠-Øn. {]o ss{]adn Ip´n-Iƒ°v 35% ÿm]\
kuI-cy-߃ am{X-amWv e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. F®v.-Fkv hn`m-K-Øn¬ 91% ÿm]\ kuI-cy-
߃ e`y-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. {Kma ˛ \K-c-ta-J-e-I-fnse (bYm-{Iaw 70.5% ˛-
65.5%) ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ A{X henb A¥-c-an√ F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
91tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
]T\ k{º-Zmbw kw_-‘n-®Xv:
]T\ t_m[\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn aƒ´n-ao-Un-b, sse{_dn F∂nh 68% A[ym-]-Icpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]T\w Is≠-Øn. F®v.-Fkv taJebnemWv (85%) G‰hpw A[nIw
sse{_dn aƒ´n aoUnb km[y-X-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-ap-f-f-Xv. {]o ss{]adn hn`m-K-Øn-emWv
(42%) G‰hpw Ipdhv. {Kma \Kc taJ-e-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ (bYm-{Iaw 68.5% ˛
57.5%) {Kma-ta-J-e-bn¬ aƒ´n-ao-Unb km[y-X-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw \K-c-ta-J-e-tb-°mƒ IqSp-
X-em-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-߃ kw_-‘n® Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ:
A°m-Z-anIam-bp-≈h:
A°m-Z-anI Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-°nb-t∏mƒ sse{_-
dn, em_v, ssPh sshhn[y DZym-\w, Im¿jnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ KpW-]-c-amb
{]Xn-I-cWw \S-Ønb hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-߃ 86% BWv. sse{_dn 94% kvIqfnepw
em_v 72% kvIqfn-epw, ssPh sshhn[y DZym\w 86% kvIqfn-epw, Im¿jnI CSs]Sep-Iƒ
89% kvIqfp-I-fnepw D≠v. \Kc {]tZ-iØpw (81%) {Kma-{]-tZiØpw (81%) A°m-Z-anI
kuI-cy-߃ Hcp t]mse-bm-sW∂v ]T\w sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
sF.‰n. km[y-X-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v:
\qX\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ ]T-\-t_m-[-\-Øn¬ Cg-tN¿Øv ÿmbn-bmbn ]T\ coXn-
Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°m-\p-ff D]m-[n-I-fmb C‚¿s\‰v kvam¿´v ¢mkv apdn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ 79% kvIqfp-Ifpw anI-®p-\n¬°p-∂p. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ 95% kvIqfp-I-fpw, kam¿ v́
¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ 62% kvIqfp-Ifpw kzbw ]cym-]vX-am-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. {KmaoW
taJ-e-bn¬ 73%hpw \K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ 84% ÿm]-\-ßfpw anI® sF.‰n ]T-\-km-[y-X-bp-≈-
h-bmWv F∂v ]T\ØneqsS Is≠Øm≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
`uXnI kml-N-cy-߃ kw_-‘n®v:
kvIqfn¬ Ahiyw th≠p∂ iuNm-e-b-߃, IpSn-sh-ffw, Ifn-ÿ-ew, Np‰p-a-Xn¬, HmUn-
t‰m-dnbw F∂o `uXnIku-I-cy-ß-fpsS e`y-X-bn¬ 86% hnZym-e-b-ßfpw kzbw ]cym-]vX-
am-sW∂v ]T\w sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. kz¥-ambn Ifn-ÿ-ew(94%) iuNm-ebw (97%), kv{Xo
kulrZ iuNm-ebw (96%), HmUn-t‰m-dnbw (92%) Np‰p-a-Xn¬ (62%) F∂n-h- hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-
\-ßfn¬ Ds≠∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \K-c-{]-tZ-isØ hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ (90%)
`uXnI kuI-cy߃ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øp-f-f-h-tb-°mƒ (80%) IqSp-X-embn ImWp-∂p.
kmaq-ln-Im-hÿ kw_-‘n®v:
hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ kmaqly CS-s]-S¬ LS-I-ß-fmb FkvFwkn/ ]nSnF, ]q¿Δ
hnZym¿Yn kwL-S-\, k∂-≤-kw-L-S\ F∂n-h-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w `qcn-]£w (83%) ÿm]-
\-ß-fnepw Xr]vXn-I-c-am-Wv. {KmaoW taJ-esb At]-£n®v (80%) \K-c-ta-J-e-bn¬ CXv
Iptd-IqSn i‡-amWv (85%) F∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Ønbncn-°p-∂p.
92tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
Ip´n-I-fpsS A®ohv sa‚pambn _‘-s∏´ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ:
]c-º-cm-lX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ßfnse Ip´n-I-fn¬ {]oss{]-adn hn`m-K-Øn¬ 72%
Ip´n-Ifpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijn ssIh-cn-®-Xmbn ]T\Øn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Ønbn´p-≠v.
]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fn¬ {]oss{]-adn hn`m-K-Øn¬ 61%
Ip´n-Ifpw {]I-S-\-]-c-X-bn¬ anI® \nc-hmcw ]pe¿Øn.
]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fn¬ temh¿ ss{]adn hn`m-K-Øn¬
]Tn-°p∂ 38% Ip´n-Ifpw ae-bmfw hmb\bn¬ anIhv ]pe¿Øp-s∂∂v ]T-\-Øn-eqsS
Is≠-Øn. F∂m¬ _m°n-bp≈Xn¬ 51% t]¿ X∏n-X-S™v hmbn°p-tºmƒ 9% Ip´n-Iƒ
Xosc hmbn-°m≥ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv.
• F¬.-]n. hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ 35% Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tijn
t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. F∂m¬ 25% t]¿ hfsc ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-
∂-h-cm-sW∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
• F¬.-]n. hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ 26% Ip´n-Iƒ ae-bmfw ̀ mj-W-Øn¬ anI®p \n¬°p-
tºmƒ 18% hfsc ]n∂m-°-amWv.
• F¬.]n hn`m-K-Øn¬ 33% t]¿ KWn-X-{Io-b-Iƒ sNøm≥ tijn B¿÷n-®-h-cm-Wv.
45% icm-icn \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \nev°p-tºmƒ 22% t]¿°v KWn-Xm-i-b-߃ ^e-{]-Z-
ambn t\Sm≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. Ch¿°v KWnX {Iob-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xn\p Ign-bp-∂pan-√.
• ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse bq.]n hn`m-K-Øn¬, Ip´n-I-fn¬ 30%
t]¿ ae-bmfw hmb-\-bn¬ anI®p \n¬°p-∂p. F∂m¬ 12% t]¿°v ae-bmfw icn-
bmbn hmbn-°m-\-dn-bn-√ F∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
• bq.]n Xe-Øn¬ KWn-X-hpambn _‘-s∏ v́ 24% Ip´n-Iƒ am{X-amWv KWnX {Iob-Iƒ
A\m-tb-k\ sNøp-∂-sX∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. icmin 57% Ip´n-Iƒ°v KWnX
{Iob-Iƒ sNbvXv DØ-c-Øn-te-s°-Øm≥ Ign-bmsX t]mIp-∂p. CXn¬ 19% t]¿ KWn-
X-Øns‚ bmsXm-cp-hn[ tijn-Ifpw C√ F∂Xv {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠- Im-cy-am-Wv.
• bq.]n Xe-Øn¬ hnj-bm-kv]-Z-ambn \evInb N¿®-bn¬/kwhm-Z-Øn¬ 21% t]¿ hnj-
b-Øn¬ CS-s]-´psIm≠v \∂mbn kwkm-cn-®p. F∂m¬ CXn¬ 24% Ip´n-Iƒ
bmsXmcphn[ A`n-{]mb {]I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-√ F∂v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
• bq.]n Xe-Øn¬ ""Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ 22% Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•ojv hmbn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-
h-cmbn ]T\w Is≠-Øn. F∂m¬ 13% t]¿°v Xosc hmbn-bv°m-\-dn-bm-Ø-h-cmbn
Ds≠∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
• bq.]n Xe-Øn¬ 21% t]¿°v Gsd-°psd sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-bv°m-
\-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ 21% t]¿ Cu tijn ssIh-cn-bv°m-Ø-h-cmbn Ds≠∂v ]T\w
hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
• sslkv°q-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ 36% Ip´n-Iƒ°p \∂mbn ae-bmfw `mjWw sNøm-\-dn-
bmsa∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ 8% t]¿°v Hgp-t°msS kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ign-
bp-∂n√ F∂v ]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
93tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
• sslkv°q-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ 38% t]¿°pw ae-bmfw \∂mbn hmbn°m-\dn-
bmw. F∂m¬ 6% t]¿ Xosc hmbn-°m-\-dn-bm-Ø-h-cm-Wv F∂Xv Kuc-h-tØmsS
ItW-≠-Xm-Wv.
• sslkv°q-fn¬ ]Tn-bv°p∂ 21% t]¿°v Cw•ojv `mj \∂mbn ssIImcyw sNøm≥
km[n-bv°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ 66% t]¿°v icm-icn \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Ømt\ Ign-bp-
∂p-≈p. 13% t]¿°v Cw•ojv `mj Xosc ssIImcyw sNøm-\-dn-bm-Ø-h-cm-sW∂v
]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
• lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-bn¬ 45% t]¿°pw ae-bmfw ˛ hmb\ \∂mbn ssIImcyw sNøm≥
km[n-°p∂p F∂m¬ 3% t]¿ CXn¬ Gsd ]n∂m°w \nev°p-∂p.
• lb¿sk-°-≠dn Xe-Øn¬ 48% t]¿ ae-bmfw ˛ `mj-W-Øn¬ Gsd ap∂nemWv.
F∂m¬ 3% t]¿ Gsd ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h-cmbn ]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
• lb¿ sk°‚dn Xe-Øn¬ 26% t]¿ \∂mbn Cw•ojv hmbn-°m-\m-dn-bp-∂-h-cm-Wv.
F∂m¬ 2% t]¿ Gsd ]n∂m°w \nev°p-∂p.
• lb¿ sk°-≠-dn-X-e-Øn¬ 24% t]¿ \∂mbn Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.
F∂m¬ 6% Ip´n-Iƒ Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ Gsd ]n∂m°w \nev°p-∂p.
• lb¿ sk°‚n Xe-Øn¬ 27% t]¿ hnj-bm-kv]-Z-ambn ae-bmfw N¿®-sNøp∂Xnepw
kwhm-Z-Ønepw anI® \nehmcw ]pe¿Øn. F∂m¬ 15% t]¿ bmsXm-cp-hn[ A`n-
{]mb {]I-S-\hpw \S-Øn-bn-´n√ F∂v ]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
• hn.®v. Fkv.-C.-bn¬ 7% t]¿ am{X-amWv Cw•ojv hmb-\-bn¬ anI® \ne-hmcw
]pe¿ØnbXv. 15% t]¿ Gsd ]n∂m°w \nev°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. C°m-cy-߃ Kuc-
h-tØmsS ImW-\w.
• AXp-t]mse hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu bn¬ Cw•ojv `mj-W-Øn¬ 10% Ip´n-Iƒ am{X-amWv
anI®v \ne-hmcw ]pe¿ØnbXv. am{X-a√ 8% Ip´n-Iƒ°v kw`m-j-W-Nm-Xpcn C√ F∂p
]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. CXpw Kuc-h]-c-ambn ImsW-≠-Xp-≠v.
• hn.F-®v.-F-kv.Cu Xe-Øn¬ 26% t]¿ ae-bmfw \∂mbn hmbn-°m-\-dn-bm-hp-∂-h-cm-
Wv. F∂m¬ _m°n 74% t]cpw icm-icn hmb\m \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-sW∂v
]T\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
• hn.F-®v.-F-kv. Cu bn¬Øs∂ 23% t]¿ \∂mbn ae-bmfw `mjWw ssIImcyw
sNøp-∂-hcm-Wv. F∂m¬ 1% am{X-amWv AXn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-Xv.
• hn.F-®v.-F-kv.C bn¬ ae-bmfw N¿®/kwhmZw \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ 25% t]¿ anI® \ne-
hmcw ]pe¿Øp-tºmƒ 31% t]¿ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-sW∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
tIkvÃUn 1
$ ASn-°-Sn-bp-≠m-Ip∂ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-ßfpw kvIfp-I-fpsS ssZ\w
Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p.
tIkvÃUn 2
$ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihpamb A[y-]\w a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-
I-fpsS hf¿®bv°pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw `wKw hcp-Øp-∂p.
94tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
\n¿tZi-߃
]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-hpambn _‘-
s∏-SpØn \S-Ønb Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb \n¿t±-i-ß-fmWv NphsS
sImSp-°p-∂-Xv.
1. kmap-ly]c-am-bh:
$ Xoc-tZi hnZym-`ymk hmf-≠n-b¿amsc D]tbm-K-s∏-SpØn -2 apX¬ +2 hsc-bp≈
hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS kvIqƒ {]th-i\w Dd-∏m-°-Ww.
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, bqWnt^mw Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p kuP-
\y-ambn e`n-°p∂ kml-Ncyw D≠m-hWw.
$ s]mXp kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ CS-s]-S¬ kμ¿`-߃ h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ hy‡n-Xz-
hn-I-k\ Iymºp-Iƒ, inev]-im-e-Iƒ, kl-hm-k-Iym-ºp-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-]-T-\-Iym-ºp-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-bh hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v th≠n kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ̂ e-{]-Z-amb ]T-\-km-l-N-cyw Hcp-°p-∂-Xns‚ ̀ mK-ambn Ccp-∂p-]-Tn-°m≥
tIk-c, shs®-gp-Xm≥ tai, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W߃ kq£n-°≥ sj¬^v F∂nh e`y-
am-°-Ww.
$ s]mXp hnZym-`ymk kwc-£-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn IS-temc {]-tZ-isØ hnZym-e-b-
߃ ÿm]-\-]-c-ambn sas®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]q¿h-hn-Zym¿∞n kwL-S-\bpw hnZym-
eb hnI-k-\-k-anXnIfpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
2. kmwkvIm-cnIambh:
$ kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-∂-a-\-Øn\p Ahiyw klm-b-I-am-hp∂ ¢∫p-Iƒ, hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ
XpS-ßnb kmaq-ly-ÿm-]-\-߃ IS-tem-cØv [mcm-f-ambn D≠m-h-Ww.
$ F¬.-]n. apX¬ lb¿ sk°-≠-dn-Xew hsc-bp≈ Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fp-
tSbpw A[n-I-hm-b-\sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ {KŸ-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-Ww.
$ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS hmb\m ioew, kmwkvIm-cnI CS-s]-S¬ F∂nh h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥
klm-b-I-c-am-hp∂ {KmaoW ]pkvXI hnX-cW ]cn-]mSn \S-∏m-°-Ww. h\nXm
sset{_-dn-b≥am-cpsS tkh\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
3. kmº-ØnI]c-am-bXv:
$ {]`m-X, kmbm” `£W hnX-cWw Xoc-tZ-i-hn-Zym-e-b-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn®v \S-∏n-em-
°-Ww.
$ IS-tem-c-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap-ff ̀ qhn-`m-K-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v sNdn-b-bm-{X-Iƒ, ]T-
\-bm-{X-Iƒ F∂nh hnZym-ebw, kmaq-ly ÿm]-\-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p-X-h-W-sb-¶nepw \S-∏n-em-°-Ww.
$ kmº-ØnI kzm{i-bØzw a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Npcp-ßnb
]en-i-\n-c-°n¬ [\-k-lmbw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v kl-I-c-W-ÿm-]-\-߃ s]mXp-ta-Jem
_m¶p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS klmbw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
$ IS-tem-c-sØ IpSpw-_{io kwhn-[m\w i‡n-s∏-SpØn IS¬ hn`-h-ß-fpsS kwkvI-
c-Ww, hn]-W-\w F∂o taJ-e-Ifn¬ kzbw sXmgn¬ kwc`߃°v t{]m’m-l\w
\¬I-Ww.
95tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
$ B[p-\nI imkv{X-⁄m\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn IS¬ hn`-h-ß-fpsS aqey-h¿≤nX
D¬]∂ hnX-cW kwhn-[m\w Hcp°n h\n-X-Iƒ°v sXmgn¬ Dd-∏p-h-cpØn Ip´n-
Iƒ°v sa®-s∏´ kmº-ØnI Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-°-Ww.
$ a’y hn]-W\ taJ-e-bnse kzm{i-b-kw-L-ßsf im‡o-I-cn®v a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v
G¿s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI D∂-a-\-Øn-\p-th≠n em`w hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-
\p-ff Ah-kcw a’y-s^-Uns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-°-Ww.
$ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v C∂v e`n-°p∂ ssÃ]≥Uv XpI XnI®pw A]-cym-]vX-am-b-Xn\m¬
h¿≤-\hv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
4. BtcmKy]c-am-bh
$ at’y-Xc `£-W-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnZym-
e-b-߃ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v t]mjI ZmcnZyw \n¿am¿P\w sNø-Ww.
$ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hymP-hm‰v tI{μ-߃s°-Xn-scbpw AanX aZy-
]m-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ap-ff Iymssºbn\p-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
$ kmaqly \oXn-h-Ip-∏ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Øn¬ \S∂p hcp∂
"kulrZ' ¢_p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w IS-temc taJ-esb elcn hnap-‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw
Ip´n-Isf el-cn-hn-ap-‡-cm-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
5. ImbnI]c-am-bh
$ IS-tem-csØ bph-P\Xbv°v {]mapJyw e`n-°m≥ a’y-sØm-gn-emfn {Kma-ßsf
tIm¿Øn-W°n Pn√m-Xe kwÿm-\-Xe Iem-Im-bnI a’-c-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.
$ kwÿm\ kvt]m¿Svkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IS-tem-c-a-°ƒ°p Imbn-I-cw-
KØp {]tXyI ]cn-io-e\w kwL-Sn∏n-°-Ww.
$ IS-tem-csØ ]qgn-a-Æn¬ Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-߃°p-ff kml-N-cy-߃ \ne-hn-en-√m-
Ø-Xn-\m¬, tIm¿´p-Iƒ, {Sm°p-Iƒ F∂nh bph-P-\-t£a hIp-∏ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
6. hnZym-̀ ymk ]c-am-bh:
$ XpS¿hnZym-`ymksØ°p-dn®pw tPmen-km-[y-X-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Dff Ah-t_m[w P\n-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Icn-b¿ ssKU≥kv, Iu¨kn-enwKv ¢mkp-Iƒ Imen-I-ambn \S-Ø-Ww.
$ shmt°-j-W¬ lb¿sk-°‚dnIfn¬ a’y-_-‘-\w, kwkvI-cWw AIzm-‰nIv _tbm-
f-Pn, ^njv B‚ v ^nj-dokv XpS-ßnb tImgvkp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
$ \o‰v ]co-£-bn¬ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS a°ƒ°v ̂ nj-dokv tImgvkp-Iƒ°p {]th-
i\w e`n-°m≥ shbnt‰Pv \¬I-Ww.
$ ^nj-dokv taJ-e-bnse bph-Xo-bp-hm-°ƒ°mbn Ub-‰ns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ kvs]jy¬
Un.F¬.-C.Un tImgvkp-Iƒ \SØn Cu taJ-e-bn¬ A[ym-]-I-cmbn \nb-an-°-Ww.
$ ^njdokv taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnjb߃ Hm]v‰v sNbvXv ]Tn-°m≥ ]mTy-]-≤-
X-bn¬ Ah-kcw B°-Ww.
7. ÿm]-\-kw-hn-[m\hpambn _‘-s∏-́ h
$ XpS¿®-bm-bp-≠m-Ip∂ {]IrXnt£m`-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£Ww e`n-°m≥ Anti di-
saster shelter -Iƒ A\p-tbm-Py-amb CS-ß-fn¬ multipurpose - Bbn ÿm]n-°-Ww.
96tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
$ a’ysØm-gn-emfn kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ kabw ]cn-K-Wn®v {]o -̨kvIq-fp-I-fpsS (A¶W-
hm-Sn, {]o˛-ss{]-adn) {]h¿Ø\kabw {Iao-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ a’ysØmgn-emfn {Kma-ß-fnse hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS ImbnI hnI-k-\-Øn\p
klm-b-I-amb Ifn-ÿ-e-߃ \n¿an°Ww.
8. A°m-Z-anIw/ ]T\ k{º-Zm-bw F∂n-h-b-ambn _‘-s∏-́ h
$ ]T\w A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-°m≥ B[p-\nI kt¶-X-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw em_v,
sse{_dn kwhn-[m-\-߃ k{In-b-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.
$ {]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-amb A`y-kvX-hn-Zysc D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn kl-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS ]T-
\-]n-∂m-°m-hÿ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw kmaq-ly-aq-ey-߃ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m\pw ]T-\-ho-
Sp-Iƒ ¢_p-Iƒ, hmb-\-im-e, kuI-cy-ap-ff Krl-߃ F∂nh tI{μo-I-cn®v kwL-Sn-
∏n-°-Ww.
9. sF.Snbpambn _‘-s∏-´h:
$ IS-temc {]tZ-isØ Ip´n-Isf kw_-‘-n®n-S-tØmfw a‰p taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´
A\p-̀ -h-߃ e`n-°pI hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. sF.Sn taJ-ebp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn AØcw
ZznXob hnh-c-߃ \¬Im≥ km[n-°pw. Ah F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-Iƒ°pw e`n-°m≥
Bh-iy-amb sF.Sn D]-I-c-W--߃ Xoc-tZ-isØ F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw ÿm]n-°-Ww.
$ Bh¿Øn-®p-ff {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-߃ aqew sshZyp-Xn-Ø-I-cmdv kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ "ka-
{K' t]m¿´-ep-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]mTm-kq-{XWw \SØn ¢mkv apdn-bnseØp∂
A[ym-]n-Ibv°v t_m[\ {]{Inb kpK-a-ambn \S-Øm≥ Ign-bn-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ P\-
td-‰-dp-Iƒ {]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-Øn-e-S°w ÿm]n-°-Ww.
$ Xoc-tZ-isØ Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fpsS A[n-I-]-T-\-
Øn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°-Ww.
$ AXn-Po-h-\-Øns‚ aps∂m-cp-°-߃ Xoc-tZ-isØ Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]mY-anI hnZym-ebw
apX¬ e`n-°m≥ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Ip´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ thWw.
A®o-hvsa‚ v ÃUn
ss{]a-dn-Xew
`mj
$ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS hmb-\m-ioew h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v F¬.-]n.-hn-̀ m-K-Øn¬ hmb-\-Im¿Up-
Ifpw bp.]n hn`m-K-Øn¬ sNdp ]pkvX-I-ßfpw sslkvIqƒ, lb¿sk-°‚dn hn`m-K-
Øn\v hnhn[ hnj-b-ta-J-e-bn-ep-ff ]pkvX-I-ßfpw ¢mkv sse{_-dn-bn¬ e`y-am-°-Ww.
$ Xoc-{]-tZ-isØ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ `mjm-]n-t∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep-ff Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn
kvs]jy¬ ]mt°Pv Xbm-dm°n \S-∏m-°-Ww.
]cn-k-c-]-T\w
$ ae-\m-´n-te°pw ]´-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°pw sNdp-]-T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ F¬.]n Xew apX¬
\S-∏m-°-Ww.
$ \mSn-s\-b-dn-b¬ t{]mPIvSv tIc-fsØ IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ \S-∏m-°-Ww.
KWnXw
$ KWnX em_p-Iƒ F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw \S-∏m-°-Ww. KWnX ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-
߃ AhnsS e`y-am-°-Ww.
97tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
$ bq.]n hn`m-K-Øn\v KWnXw efnXw kvs]jy¬ ]mt°Pv \S-∏nem-°-Ww. CXn\v
Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS t\XrXzw D≠m-h-Ww.
$ KWn-X-Øn¬ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p XmXv]cyw hf¿Øm≥ KWn-X-taf kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬
kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww.
sslkvIqƒ ˛ lb¿sk-°‚dn Xew
ae-bmf `mj
$ N¿®, kwhm-Zw, {]kw-Kw, skan-\m¿ Ah-X-c-Ww. Akw-ªo-bn¬ Ah-X-cWw F∂n-
ßs\bpff kzm`m-hnI `mjWkμ¿`-߃ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ambn Hcp-°-Ww.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS Krl-]-cn-k-cØv cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip∂ ]T-\-ho-Sp-I-fn¬ F®v.-Fkv/F®v.-F-kv.-
Fkv Ip´n-Iƒ°v t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb Npa-Xe \¬In `mjWw {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°-Ww.
$ amXr-`m-j-bn-ep≈ k¿§m-flI cN-\-Iƒ°p-ff Iymºp-Iƒ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-
∏n-°-Ww. e`y-amb kmln-Xy-Im-c≥amsc ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°-Ww.
Cw•ojv
$ Cw•ojv `mjm sa®-s∏-S-en-\mbn ss{]a-dn- ¢mkn¬ Ct∏mƒ \S-∏n-em-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p∂ ltem Cw•ojv ]≤Xn hnP-bn-∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃
Hcp-°-Ww.
$ bq.]n Cw•o-jn\v sF.Sn kwhn-[m-\-sam-cp°n sa®-s∏´ Cw•ojv tIƒ°m\pw kw`m-
jWw sNøm-\p-ap-ff Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.
$ Cw•ojv `mjm-¢-_ns‚ cq]o-I-cWw sslkvIqƒ/ lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-bn¬ \S-°-Ww.
{]h¿Øn-∏n-°-Ww.
$ Cw•ojv ¢_ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ `mj-Ww, teJ\w Ah-k-c-߃ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬
\S-∏m-°-Ww.
$ F¬.]n apX¬ lb¿sk-°‚-dn-Xew hsc-bp-ff Ip´n-I-fpsS Cw•ojv cN-\-Iƒ Dƒs∏-
SpØn A®-Sn® {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ Cw•ojv hnZ-Kv[-cpsS ¢mkp-Iƒ {ihn-°m\pw N¿®-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m\pw Ah-kcw
hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ \¬I-Ww.
$ Cw•ojv s^Ãv hnZym-e-b-X-e-Øn¬ \S-Øm≥ Xt±ikzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃
ap≥ssI FSp-°-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS Cw•ojv kvIn‰v AS-°-ap-f-f. ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øm≥
{]tXyIw {i≤n-°-Ww.
$ ]n.‰n.F ao‰nw-K-I-fn¬ tIkv ÃUn a’v#b-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fmb c£-I¿Øm-°-fpsS
]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.
$ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-X-߃ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-s°m≠v a’ysØmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Poh\w
kzØn\pw kpc-£-tb-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn {]tXyI kpc£ kwhn-[m-\-߃ Hcp-°p-I.
$ ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-ß-fnse c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°mbn Ip´n-I-fpsS
hnZym-`ym-ksØ°pdn®pw Ah-Im-i-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ t_m[-h-Xv°-c-W-߃ kvIqfp-
I-fn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
98tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
hy‡n-KX hnh-cW D]m[n
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn tIcfw tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-emfn IpSpw-_-
ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hy‡n-K-X-amb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Xbm-dm-
°n-bn-´p≈ hnh-cW D]m[n
1. t]cv :
2. kvIqfns‚ t]cv :
3. hbkv :
4. ta¬hn-emkw :
5. ¢mkv :
6. A—s‚ t]cv :
7. A—s‚ sXmgn¬ :
8. A—s‚ hnZym-`ymkw :
9. aI≥ Bcm-I-W-sa-∂p≈ B{Klw :
10. AΩ-bpsS t]cv
11. sXmgn¬ :
12. hnZym-`ymkw :
13. aI≥ Bcm-I-W-sa-∂p≈ B{Klw :
14. ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpsS FÆw :
15. IpSpw-_-Ønse BsI AwK-kJy :
16. ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ F{X :
17. IpSpw-_Øv tcmKn-I-fmb Bsc-¶n-ep-apt≠m?
18. I°q-kv, Ipfn-ap-dn, InW¿, ssh≤ypXn apX-emb kuI-cy-߃:
kmaq-lnIw
19. Ab¬ ]°-hp-ambn \√ _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂pt≠m :
20. ]{Xw, Sohn XpS-ßnb am[y-a-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-dpt≠m:
21. kmaq-lnI kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°m-dpt≠m:
99tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
22. ¢mkn¬ Iq´p-Im-tcm-sSm∏w Iq´p IqSm-dpt≠m:
23. kpJhpw ZpJhpw D‰ krlr-Øp-°-fp-ambn ]¶p-h-°m-dps≠m:
24. ¢mknse F√m Iq´p-Im-tcmSpw N¶mØw IqSm-dpt≠m:
am\-knIw
25. a‰p-≈-h¿ \nß-tfmSv \n¿Zm£Wyw s]cp-am-dp-tºmƒ k¶Sw tXm∂m-dps≠m:
26. AXn-k-¶o¿Æ-amb {]iv\-߃ am\-kn-I-ambn _p≤n-ap-´n-bv°m-dps≠m:
BtcmKyw
27. GsX-¶nepw imco-cnI _p≤n-ap´v Ae-´m-dpt≠m :
28. icn-c-Øn-\m-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb \ofhpw Xq°hpw Dt≠m :
29. IyXy-ambn saUn-°¬ sN°-∏p-Iƒ \S-Øm-dpt≠m :
30. hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ hogvN hcp-Øm-dps≠m :
31. P\-\-k-a-bØv Fs¥-¶nepw imco-cn-I-amb _p≤n-ap´v t\cn-´ps≠m :
A°m-Z-anIw
32. kvIqfn¬ IrXy-ambn hcp-s∂ms≠m:
33. ¢mknse ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]¶mfnbm°m-dps≠m:
34. {]tXy-I-ambn Syqj≥ kuI-cy-߃ Dt≠m:
35. kvIqƒ hmb-im-e-bn¬ AwKXzw Dt≠m:
kmº-ØnIw
36. ]T\ Imcy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI _p≤n-ap´v t\cn-Sp-∂ps≠m :
37. sXmgn¬ sNøp-hm-\mbn \n¿_-‘n-X-am-Ip-∂pt≠m :
100tIc-f-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-sØm-gn-em-fnIp-Spw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym`ymkw-̨Ah-ÿm-]-T\w
{KŸ-kq-NnI
Charles. L (2011) Health status and Health care system among the Fisher Folk inKerala. M.G University: Ph D Thesis.
Kathtikeyan. R, (2013) Rural fisher folk in southern coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, astudy with special reference to income and expenditure and itsimpact on standard of living and indebtedness. M.S.University, Tamil Nadu.
Paul.A (1980) A Study of the vocational interests of the pupils of the FisheriesHigh Schools of kerala in relation to their AchievementPatterns: Kerala University, M.Ed Thesis.
Rajesh. K (2009) Coastal Tourism in Kerala. Its impact on Economy andEnvironment. Kochin University of Science and TechnologyChochin, Ph.D Thesis.
Vijayaragahavan. K. (2009) Marine Fisheries in Malabar area – a socio economic analysis.Kannur University; Ph.D Thesis.