Waterborne Infectious Waterborne Infectious DiseasesDiseases
Prevention of Guinea Prevention of Guinea Worm andWorm and
Post Guinea Worm Post Guinea Worm Eradication Eradication
ManagementManagement
Presented by Daniel Presented by Daniel Yawo AkrodouYawo Akrodou
Walden University Public Walden University Public HealthHealth
Ph.D. Student Ph.D. Student
Waterborne Disease Waterborne Disease DefinitionDefinition
Waterborne infectious diseases Waterborne infectious diseases areare
caused by the ingestion of watercaused by the ingestion of water
contaminated by human or animalcontaminated by human or animal
excrements, which containexcrements, which contain
pathogenic microorganismspathogenic microorganisms
Examples : Examples : Guinea Worm,Guinea Worm,
Schistosomiasis, and Intestinal Schistosomiasis, and Intestinal Nematode. Nematode.
Contaminated Water with dangerous germs.
SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis
Intestinal NematodeIntestinal Nematode
Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social ImpactsImpacts
Waterborne diseases cause 39% of diarrheal diseases Waterborne diseases cause 39% of diarrheal diseases 3.5 to 18 million children deaths per year worldwide3.5 to 18 million children deaths per year worldwide..
Malaria represents 14% of waterborne diseases Malaria represents 14% of waterborne diseases 526 million deaths per year526 million deaths per year
Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social ImpactsImpacts
Intestinal nematode 2% of waterborne Intestinal nematode 2% of waterborne diseases( ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm) diseases( ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm)
2 billion of infections per year world wide2 billion of infections per year world wide
Trachoma 2%, schistosomiasis and Guinea worm 1% Trachoma 2%, schistosomiasis and Guinea worm 1% of waterborne diseases of waterborne diseases
Affect 1 million of people per yearAffect 1 million of people per year
Overview of Guinea Overview of Guinea WormWorm
GGuinea worm disease uinea worm disease is a parasitic disease is a parasitic disease transmitted through transmitted through drinking water drinking water contaminated with contaminated with infected water fleas. infected water fleas. Guinea worm exits Guinea worm exits through the body after through the body after one year growth, one year growth, causing painful blisters causing painful blisters in the skin (The Carter in the skin (The Carter Center, 2008). Center, 2008).
Guinea WormsGuinea Worms
Fully Grown Female Guinea WormFully Grown Female Guinea Worm
It can reach 3 feet long in one yearIt can reach 3 feet long in one year ! !
Guinea Worm Symptoms Guinea Worm Symptoms
Once ingested, the Once ingested, the female worm grows up female worm grows up to 3 feet in one year to 3 feet in one year and causes when ready and causes when ready to exit fever, nausea, to exit fever, nausea, chills, lethargychills, lethargy
followed by painful skin followed by painful skin ulcers when the worm ulcers when the worm emergesemerges
Guinea Worm Chain of Infection
1- How Do we Get Guinea Worm ?
Guinea worms enter the body when a person drinks water containing tiny fleas that are infected with guinea worm larvae.
Guinea Worm Chain of Infection
2-Guinea Worm Multiplication
The fleas digested release larvae into abdominal tissues where they mate and start their development process.
Growing Larva
Guinea Worm Chain of Infection
3-Growing Phase Female worms
growing up to 3 feet long move through the body mostly to the lower limbs.
Guinea Worm Chain of Infection
4-Exiting Phase
After one year, the mature worm emerges from the blister it creates. The victim, in pain rushes to cool in the water.
Guinea Worm Infesting Water.
5-Phase of water infesting
Once the person infected contacts water, the worm releases clouds of larvae into the water.
6-Phase Infecting Fleas
Water fleas consume the larvae which resists digestion and will be able to infect people who will drink the contaminated water.
Guinea Worm Life Cycle
Guinea worm chain of infection can be broken.
Guinea Worm SocioeconomicalImpacts
Physical incapacity to work for months or permanently.
Lack of human resources to work in the farm.
Tremendous economical losses when entire families and villages are crippled .
Increasing rate of school dropped out.
Guinea Worm Prevention
Is there a cure for guinea worm?
The answer is no. Also, there is no vaccine or medication for its cure.
No Cure ! No Vaccine!
No Medication!
Good News Guinea Worm Can be Prevented
Major Prevention Campaigns’ Works are underway with:
Better results.
Considerable decreases of new cases of Guinea Worm.
In 1986 there were more than three million cases of the disease, almost all in Africa; in 2005 only just over 16,000.
Basic Prevention Methods
Instructing targeted population to:
Avoid drinking contaminated water
Filtering water before using it.
Monitored infected person to avoid contact with water sources
Basic Prevention Methods
Use of safe sources of water.
Water treatment with portable filters.
Solving Behavioral Issues
Begin forming culturally appropriate interventions
Local guinea worm education committee as eradication effort support
Cultural group to convince local people that guinea worm is not a curse
Creation of incentive programs to encourage people
Guinea Worm Selective Campaigns
Special group of guinea worm education for women in targeted areas where women are in charge of domestic tasks
Special education program for young people, and children
Current Major Obstacles to Eradicate Current Major Obstacles to Eradicate Guinea WormGuinea Worm
Security problems in some endemic countries Security problems in some endemic countries (Example Sudan). (Example Sudan).
Lack of political leaders’ wills in some Lack of political leaders’ wills in some endemic countries. endemic countries.
Difficulty in behavioral change of people.Difficulty in behavioral change of people. Absence of real clinical treatment like a Absence of real clinical treatment like a
vaccine or medication treatment.vaccine or medication treatment. Inadequate funding at certain times. Inadequate funding at certain times.
Solving Current Problems
Creation of advocacy groups to support major institutions which are already working on the field.Convincing governments, local authorities,
and organizing meetings, workshops to inform people worldwide.Organizing concerts, cultural games and fund raisings to advance guinea worm eradication.
Long Term Solutions Clinical researches to find
medication and vaccine to treat guinea warm
Tight guinea worm programs surveillance in the zone where the disease is stubborn
Long Term SolutionsLong Term Solutions
Adequate water Adequate water supply system supply system must be created to must be created to solve water solve water scarcity problemsscarcity problems
Long Term Solutions
Establishment of continual education programs for local people.
Long Term Solutions
Tight guinea worm programs surveillance in the zones where the disease is stubborn
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Special thanks to Dr. Raymond Thron to give Special thanks to Dr. Raymond Thron to give us this opportunity to realize this presentation us this opportunity to realize this presentation
Thanks you very much.Thanks you very much.
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