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Medical Terminology
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General Anatomical Terms
When describing a structure, we refer to theanatomic position of the body.
Anatomic position refers to the body,
standing upright,
eyes facing forward,
arms to the sides with the palms facing
forward, the legs parallel with the toes point forward.
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Anatomic Position
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Anatomic position
From this frame ofreference, we aim tobe more and more
specific in ourterminology.
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Anatomic position
The front of the body,shown to the left, isANTERIOR.
If the image werereversed and wecould see backside ofthe image that would
be POSTERIOR.
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Anatomic position
With the line drawn,we refer to thingswhich are closer to
that line as MEDIAL. Parts of the body that
are further away fromthat line are
LATERAL.
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Relational Terminology
Structures on thetrunk which are closerto the head than
another areSUPERIOR
Structures on thetrunk which are closer
to the legs thananother areINFERIOR.
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Relational Terminology
Two examples:
The head isSUPERIOR to the
lungs. The stomach is
INFERIOR to thelungs.
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Relational Terms
With respect to thepoint of attachment tothe trunk, structures
which attach closerare PROXIMAL.
Those which attachfurther are DISTAL.
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Relational Terms
For example
The ulna isPROXIMAL to the
carpals and DISTALto the humerus.
The metacarpals areDISTAL to the carpalsand PROXIMAL tothe phalanges.
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Term Usage
We can use these terms to describe the relativelocation of one structure or location to another.
Sometimes, we will use two separate words to
describe the relationships. For example, in the lower leg the fibula is both
lateral to the tibia, proximal to the talus, anddistal to the femur.
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Term Usage
Sometimes we combine the words into a singleword in order to describe a position orrelationship.
For example, there are two menisci in the knee,a medial and lateral one. For these structuresthere are more anteromedial (front-side andtoward the midline) and posterolateral (back-
side and away from the midline) regions.
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Suffixes and Prefixes
There are a plethora of suffixes and prefixes to beaware of which help to identify structures.
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Suffixes and Prefixes
Element Meaning
cost- ribs
joint
cartilage
bone
inflammation
softening
muscle
tendon
arthr-
chondr-
os- or oste-
-itis
-malacia
my-/myo-
ten-/tend-/tendin-
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Suffixes and Prefixes
Costal
Costochondral
Ossify
Osteitis
Chondritis
Chondromalacia Arthritis
Myotome
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Body Tissues
There are numerous tissues in the body whichhelp to hold various structures together, togenerate motion, and to protect the joints and
other structures.
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Body Tissues
Bones are thestructural componentof the body
They are composedlargely of calcium andare rigid.
Bones give shape tothe body and serve asthe attachment pointsfor other tissues
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Body Tissues
Ligaments are fibroustissues which connectone bone to another.
They have elasticproperties whichallows them to deformand stretch to allow
motion.
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Body Tissues
Muscles are thecontractile unit of thebody.
Muscles' function is togenerate motion at ajoint.
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Body Tissues
Tendons connectmuscles to bones.
The action of muscles
pulling on the tendonis the mechanism ofjoint motion.
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Body Tissues
Nerves are electricalconductors.
They transmit sensory
information from theextremities to thebrain
They also transmit
instructions from thebrain to the variousmuscles and internalorgans
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Body Tissues
Cartilage lines theends of long bonesand exists within thejoints.
Cartilage providesnutrients to thebones, protects the
ends of bones, andabsorbs shock duringmotion.
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Muscle Actions
Flexion: Decreasingthe measure of a jointangle
Extension: Increasingthe measure of a jointangle
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Muscle Actions
Adduction: Drawing alimb toward themidline
Abduction: Drawing alimb away from themidline
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Muscle Actions
Rotation: Circularmovement around anaxis
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Muscle Actions
Pronation: Turning thepalm down (awayfrom anatomicposition)
Supination: Turningthe palm upward (intoanatomic position)
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Muscle Actions
Eversion: movementof the sole of the footoutward
Inverstion: movementof the sole of the footinward
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Muscle Actions
Dorsiflexion: Drawingthe foot and toestoward the nose
Plantarflexion:Pointing the toesdownward (action ofstepping on the gas
pedal)
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Look for a quiz on this materiallater in the week.