E_English Grammar E_English Grammar
Chapter 4
The verb & its complementation
1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
IssuesIssues
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbVerb
1/1
according toclassified
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Possibility of admitting progressive aspect
Functions of itemsFunctions of items
ComplementationComplementation
StructureStructure
= words or phrases
indicating an action,
an event, or a state
E.g.: kiss, break out, have
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
2/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
See more in 3.3 - 3.22
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
3/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
RegularRegular
IrregularIrregular
E.g.: book, booked, booked
E.g.: teach, taught, taught
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
4/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
PrimaryPrimary
ModalModal
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
5/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
PrimaryPrimary
ModalModal
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Marginalmodal auxiliary
• include: do, have, be
• change meaning when becoming a
full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
6/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
PrimaryPrimary
ModalModal
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Marginalmodal auxiliary
• include:Can – couldMay – MightShall-shouldWill-wouldMust Ought to
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
7/1
according toclassified Functions of itemsFunctions of items
Lexical verbsLexical verbs Auxiliary verbsAuxiliary verbs
PrimaryPrimary
ModalModal
Marginalmodal auxiliary
Marginalmodal auxiliary• include: used to, dare, need
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
8/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
9/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Current copular Current copular
Resulting copularResulting copular
E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,
remain, seem
E.g.: become, get, go,
grow, turn, make
• connect S & C
• have the pattern:
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: I feel tired.
He’s in the cab.
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
10/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
11/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
• require no Object
• have the pattern: SV
• make complete sense
themselves
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
12/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Mono-transitiveMono-transitive
Di-transitiveDi-transitive
Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
13/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Mono-transitiveMono-transitive
Di-transitiveDi-transitive
Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive
• require one direct Object (Od)
• have the pattern: SVOd
E.g.: I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
14/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Mono-transitiveMono-transitive
Di-transitiveDi-transitive
Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive• require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)• have the pattern: SVOiOd E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
15/1
according toclassified ComplementationComplementation
Extensive verbsExtensive verbs
IntransitiveIntransitive
TransitiveTransitive
Intensive verbsIntensive verbs
Mono-transitiveMono-transitive
Di-transitiveDi-transitive
Complex-transitiveComplex-transitive
• require Object and Object Complement
(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
• have the pattern: SVOCo or SVOA(obli)
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
He sent his son to the kindergarten.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
16/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbsStative verbs Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
See more in 3.35
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
17/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbsStative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbsRelational verbs
= verbs that show the
condition or status
and do not accept the
progressive aspect
E.g.: I am a boy.
It feels thin.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
18/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbsStative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbsRelational verbs• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you
He said he hated cooking.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
19/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Stative verbsStative verbs
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Verbs of inert perception & recognition
Relational verbsRelational verbs
• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess, sound, tend, etc. E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
20/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activity verbsActivity verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
= verbs that show the action or the change of status E.g.: She learns English. He hit me. She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t dynamic verb because it denotes a permanent status)
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
21/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• ache, hurt, itch, feel, etc.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
22/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
23/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• arrive, land, leave, lose, die etc.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
24/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
25/1
according toclassified Possibility of admitting
progressive aspectPossibility of admitting
progressive aspect
Dynamic verbsDynamic verbs
Verbs of body sensationVerbs of body sensation
Activities verbsActivities verbs
Transitional event verbsTransitional event verbs
Momentary verbsMomentary verbs
Process verbsProcess verbs
• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.
1
VerbsVerbs
26/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
One-word verbsOne-word verbs Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
27/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
One-word verbsOne-word verbs
• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE
WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
28/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs
See more in 12.2 - 12.6
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
29/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs
• turn on (the light), bring up (the child), hand in
(the paper), give up, take of, etc.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
30/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs• look at (the girl), take after (somebody), look
after (somebody), etc.
Classifications of English verbsClassifications of English verbs1
VerbsVerbs
31/1
according toclassified StructureStructure
Multi-word verbsMulti-word verbs
Phrasal verbsPhrasal verbs
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs
• come up with, make up for, stand in for, put up with, etc.
Let's checkLet's check
Do exercise 156 (handout)
Let's checkLet's check
Answers1. fooling around2. settled down3. dropped out4. cried off5. gives up6. come on7. fell through
8. ringing up9. wait up10. taking off11. touched down12. own up13. went ahead14. beat up15. wear off
16. Hold on17. look back18. stands out19. come about20. caught on21. give in22. pass away
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs
TenseTense AspectAspect MoodMood VoiceVoice
PresentPresent
PastPast
IndicativeIndicative
ImperativeImperative
SubjunctiveSubjunctive
ActiveActive
PassivePassive
ProgressiveProgressive
PerfectivePerfective
Perfective-progressivePerfective-progressive
SimpleSimple
1/2
See more in 3.26 - 3.46
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
TenseTense = the correspondence between the form of the verb and
our concept of time• language specific (while TIME: universal, non-linguistic)• includes PAST and PRESENT• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form
corresponding to future time.
2/2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
AspectAspect • the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded
with respect to time• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)• Tense & aspect are intermingled.
3/2
Grammatical categories of verbs Grammatical categories of verbs 2
AspectAspectTenseTense &
Tense
Aspect
Simple Complex
Progressive Perfective Perfect progressive
Present Present simple
Present progressive
Presentperfect
Present perfect progressive
Past Past simple
Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect progressive
4/2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
MoodMood = a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such
conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility
IndicativeIndicative
ImperativeImperative
SubjunctiveSubjunctive
= statement of the fact
= command, request
= non-fact, unreal
E.g.: She’s nice to me.
(fact - indicative)
Be nice to me.
(command - imperative)
I suggest she be nice to me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)
5/2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
MandativeMandative
FormulaicFormulaic
Subjunctive “were”
Subjunctive “were”
6/2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
MandativeMandative
FormulaicFormulaic
Subjunctive “were”
Subjunctive “were”
• Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend,
demand,
request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)• Form: the base• Aim: to be formal E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his chicken. It is necessary that every student pay the tuition fee.
7/2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
MandativeMandative
FormulaicFormulaic
Subjunctive “were”
Subjunctive “were”
• Found in clause in certain set expressions• Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
8/2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
Subjunctive moodSubjunctive mood
MandativeMandative
FormulaicFormulaic
Subjunctive “were”
Subjunctive “were”
• Found in conditional & concessive clauses,
subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose • Form: WERE• Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
9/2
Grammatical categories of verbsGrammatical categories of verbs2
VoiceVoice = a grammatical category that makes it possible to view
the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without
change in the facts reported• include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)
10/2
Intensive complementationIntensive complementation3
1/3
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
See more in 12.8 - 12.13
Intensive complementationIntensive complementation3
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal clauseNominal clause
Noun phraseNoun phrase
2/3
Intensive complementationIntensive complementation3
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal clauseNominal clause
Noun phraseNoun phrase
E.g.: She is so crazy.
That is ridiculous!
3/3
Intensive complementationIntensive complementation3
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal clauseNominal clause
Noun phraseNoun phraseE.g.: She isn’t a good student.
It appears the only solution.
4/3
Intensive complementationIntensive complementation3
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal clauseNominal clause
Noun phraseNoun phrasefinite clausefinite clause
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
5/3
Intensive complementationIntensive complementation3
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal clauseNominal clause
Noun phraseNoun phrasefinite clausefinite clause
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
• “that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.• “wh-interrogative clause”
E.g.: The problem is not who will go. • “nominal relative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
6/3
Intensive complementationIntensive complementation3
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
Intensive verb complementation(SVC - SVA)
C (complement)C (complement) A (adverbial)A (adverbial)
Adjective phraseAdjective phrase
Nominal phraseNominal phrase
Noun phraseNoun phrasefinite clausefinite clause
• “bare-infinitive clause”
E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.• “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
• “-ing clause”
E.g.: Seeing is believing.non-finite clausenon-finite clause
7/3
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
Adverbial
Prepositional phrase
Finite clause
She is in the garden.The program is at night.Home is where your family is.
3 Intensive complementationIntensive complementation
8/3
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
1/4
Mono-transitive verb complementation(SVO)
Mono-transitive verb complementation(SVO)
Noun phraseNoun phrase Non-finite clauseNon-finite clauseFinite clauseFinite clause
See more in 12.14 - 12.19
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
2/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: Tom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.
3/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbsE.g.: They passed over the question.
The question was passed over.
4/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: She has a nice house.
A house is had by her.
5/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.
6/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phraseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O)Direct object (O) Prepositional OPrepositional O
With passiveWith passive
one-word verbsone-word verbs
phrasal verbsphrasal verbs
Without passiveWithout passive
Prepositional verbsPrepositional verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbsPhrasal prepositional verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.
7/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause Wh- clauseWh- clause
8/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause Wh- clauseWh- clause
Extraposed subject that-clause
Extraposed subject that-clause
Extraposed object that-clause
Extraposed object that-clause
That- clauseas object
That- clauseas object
E.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.
I wondered who did make the bed for me.
Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
I realized what a fool I had been.
I know how busy you are.
9/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
10/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
11/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
• introduce what one might generally describe
as factual or propositional information
E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was
misled.
12/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
• imply intentions to bring about some change
in the future, whether or not these are
verbally
formulated as commands, suggestions, etc
E.g.: The are demanding that she leave.
13/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
E.g.: I regret that we didn’t come.
14/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Major Major
Minor Minor
Factual Factual
SuasiveSuasive
EmotiveEmotive
HypothesisHypothesis
E.g.: I wish that he were here.
15/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should” Putative “should”
Indicative verbs Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
16/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should” Putative “should”
Indicative verbs Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs E.g.: She admitted that she was wrong.
17/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should” Putative “should”
Indicative verbs Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.
18/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clauseThat- clause
That- clause as object That- clause as object
Subordinate verbs Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs Subjunctive verbs
Putative “should” Putative “should”
Indicative verbs Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.
19/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
Infinitive clauseInfinitive clause
Participle clauseParticiple clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
20/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
Infinitive clauseInfinitive clause
Participle clauseParticiple clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clauseE.g.: I don’t like the house to be left empty.
I saw them cry.
21/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Participle clauseParticiple clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
E.g.: I dislike him driving my car.
I found the floor polished.
22/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clauseE.g.: Mary longed to leave home.
23/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
E.g.: Mary loves listening to music.
24/4
Mono-transitive complementationMono-transitive complementation4
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clauseMono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
Wh-infinitive clauseWh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
Without subjectWithout subjectWith subjectWith subject
To-infinitive clauseTo-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clauseIng-participle clause
E.g.: He learned how to sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.
25/4
Di-transitive complementationDi-transitive complementation5
1/5
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
See more in 12.28 - 12.32
Di-transitive complementationDi-transitive complementation5
2/5
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He gave the girl a doll.
Di-transitive complementationDi-transitive complementation5
3/5
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He persuaded me to give up smoking.
Di-transitive complementationDi-transitive complementation5
4/5
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.
Di-transitive complementationDi-transitive complementation5
5/5
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions two passive forms of the sentence• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take account of, give way to, etc. E.g.: They make best use of the garage. The garage is made best use of. Best use is made of the garage.
Di-transitive complementationDi-transitive complementation5
6/5
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NPOd & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clauseOi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clauseOi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + PrepIdiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbsDi-transitive prepositional verbs
• Od introduced by a preposition• one passive form with Oi only• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to, rob of, refer to, etc. E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement. I am reminded of the agreement.• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc. E.g.: He explained it to me. It was explained to me. I was explained about it.
Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6
1/6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
See more in 12.20 - 12.27
Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: He drives me crazy.
2/6
Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.
3/6
Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
• Adverbials are obligatory.
E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.
4/6
Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.
5/6
Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
6/6
Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.
7/6
Complex-transitive complementationComplex-transitive complementation6
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal CoNominal Co
AdverbialsAdverbials
To-infinitiveTo-infinitive
Bare-infinitiveBare-infinitive
Ing-clauseIng-clause
Ed-clauseEd-clause
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.
ed-clauseed-clause
8/6
Let's checkLet's check
Do exercise 165 (handout)Answers:
1. f
2. a
3. c
4. i
5. d
6. g
7. b
8. e
9. j
10. h
HomeworkHomework
Exercises 211-218, 225-230, 233-244 Workbook
Further reading: The use of modal auxiliaries (3.47-3.55)