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Weekly Current Affairs – February Fourth Week
1. Monkey Declared Vermin in HP
2. Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands
3. Golden Rice
4. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
5. Shahpur Kandi Dam Project
6. Green crackers
7. Forest Fires
8. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC)
9. Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
10. Permanent Residence Certificate
11. Super-Efficient Air Conditioning Programme
12. Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED)
Monkey Declared Vermin in Himachal Pradesh
Context
Monkeys have again been declared vermin for the next one year in 11 districts’ 91 tehsils
and sub-tehsils of Himachal Pradesh.
The state government had urged the centre to declare Monkeys as vermin because the
animals have been adversely affecting crops and causing harm to humans.
Concerns
Not many are happy with these decisions. These decisions raise questions about whether
it is right to kill wildlife that damage crops. More pertinent is whether the problem has
been framed and assessed correctly, and culling the appropriate solution in the first place.
Why culling is not a good idea?
Removal through capture or killing may not prevent recurrence of conflicts and may even
exacerbate them. Himachal Pradesh, for instance, killed hundreds of rhesus macaques in
2007 with conflicts recurring within two years, sterilised over 96,000 macaques since
2007 while conflicts continued to increase.
When animals are hunted, some will be shot several times causing tremendous pain, but
many others escape with one gunshot or flesh wound, and die later slowly and in
unimaginable agony from blood loss, gangrene, starvation or dehydration. When mother
animals are killed, orphaned babies are left behind to starve.
Provisions to allow wild animals to be killed can also be easily misused and contribute to
the illegal wildlife trade. There is already a huge black market for nilgai body parts such
as skin, teeth, nails and meat in Uttar Pradesh and wild boar are often used for meat.
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In parts of India, wildlife species such as wild pig, elephants, macaques, and nilgai
occasionally damage crops or property. However, no reliable estimates of economic loss
nationwide are available.
Following list of reasons that scientists’ show us why the animal isn’t the problem:
Habitat loss: Deforestation and lowered green cover in cities has been driving animals
into crop fields and human dwellings in search of food.
Fall in predator population: Fall in population of predators such as tigers and leopards
leads to a consequential rise in population of herbivores such as nilgai and deer.
Drought: If natural calamities such as drought affect human beings, so is the case with
animals in the forest. Drought dries up availability of food for foraging driving wild
animals into nearby crop fields and human dwellings in search of food.
Humans feeding animals: this is one of the major problems these days. Tourists often
offer foods to animals roadside. This habit makes them chase tourists expecting the same
from all tourists.
Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands
Context
Four islands in the Andamans and three in Lakshadweep have been identified for
seaplane operations, while private sector participation has been invited for tourism-based
projects.
The 5th meeting of the Island Development Agency, chaired by Home Minister Rajnath
Singh, also reviewed the progress made towards the programme ‘Holistic development of
islands’.
Details of the initiative
Swaraj Dweep, Shaheed Dweep, Hutbay and Long Island in Andaman and Nicobar
Islands and Kavaratti, Agatti and Minicoy in Lakshadweep have been identified for
seaplane operations.
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Key infrastructure projects such as operationalisation of the Diglipur airport for civilian
aircraft and the construction of a new airport on Minicoy Island have been accorded high
priority by the government, while Coastal Regulation Zone clearance (CRZ) has been
accorded for ‘Middle Strait Bridge’ on Andaman Trunk Road.
Bids for private sector participation in three tourism-based projects have already been
invited by the Andaman & Nicobar Administration. They include eco-tourism projects on
Smith Island and Long Island and a tent city project on Aves Island. Bids will be invited
shortly for one more project on Neil Island.
The Ministry of Commerce has issued a notification extending tax incentives for
investments made in the manufacturing and service sector in the islands of Andaman and
Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
Why these islands are important?
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, a group of picturesque islands at the junction of the Bay of
Bengal and the Andaman Sea, are blessed with pristine sea beaches, attractive marine life
and a large extent of forest cover with rich biodiversity.
About 82.16 per cent of the total geographical area has been reported under forest and
tree cover in Andaman & Nicobar (India State of Forest Report 2017).
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The Islands possess a mix of natural ecosystems including mangrove forests, tropical
rainforests, sandy beaches, rocky shores and coral reefs.
In the limited geographical area, a high level of biodiversity with several species of
mammals, birds and fish have been reported to occur in the Islands. Other strengths
possessed by the Islands are rich cultural traditions, historical heritage sites and peaceful
environment.
Presently, tourism has the potential to be an efficient driver of high economic growth in
the Islands. Development potential also exists in other sectors such as maritime trade,
shipping, fisheries, under-sea mining, oil and gas.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a long coastal length of about 1,912 km. The
Exclusive Economic Zone around these Islands is about 6 lakh sq km constituting 28 per
cent of the total EEZ in our country.
The Great Nicobar Island is only about 90 km away from the western tip of the Malacca
Strait, an important shipping route between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea.
Being at close aerial/shipping distance to a number of countries (Indonesia, Myanmar and
Thailand) and the Malacca Strait, the Islands have the potential of enhanced maritime
trade, particularly for export of the products made in the Islands.
Realizing the potential in Andaman and Nicobar and more or less similar potential in
Lakshadweep, holistic development of identified Islands has been accorded high priority
by the Government.
Conclusion
Existing situation calls for formulation of suitable strategies for holistic development of
identified Islands.
Effective implementation of well-planned strategies in tourism and other key economic
sectors would lead to creation of more jobs and generation of additional income for the
Islanders.
However, while planning development interventions, both the ecological concerns and
the tribal-related issues need to be fully addressed so as to ensure a sustainable
development process.
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Golden Rice
Context
Bangladesh farmers and environment groups are angry over the government’s decision to
allow commercial cultivation of the controversial genetically modified (GM) rice,
popularly called as the golden rice.
What’s the issue?
Bangladesh completed the confined field testing of golden rice at the Bangladesh Rice
Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, in early 2017. It has already allowed commercial
production of BT Brinjal in the country.
Locals fear that the introduction of golden rice will impact their traditional agriculture
system.
It is alleged that field trials were marred with controversy over the lack of transparency
and credible independent safety studies. Even claims made after field trial concerns
remain as on the lack of credible and independent safety studies, transparency and public
participation.
Activists fear that commercial cultivation would lead to the loss of Bangladesh’s rich bio-
diversity. This could further push for public acceptance of genetically-modified crops and
erode our food diversity and our local and traditional seeds, as well as increase corporate
control on our agriculture system.
What is Golden rice?
In 1999, a group of European scientists led by Dr Ingo Potrykus tried to change
traditional rice by developing genetically-engineered rice that contains beta-carotene —
by inserting bacteria and daffodil and maize genes into it. This is the golden rice, called
so because of the golden colour of its grains.
The golden rice was introduced in 2000 and argued to be the panacea for world’s
malnutrition problem. It was claimed that the rice is bio-fortified, and is supposedly high
in Vitamin A, Iron and Zinc.
It was considered as a significant breakthrough in biotechnology, with its first field trials
conducted by the agriculture centre of Louisiana State University in 2004. Later, it has
been claimed that field trials were conducted in the Philippines, Taiwan and Bangladesh.
What is a GM crop?
A GM or transgenic crop is a plant that has a novel combination of genetic material
obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
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For example, a GM crop can contain a gene(s) that has been artificially inserted instead
of the plant acquiring it through pollination. The resulting plant is said to be “genetically
modified” although in reality all crops have been “genetically modified” from their
original wild state by domestication, selection, and controlled breeding over long periods
of time.
GM is a solution to hunger problem:
Data from a large number of peer-reviewed publications have shown that, on average,
GM technology adoption has reduced pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yield by 22%,
and increased farmer profits by 68%.
Data from a billion animals fed on GM corn have not indicated any health hazards. Those
in the Americas and elsewhere consuming Bt corn or soybean for over 15 years have not
reported any health issues.
Genetically modified (GM) crops can withstand pests and droughts. Genetic modification
in crops involves altering a seed’s DNA in order to increase its resistance to pests and
insects. These changes can mean a huge boost to productivity and overall food supply.
Adopting technology that will lead to higher crop productivity is essential to feeding the
growing Indian population.
Higher crop yields, reduced farm costs, increased farm profit and improvement in health
and the environment are some of the benefits of introducing GM crops.
There are some concerns as well
GM food involves taking genes (DNA) from different organisms and inserting them in
food crops.
There are concerns that this ‘foreign’ DNA through Genetically Modified products may
lead to risks such as toxicity, allergic reactions, and nutritional and unintended impact.
It costs people’s health and our national food and health sovereignty.
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India [FSSAI], the apex food regulator, has
failed to curb the illegal sales of GM food.
Its draft regulations on GM food labelling are weak and impractical to implement.
Lack of clarity: It is clear that the technology of genetic engineering is an evolving one
and there is much, especially on its impact on human health and environment that is yet
to be understood properly. The scientific community itself seems uncertain about this.
There is also a potential for pests to evolve resistance to the toxins produced by GM
crops and the risk of these toxins affecting nontarget organisms. There is also the danger
of unintentionally introducing allergens and other anti-nutrition factors in foods.
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Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
Context
To provide an assured income support to the small and marginal farmers, the Government
has unveiled the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN).
About Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
Under this programme, vulnerable landholding farmer families, having cultivable land
upto 2 hectares, will be provided direct income support at the rate of Rs. 6,000 per year.
This income support will be transferred directly into the bank accounts of beneficiary
farmers, in three equal installments of Rs. 2,000 each.
The complete expenditure of Rs 75000 crore for the scheme will borne by the Union
Government in 2019-20.
Significance
Around 12 crore small and marginal farmer families are expected to benefit from this. It
would not only provide assured supplemental income to the most vulnerable farmer
families, but would also meet their emergent needs especially before the harvest season.
It would pave the way for the farmers to earn and live a respectable living.
Benefits of direct cash transfers
It has immediate impact on reducing hunger and rural poverty.
They can help households to overcome credit constraints and manage risk. This can
increase productive investment, increase access to markets and stimulate local
economies.
Income support can be used to make a repayment or at least activate a bank account
which can then receive a loan.
It can increase investment in agricultural inputs, including farm implements and
livestock.
It can serve as an important complement to a broader rural development agenda,
including a pro-poor growth strategy focusing on agriculture.
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Shahpur Kandi Dam Project
Context
India will use its share of water from the Indus network of rivers that flows through its
territory, Road Transport and Water Resources Minister Nitin Gadkari said.
The Minister’s statement coincided with the announcement of implementation of the
Shahpur-Kandi dam project in Punjab on the river Ravi.
The project would be implemented by Govt. of Punjab with Central Assistance and is
expected to be completed by 2022. It would help minimising some of the water of the
River Ravi which at present is going waste through the Madhopur Headworks
downstream to Pakistan.
The project will enable the upstream Ranjit Sagar Dam project electricity station to act as
a peaking station, besides having its own generation capacity of 206 MW.
Shahpur Kandi Dam Project
The 55.5 high Shahpur Kandi dam, located in Gurdaspur district of Punjab, will help in
providing irrigation facility to 5000 hectares of land in Punjab and 32173 hectares in J&K
besides generation of 206 MW power.
The construction of Shahpur Kandi Dam project was taken up in May 1999 but later
halted in 2014 due to dispute between Punjab and J&K. The Ministry of WR, RD & GR
had been making all out efforts to resolve the issues and resume construction which
resulted.
The project was being built with an estimated cost of Rs. 2285.81 crore (April, 2008 price
level) and is included in the Scheme of National Projects by Government of India. Under
the scheme, MoWR, RD & GR provides central assistance @ 90% of the balance cost of
works component of irrigation and water supply.
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The project will continue to be implemented by the Government of Punjab. However,
there will be a tripartite team headed by Member, CWC and consisting of Chief
Engineers of two States to monitor the project as and when required but atleast once in
three months to ensure that the construction is as per the agreement.
The design of the project shall be as already agreed by both the states while concurrently
model studies will be done to ensure that the mandated share of 1150 cusecs of water is
available to the State of J&K, which will be binding on both the States.
The Government of Punjab would be making available to the Govt. of J&K 20% share in
the total power generated at the Thein Dam at the mutually agreed rate of Rs. 3.50 per
unit immediately, subject to the confirmation of the rates by the Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission.
Both the States agreed that other issues will be referred to Arbitration mechanism
provided in the agreement signed between two states of 1979 without affecting the
progress of work. It was unanimously agreed that the work on the Shahpur Kandi Dam
Project would resume as soon both the State Governments formally approve the agreed
decisions.
Indus Water Treaty
The Indus Waters Treaty was signed by the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and
Pakistan’s President Ayub Khan on September 19, 1960.
The World Bank brokered the Indus valley treaty.
The treaty describes how river Indus and its tributaries that flow through both the
countries can be effectively utilized without disputes.
According to the treaty, the administration of Beas, Ravi and Sutlej are invested on
Indian Government, while, Indus, Chenab and Jhelum are to be taken care by Pakistan.
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As the river Indus flows from India, the country is allowed to use 20 per cent of its water
for irrigation, power generation and transport purposes.
Though, the Indus originates from Tibet, China has been kept out of the Treaty. The
provisions of The Indus Valley Treaty created a peaceful sharing of water among India
and Pakistan for 56 years on sharing the water of Indus and its tributaries.
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Green crackers
Context
Four months after it banned polluting firecrackers, the Supreme Court realised that the
concept of non-polluting ‘green crackers’ remains a non-starter, while its ban has affected
the livelihood of four lakh workers and resulted in the closure of 974 firecracker units in
Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, alone.
“Where are the green crackers,” a Bench, led by Justice A.K. Sikri, asked the Petroleum
and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) and the National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute (NEERI).
Justice Sikri said the October 23 ban and the insistence on green crackers were meant to
stop pollution and, at the same time, ensure that livelihoods were not affected. He
observed that the court had ordered the ban under the belief that a formula for non-
polluting crackers was in place.
Background
On October 31 last year, the Supreme Court had, on an application from Tamil Nadu,
clarified that only green crackers could be made henceforth across the country.
This meant that no polluting crackers could be made after the factories sent out the
existing stock.
The mandatory manufacture and sale of green crackers was implemented in the National
Capital Region with immediate effect from last year itself.
Green Crackers
Fireworks is a device which contains gunpowder and other combustible chemicals which
causes striking effects and when ignited they explodes. Basically, used in celebrations,
festivals etc.
Green crackers are those crackers which do not contain harmful chemicals that would
cause air pollution. They are environmentally friendly. So, we can say that green crackers
are less harmful as compared to conventional firecrackers and less pollution emission will
result in reduced air pollution. That is why it is decided to develop eco-friendly
firecrackers and fireworks.
In green crackers the commonly used polluting chemicals like aluminium, barium,
potassium nitrate and carbon have either been removed or sharply reduced to slow down
the emissions by 15 to 30%.
The idea of generating green firecrackers is of CSIR labs and is proposed by the Union
Science and Technology Minister Dr. Harsh Vardhan
In the first phase of producing green crackers focus will be on reducing pollutants and
then further strategies will cover to remove pollutants from the compositions.
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The network of CSIR labs - Central Electro Chemical Research Institute (CECRI), Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, National Botanical Research Institute, National
Chemical Laboratory has developed flower pots by using “eco-friendly materials” that
can potentially reduce particulate matter by 40%.
Forest Fires
Context
There was a major fire outbreak in the forestlands of Bandipur. According to an alert
from NASA’s Fire Information for Resource Management System (NASA-FIRMS) 21
fires or hotspots were detected during the satellite overpass.
FIRMS was developed to provide near real-time active fire locations to natural resource
managers that faced challenges obtaining timely satellite-derived fire information.
Giving real-time information on the outbreak of forest fire across the globe, the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States had also alerted
about the raging fire hot spots across Bandipur.
About forest fires
Forest fire is a common hazard in forests.
They pose a threat to the forest wealth and also to the flora and fauna, thus disturbing the
bio-diversity and the ecology and environment of a region.
Forest fires are caused by Natural causes as well as anthropogenic causes
Natural causes- Many forest fires start from natural causes such as lightning which set
trees on fire. However, rain extinguishes such fires without causing much damage. High
atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favorable circumstance for a
fire to start.
Anthropogenic causes- Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette or
bidi, electric spark or any source of ignition comes into contact with inflammable
material.
Fires are a major cause of forest degradation and have wide ranging adverse ecological,
economic and social impacts, including:
loss of valuable timber resources
degradation of catchment areas
loss of biodiversity and extinction of plants and animals
loss of wildlife habitat and depletion of wildlife
loss of natural regeneration and reduction in forest cover
global warming
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loss of carbon sink resource and increase in percentage of CO2 in atmosphere
change in the microclimate of the area with unhealthy living conditions
soil erosion affecting productivity of soils and production
Loss of livelihood for tribal people and the rural poor, as approximately 300 million
people are directly dependent upon collection of non-timber forest products from forest
areas for their livelihood.
Forest fires also benefit plants and trees
Forest fires can also rejuvenate the soil and eliminate invasive species, which promote
healthier and stronger plant species.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC)
Context
A team of Japanese researchers will carry out an unprecedented trial using human-
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) to treat spinal cord injuries.
The team at Tokyo’s Keio University has received government approval for the trial —
which have the potential to develop into any cell in the body — to treat patients with
serious spinal cord injuries.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC)
Induced pluripotent stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated
directly from adult cells.
The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka’s lab in Kyoto, Japan, who
showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors
could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.
He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the discovery that
mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.”
Pluripotent stem cells hold promise in the field of regenerative medicine. Because they
can propagate indefinitely, as well as give rise to every other cell type in the body (such
as neurons, heart, pancreatic, and liver cells), they represent a single source of cells that
could be used to replace those lost to damage or disease.
The most well-known type of pluripotent stem cell is the embryonic stem cell. However,
since the generation of embryonic stem cells involves destruction (or at least
manipulation) of the pre-implantation stage embryo, there has been much controversy
surrounding their use.
Further, because embryonic stem cells can only be derived from embryos, it has so far
not been feasible to create patient-matched embryonic stem cell lines.
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Since iPSCs can be derived directly from adult tissues, they not only bypass the need for
embryos, but can be made in a patient-matched manner, which means that each
individual could have their own pluripotent stem cell line.
These unlimited supplies of autologous cells could be used to generate transplants
without the risk of immune rejection.
Yamanaka named iPSCs with a lower case "i" due to the popularity of the iPod and other
products.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Context
Condemning the Pulwama February 14 attack, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF),
issued a stern statement to Pakistan to comply with an action plan on terror financing or
face further action, according to a decision taken at its plenary session in Paris.
Details of the issue
The week-long deliberations of the 37-member group decided not to remove Pakistan
from the ‘grey list’, as Islamabad had lobbied for, but also did not accept an Indian
demand to move Pakistan to the ‘black list’ yet.
Pakistan was put on the ‘grey list’ or watch list of the FATF in June 2018 after a proposal
moved by the U.S., the U.K., Germany and France was passed.
‘Grey list’ comprises nations that are not doing enough to combat terrorism financing.
Blacklist of the FATF that currently features Iran and North Korea - non-cooperative in
the global fight against money laundering and terrorist financing, calling them "Non-
Cooperative Countries or Territories" (NCCTs).
The ‘grey-listing’ continued despite a last-minute decision by the Pakistan government to
put the Jamaat-ud Dawa (JuD) and the Falah-e Insaniat Foundation (FIF), two offshoots
of the Hafiz Saeed-led Lashkar-e-Taiba on its ‘schedule-1’ list of banned organisations.
The FATF criticised Pakistan for not demonstrating “a proper understanding” of the
terror financing risks posed by “Da’esh (Islamic State), al Qaeda, Jamaat-ud Dawa,
Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, Haqqani Network,
and persons affiliated with the Taliban.”
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Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an inter-governmental body established in
1989 on the initiative of the G7.
It is a “policy-making body” which works to generate the necessary political will to bring
about national legislative and regulatory reforms in various areas.
The FATF Secretariat is housed at the OECD headquarters in Paris.
The objectives of the FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of
legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist
financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system.
The FATF monitors the progress of its members in implementing necessary measures,
reviews money laundering and terrorist financing techniques and counter-measures, and
promotes the adoption and implementation of appropriate measures globally.
In collaboration with other international stakeholders, the FATF works to identify
national-level vulnerabilities with the aim of protecting the international financial system
from misuse.
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Permanent Residence Certificate
Context
Violence erupted in Arunachal Pradesh over the issue of Permanent Residence Certificate
to six non-Arunachal Pradesh Scheduled Tribes (APSTs) living in the Namsai and
Changlang districts and to the Gorkhas living in Vijaynagar.
The protests spread despite a state government assurance that they had deferred the plan
to give them PRC.
Background
Deoris, Sonowal Kacharis, Morans, Adivasis and Mishings were demanding Permanent
Residence Certificate. Most of these communities are recognised as Scheduled Tribes in
neighbouring Assam. According to reports, the demand by these communities for PRC,
recognising them as residents of the state, is long-standing, but is opposed by powerful
groups.
What is Permanent Residence Certificate?
The State Government of Arunachal Pradesh issues the domicile certificate otherwise
called as Permanent Residence Certificate (PRC) to the residents of the state who stayed
therein over a period. Those citizens who are not currently residing in the state but are
sure of permanently staying therein can also apply for it.
Besides the permanent residence certificate, the State also offers Temporary Residence
Certificate (TRC) for those who reside in the State on a temporary basis.
Purpose of the Certificate:
Permanent Residence Certificate is a legal document that serves as an evidence of
residence and thus must be submitted wherever a residence proof is required.
Permanent Residence Certificate should be produced in many situations such as
admission in educational organisations, job reservation under specific quotas especially
for government jobs, etc. to get local preferences.
To apply for ration card permanent residence certificate is a vital and mandate document.
To avail the provisions of various schemes of the state or to claim scholarships of the
State, permanent residence certificate is essential.
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Super-Efficient Air Conditioning Programme
Context
Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) has launched its Super-Efficient Air
Conditioning Programme for residential and institutional consumers in the BSES area.
Super-Efficient Air Conditioning Programme- key facts
Under the programme, Super-Efficient Air Conditioners are distributed. They are 40%
more efficient than, but priced comparably with, the 3-star ACs currently available in the
market (ISEER 3.8).
EESL is working towards making this programme and its benefits available to all
consumers across the nation with the other DISCOMs likely to partner with EESL in
future.
Significance and benefits of the programme
Besides promoting energy efficiency, the Super-Efficient AC programme will also help
to reduce the peak power demand in South and West Delhi by 22MW, enabling the two
organisations to harness synergies to promote energy security and sustainability.
The programme directly addresses the prospect of the nearly four-fold increase in energy
consumption from buildings and cooling appliances in India by 2032, while also
addressing goals of India’s Cooling Action Plan and Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase Out
Management Plan, enabling achievement of India’s targets under the Kigali and Paris
Agreements.
Funding
EESL’s investment in the programme is partially supported by a grant from the Global
Environment Facility (GEF).
Further, Asian Development Bank (ADB) is providing necessary grant support and loan
while United Nations Environment (UNEP) is providing technical assistance support to
the Super-Efficient AC programme.
About GEF
GEF is an independent financing mechanism that was established on the eve of the 1992
Rio Earth Summit to address global environmental issues. The GEF is an international
partnership of 183 countries, international institutions, civil society organizations and the
private sector.
The World Bank serves as the GEF Trustee, administering the GEF Trust Fund.
It is a FINANCIAL MECHANISM for five major international environmental
conventions: the Minamata Convention on Mercury, the Stockholm Convention on
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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity (UNCBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED)
Context
The World Health Organization (WHO) has released a new report on global health
expenditure. The Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) provides internationally
comparable data on health spending for close to 194 countries, since 2000.
Health spending consists of government expenditure, out-of-pocket payments (people
paying for their own care), and sources such as voluntary health insurance, employer-
provided health programmes, as well as activities by non-profits.
Highlights of the report
According to the report, global spending on health has increased in low- and middle-
income countries by 6% and in high income countries by 4%. However, worryingly,
people are still paying too much out of their own pockets.
In low- and middle-income countries, health spending is undergoing a transformation.
The reliance of people on public funding has increased. In most regions, reliance on out-
of-pocket spending is gradually going down and has also been associated with a
reduction in the share of domestic government revenues allocated to health.
While the total amount of aid that middle-income countries receive has increased, aid per
capita, has fallen. In 2016, lower- and upper middle-income countries still received close
to 57% of global aid, and certain middle-income countries still received large amounts of
aid in absolute terms. Therefore, there is an inverse relationship between a country’s
income levels and the share of external aid as a health funding source.
According to the report, the roles of external and domestic funding are evolving;
however, external funding is declining in middle-income countries. Governments account
for less than 40 per cent of primary health care spending.
There are huge variations across countries in public spending on primary health care,
which is intended to give people access to quality care, including access to medicines, as
needed. Governments would be expected to pay for these medicines from domestic
sources.
The data indicates that nearly half of donor funds for health and about 20% of public
spending on health went to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. About one-third
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of domestic public spending went towards injuries and non-communicable diseases,
which received comparatively little external funds.
Significance of public spending on health
Public spending on health is essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG) targets for health through sustainably funding common goods and subsidising
services to the poorest segments of society.
A health system that relies mainly on high levels of government funding, as well as a
high share of public sources in overall health spending, generally provides better and
more equitable access to services and better financial protection.
Way ahead
Health is a human right and all countries need to prioritise efficient, cost-effective
primary health care as the path to achieving universal health coverage and the Sustainable
Development Goals.
Increased domestic spending is essential for achieving universal health coverage and the
health-related Sustainable Development Goals. But health spending is not a cost, it’s an
investment in poverty reduction, jobs, productivity, inclusive economic growth, and
healthier, safer, fairer societies.
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Maitreyi Yatra is a student exchange program between
(a) Ministry of Human Resource Development and Jammu & Kashmir Government
(b) Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Development of North-Eastern region
(c) Tamil Nadu government and Government of Sri Lanka
(d) Ministry of Culture and Government of Maldives
2. Consider the following statements with reference to Leprosy in India:
1. National Leprosy Eradication Program looks after the case detection and management of leprosy
cases
2. India has achieved elimination of leprosy as a public health problem.
Which of the above statement(s) is/ are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) None of the above
3. Swachh Survekshan under Swachh Bharat Mission-urban is undertaken by which of the
following ministry?
(a) Ministry of Drinking water and Sanitation
(b) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
(c) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
(d) Ministry of Rural Development
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4. Which of the following is the correct objective of the ‘COMMIT Program’ launched by the
Union Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension?
(a) To set a minimum pension to all Government officers working in State Government.
(b) To improve public service delivery through capacity building of officials who interact with
citizens on day to day basis.
(c) To make Government offices more accessible for People with Disabilities.
(d) All of the above
5. Which one of the following is an objective of Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana?
(a) to provide the compensation to farmers for agriculture products whenever its price fall below
the announced Minimum support price
(b) to insure the crop insurance from natural calamities in Madhya Pradesh
(c) to facilitate production of organic farming
(d) to provide cheap credit facilities to farmers in the form of subsidised loans
6. Which among the following programmes have been exclusively launched for women
scientists?
1. KIRAN 2. VAJRA
3. ROSHNI
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 1 and 2
(c) Only 2 and 3 (d) All of the above
7. Consider the following statements regarding fortification of food:
1. Fortification of milk has been prohibited by the Ministry of Health and family Welfare due to its
reactive nature
2. Fortification does not alter the characteristics of the food—the taste, the feel, the look
Which of the above statement(s) is/ are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) None of the above
8. Consider the following statements regarding Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-
JAY): 1. It seeks to achieve Sustainable Development Goal - 3 (SDG3)
2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) will provide financial protection to poors as per
the latest Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data
3. PM-JAY will cover medical and hospitalization expenses for primary care procedures
Which of the above statement(s) is/ are correct?
(a) Only 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 and 3
(c) Only 1 and 3 (d) All of the above
9. “e-CHARAK” is:
(a) An e-governance platform for rural areas facilitating tele-medicine services
(b) A Community Service Centre for Indian farmers
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(c) An information portal on disaster management
(d) A virtual market place for buyers and sellers of medicinal plants sector to interact with each
other
10. With reference to the report titled “Time To Deliver”, Consider the following statement:
1. It is released by World Health Organisation (WHO).
2. It is a report on Non communicable diseases (NCDs)
Choose the correct options:
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) None of the above
11. Consider the following with respect to “Happy Schools Project”-
1. It was launched by UNICEF with the involvement of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for
Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEPS) in India.
2. The framework of the Project aims to bring happiness and the quality of education together.
Choose the correct option:
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) None of the above
12. Which of the following measures will result in enhancement of food availability in the
country?
1. Employment intensive pattern of growth wherein remunerative work is provided to the poor.
2. Increasing incomes and subsidizing food through social protection measures.
Choose the correct option –
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) None of the above