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Wind and Solar Power – Renewable Energy

Technologies

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Topics

• Energy : sources, forms, conversion of units

• Laws of thermodynamics

• Renewable and non renewable energy

• Economics of Renewable energy


Energy

• The capacity to do work and overcome resistance

• Non-renewable energy resources

Coal, Oil and Natural Gas

• Renewable energy resources

Wind and Solar and others


Forms of Energy

Mechanical energy

Gravitational energy

Electrical energy

Chemical energy

Thermal energy

Nuclear energy


Heat

• Heat = thermal energy • can be converted into other forms of energy


Conversion of units

1 kilo joule = 1 kilowatt-second

= 1 / 3600 kilowatt-hour

= 2.7 * 10 –4 kilowatt-hour

1000 kilo joule = (2.7 * 10 –4 ) * 1000

= 0.278 kWh

or:

1 kWh = 3.60 kj


Laws of Thermodynamics

• First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Conservation

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Whenever energy is transformed from one form to another, the total quantity of energy remains the same


Energy Conversion Process

E1 + Qa – Qt = E2

– E1 - energy possessed by the system initially

– E2 - energy possessed by the system after the work is done

– Qa - energy added to the system

– Qt - energy taken away from the system


Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower

• Work has the tendency to convert into heat


Renewable energy

• Energy, which is continuously replenished by natural processes on the earth

• Solar energy

• Wind energy

• Hydro energy incl. Tidal & Wave energy

• Biomass/Biogas

• Geothermal energy


Non-renewable energy

• Energy resources with finite reserves,

that cannot be renewed within our lifetimes

- fossil fuels, e.g. oil, coal, natural gas

- Nuclear fuels, e.g. uranium


Economics of scale

Example:

Capital cost (capex)

small to medium size

Wind Turbines


EconomicsOperational Cost (Opex) versus Capital Cost (Capex)


Economics

Payback period (in years)

Total Initial Cost

= -----------------------------------------------------

Annual Cost Savings - Annual Operating Cost


Other economic factors

• Increase in energy costs relative to general inflation

• Interest paid on borrowed money

• Insurance cost

• PR opportunities

• Grid feed-in tariffs

• State and federal funding programs

• Assets resale value


Driving Forces

• Reduced environmental impact

• Energy independence and diversification

• Inflation-proof fuel costs

• Direct + indirect costs of fossil fuels


Cost of energy per kWh

Annual Cost = Capex/Service Life + Opex

typical Service Life 20 to 30 years (wind & solar)

•Step 1

•Step 2

Cost / kWh = Annual Cost / Annual Energy Output


Energy Conservation

“the cheapest and cleanest

energy is the one

that we don’t use”


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