Wind Blown Dust Monitoring and Wind Blown Dust Monitoring and Modeling at Owens Lake, CAModeling at Owens Lake, CA
Duane Ono Duane Ono
Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control DistrictGreat Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District
July 2004July 2004
WRAP Dust Emissions Joint Forum MeetingWRAP Dust Emissions Joint Forum Meeting
Reno, NevadaReno, Nevada
Dust ID Methodbased on Shao, et al., 1993
F m g
Q f Vua d
H*
F
QC onstan t
a
Dust ID Method
Fa = Kf x q
Fa = PM-10 emissions [g/cm2/hr]
Kf = K-factor
q = sand flux at 15 cm [g/cm2/hr]
Owens Lake Dust ID Monitoring Network
135 sand flux sites6 PM-10 TEOM sites13 10-m met towers
Upper air profilerTime-lapse camera sites
Dust observer sites
Sand Flux Monitors
Cox Sand Catcher - Collects saltation-size particles
Sensit ™ - Electronically records sand flux.
Sensits & Cox Sand Catcher
Sensit Reading vs. Sand Catch
y = 1.01x - 4.1R2 = 0.99
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 100 200 300 400 500 600Average Cox Sand Catcher (grams)
Nor
mal
ized
Sen
sit T
otal
Par
ticle
C
ount
PM-10 Monitors SitesPM-10 Monitors Sites
K-factor Calculations
Kf = Hourly K-factor
Ki = Initial K-factor (5 x 10-5)
Cobs.= Monitored hourly PM-10
Cbac.= Hourly background PM-10
Cmod.= Modeled PM-10 at monitor site
K K C C
Cf i
obs. - bac .
m od .
Dust Storm at Owens LakeDust Storm at Owens Lake
VISIBLE DUST PLUMES &
SAND FLUX
Observed dust plume locations
corresponded to the hotspot areas
identified by the sand flux monitoring
network.
Example Storm: Feb. 6-8, 2001(52 hour total)
PM-10 concentrations and sand flux were PM-10 concentrations and sand flux were monitored for 30 months at Owens Lake.monitored for 30 months at Owens Lake.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Jan-00 Apr-00 Jul-00 Oct-00 Jan-01 Apr-01 Jul-01 Oct-01 Jan-02 Apr-02 Jul-02
Date
Kf (
x 10
-5)
Dirty Socks
Olancha
Shell Cut
Flat Rock
Storm Average
Hourly & Storm Average Kf for the South Area
Temporal & Spatial K-factors
Period Keeler Dunes North Area Central Area South Area
1/1/00-2/3/01 5.1 2.1 6.6 1.9
2/4/01-4/18/01 5.1 2.1 26.0 6.7
4/19/01-11/30/01 5.1 2.1 6.3 1.9
12/1/01-3/8/02 20.0 7.6 36.0 5.8
3/9/02-4/18/02 5.5 5.0 6.9 9.0
4/19/02-6/30/02 5.5 5.0 6.6 1.8
Univ. of Guelph Wind Tunnel
Wind Tunnel on Keeler DunesWind Tunnel on Keeler Dunes
Dust ID Period Area Wind Tunnel Dust ID
1/1/00 - 2/3/01 North Area 2.3 x 10-5 1.8 x 10-5
1/1/00 – 2/3/01 Keeler Dunes 1.3 x 10-5 3.5 x 10-5
2/4/01 - 4/18/01 Central Area 9.7 x 10-5 24.1 x 10-5
2/4/01 - 4/18/01 South Area 6.6 x 10-5 5.9 x 10-5
4/19/01 - 11/30/01 Central Area 16.0 x 10-5 5.7 x 10-5
4/19/01 - 11/30/01 South Area 3.1 x 10-5 2.0 x 10-5
Comparison of Wind Tunnel & Dust ID K-factors
40 0 4 05 4 10 4 1 5 4 2 0 42 5 43 0
U T M E a st - W e st ( k m )
4 01 0
4 01 5
4 02 0
4 02 5
4 03 0
4 03 5
4 04 0
4 04 5
4 05 0
4 05 5
UT
M N
orth
- S
outh
(km
)
8 54 0
6 0 21 7
6 6 7
1 6 4 9
5 9 8 7
1 0 44 5
1 0 0 µ g/m 3
1 0 00 µg /m 3
1 0 00 0 µ g /m 3
O bs e rv e d P M 1 0 c o n c e nt r a t io n s a re po s t e dB a se d o n M a y 0 2- 0 3, 2 0 0 1 S to rm A v e r a ge K fB a c k g ro u nd of 2 0 µ g /m 3 .
CALPUFF OptionsCALPUFF Options
Model Options– Reg. defaults including
Pasquill-Gifford curves– Plume depletion based
on local size distribution measurements
Example Simulation– May 2-3, 2001
– Storm Average Kf
– Background of 20 µg/m3
Predicted PM10 Concentrations (µg/m3) for
May 02, 2001, Hour 0800-0900
may02-03-2001.exe
10
100
1000
10000
100000
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Date (May 02-03, 2001)
24
-Ho
ur
PM 1
0 (µ
g/m
3 )
Observed
Predicted
Simulations Based On: - May 2-3, 2001 Storm Average Kf
- Background of 20 µg/m3
Comparison of Hourly Monitored and Modeled PM-10 at Shell Cut, May 2-3, 2001
Daily PM-10 Emissions
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jul-00 Sep-00 Nov-00 Jan-01 Mar-01 May-01 Jul-01
Date
Dai
ly P
M-1
0 Em
issi
ons
(Ton
s)
Owens LakePM-10 Emissions
Peak Daily PM-10 = 7,200 tons
Annual PM-10 = 79,200 tons
Dust ID Period: July 2000 - June 2001.
Conclusions
PM-10 emissions can be estimated using sand flux measurements and K-factors.
K-factors can be derived empirically by comparing monitored PM-10 concentrations to model predictions.
Average K-factors were found to vary spatially and temporally at Owens Lake.
PM-10 Emissions vs. Wind SpeedComparing Dust ID to Alfaro & Gomes
Keeler Sand Dunes July 2000-June 2001
y = 0.0066x3 - 0.1151x2 + 0.4088x
R2 = 0.7213
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Hourly Average Wind Speed (mph at 10 m)
Ho
url
y P
M-1
0 E
mis
sio
ns
(lbs/
acre
)
Alfaro FS
Alfaro CS
Dust ID
Poly. (Dust ID)
Comparison of PM-10 Emissions vs. Wind SpeedComparison of PM-10 Emissions vs. Wind SpeedFor Big and Medium Size Dust Storms Using the For Big and Medium Size Dust Storms Using the
Dust ID Method and Alfaro & Gomes ModelDust ID Method and Alfaro & Gomes Model
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Hourly Average Wind Speed (mph at 10 m)
PM
-10
Emis
sio
ns
(lb
s/a
cre
/hr) Fine Soil - Alfaro & Gomes
Coarse Soil - Alfaro & Gomes
Dust ID (Big Storm)
Dust ID (Medium Storm)
Comparison of Storm Total PM-10 Comparison of Storm Total PM-10 Emissions for the Keeler DunesEmissions for the Keeler Dunes
Storm Date Dust ID(lbs/acre)
Alfaro & Gomes ModelsFine Soil
(lbs/acre)
Coarse Soil
(lbs/acre)
Oct. 21-22, 2000 2,245 1,038 51
May 2-3, 2001 1,354 848 37
Nov. 2, 2000 153 297 13
Jun. 1, 2001 49 179 7
For more information contact:For more information contact:
Duane OnoDuane Ono
Great Basin Unified APCDGreat Basin Unified APCD
157 Short Street157 Short Street
Bishop, California 93514Bishop, California 93514
(760) 872-8211(760) 872-8211