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INTRODUCTION:
WTP is an extraordinary, innovative project that would enable India to deal wit
he world on even grounds. It would also allow International Buyers and Investors to re
Rajasthan and come in close contact with each other. WTP would provide International
Business facilities under one roof, thus, making it a focal point of world trade in South A
nd making Jaipur, the International Trade Capital of the Country.
WTP would be open to all, irrespective of the industry they belong to.
Gems and Jewellery Handicrafts and Textiles
Banking and Insurance sectors Men/Women apparel Kids zone Bridal wear BPO sectors Consultancy, etc
The World Trade Park, announced by R.F. Properties, will
e built in the heart of the city.The foundation stone for the World Trade Park, ausiness- cum-shopping centre was laid in 2005.
It will have offices, a convention centre,
etail outlets, exhibition halls, a five-star hotel, a multiplex, trade lobbies, an art
allery and a "computer-controlled" parking for 1,100 vehicles, park will be builtn a 20,000 sq yard sitewhich would be built on over 700,000 square feet ofrea.
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This building would have lots of attractive facilities:
Buyer's embassy of1.50 lacs sqft of exhibition hall. 1500 persons Auditorium and Convention Center. Electronic Trading Facilities of Stocks and Export Enquiries. Corporate office, rather serviced offices. Five Star Luxury Facility Hotel. Retail Showrooms of International and National Brands. Food Court with cuisines from 15 countries. Physical Fitness and Health Club. Club Lounge & 2 Screen multiplex. Trade Lobbies & Art Gallery and Museum. 1100 Computerized Car Parking System Associate WTP trade offices in London, Paris, New York, Italy
and Germany, shortly.
Computer Controlled Building Management System (BMS). Building Support System (BSS). World Trade Park will be an eco-friendly building with water
conservation techniques, energy conservation techniques and
automatic sensors for power saving, centrally air-conditioned,
Wireless LAN and IT friendly environment.
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Architectural Brilliance:
It will have 32 escalators and 28 high speed lifts. Separate freight and service elevators. 1000 ft long metal arm structure with brushed stainless steel
conceived as roots of trade tower.
Underwater Restaurant. Club Cars for pickup. Travellators. A floating executive lounge and business center. Two large lobbies of10,000 sqft. 400 sqft of occupants would enjoy facilities of more than 4000 sqft
of business facility.
Quotes from famous souls:
Anoop Bartaria, chairman of the WTP
World Trade Park is destined to be the icon of the Indian Real Estate.
Apart from being the most Advanced Building it will be the platform for
the people to grow leaps and bound in their businesses. I and my team
will leave no stones unturned to fulfill the aspirations and set standards
for the world to follow.
Shahrukh Khan, Cine star
World trade park would be an ideal destination for international events
and I wish to come here again and again.
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EXPANSION JOINTS:
When a building experiences earthquake vibrations its foundation will move back
and forth with the ground. These vibrations can be quite intense, creating stresses a
deformation throughout the structure making the upper edges of the building swing
from a few mm to many inches dependent on their height size and mass. This is
uniformly applicable for buildings of all heights, whether single storeyed or multi-
storeyed in high-risk earthquake zones.
A building needs to be slightly flexible and also have
components, which can withstand or counter the stresses caused in various parts of
the building due to horizontal movements caused by earthquakes.
Thus the structure in which such marked changes in dimensions takes place abrup
shall be provided with expansion on joints at the section where such changes occur
Expansion joints shall be so provided that necessary Movement occurs with a
minimum resistance at the joints.
DETAILS REQUIRED FOR EXPANSION JOINTS:
The details as to the length of structure where expansion joints have to be provide
can be determined after taking into consideration various factors, such as
temperature, exposure to weather, the time and the season of the laying of concrete
etc. Normally structures exceeding 45m in length are designed with one or morexpansion joints, however in view of large number of factors involved in deciding
the locations, spacing and nature of expansion joints, the provision of expansion
joints in reinforced cement concrete structures should be left to the discretion of
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designer. Bureau Of Indian Standards clearly gives in its code IS 4326 that a
Separation Section is to be provided between buildings. Separation Section is defin
as `A gap of specified width between adjacent buildings or parts of the same
building, either left uncovered or covered suitably to permit movement in orde
to avoid hammering due to earthquake `. Further it states that ` For buildingsheight greater than 40 meters, it will be desirable to carry out model or dynam
analysis of the structures in order to compute the drift at each storey, and the
gap width between the adjoining structures shall not be less than the sum of
their dynamic deflections at any level.`
Thus it is advised to provide adequate gap between twobuildings greater than the sum of the expected bending of both the
buildings at their top, so that they have enough space to vibrate.
In the case of high-rise multi storeyed residential and
commercial complexes expansion joints are provided when the length of
the building exceeds a length specified by code.
This expansion joint is provided for relieving
stresses caused due to expansion or contraction of construction materialowing to temperature changes. At this point the buildings are totally
separated and a gap of 1 to 2" is provided which is filled with a flexible
material. However this is causing a major problem i.e. the deflection of
these independent buildings during earthquake is much more in high rise
buildings than the expansion joint and since at this point these buildings
are separate and of varying size they would swing and hammer with
each other and weaken the buildings. Structural components around the
expansion joint would be severely damaged and there shall be a chainreaction of forces in the total structure for which the structure has not
been designed.
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Landscaping:
DEFINATION :
Landscaping is both science and art, and requires good observation and
design skills. A good landscaper understands the elements of nature andconstruction, and blends them accordingly.
A sustainable landscape is designed to be both attractive and in balance
with the local climate and environment and it should require minimal
resource inputs.
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor and public spaces toachieve environmental, socio-behavioral, and/or aesthetic outcomes. It
involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, andgeological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of
interventions .
Landscape engineering or landscaping is the application ofmathematics and science to shape land and waterscapes. It can also be
described as green engineering, but the design professionals best known
for landscape engineering are landscape architects.
Landscape engineering builds on the engineering strengths of declaring
goals, determining initial conditions, iteratively designing, predicting
performance based on knowledge of the design, monitoring
performance, and adjusting designs to meet the declared goals. It builds
on the strengths and history of reclamation practice
Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an
area of land, including:
1.gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal ofcreating a beautiful environment within the landscape.
2.natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation,or bodies of water;
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3.human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or othermaterial objects created and/or installed by humans
LANDSCAP CONTRACTORS:
Landscape Contractors use various tools and machinery to construct agarden, including large equipment.Landscape Contracting is: a
profession that involves the art and technology oflandscapeandgarden
project planning,construction. Landscape contractors work in
collaboration withclients,landscape designers,landscape architects,
Garden designers,architects, generalcontractors,artisans, specialty
constructiontrades,plant nurserygrowers, and municipalbuilding
inspectors, and trade supply stores and manufacturer.
Contractor at world trade park : raghuveer singh
FACTORS AFFECTING:
Factors in designing include objective qualities; such as the climate and
microclimates; topography and orientation, site drainage and
groundwater recharge; municipal and resource building codes, soils and
irrigation, human and vehicular access and circulation, recreational
amenities (ie: sports and water), furnishings and lighting,native plant
habitat botany when present, property safety and security,construction
detailing, and other measurable considerations
LANDSCAPING AT WORLD TRADE PARK:World trade park is a good example of landscaping . Landscaping is
being done at in the rear and back side of world trade park .This
landscaping includes construction of guard room for parking ticket
facility in basement, fountain ,outside parking, gardening etc.
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Chamber at rear side
Ticket checking counter for basement parking
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CONSTRUCTION OF LANDSCAPING :Construction of landscaping includes following steps :
EXCAVATION OF SAND :Excavation of sand is being according to given layout by architect of
landscaping structure.If the sand is more compacted or not easy in
excavation it should be made wet by using water for atleast 3 to 4
hours .The excavation of sand should be more wide than the given
layout for soling and plain cement concrete .
SOLING :
Soling is generally used for providing a firm base to plain cementconcrete . It is essential component of foundation .Soling is made by
using stones in which small stones are inserted to provide key joints. In
soling generally we use stones of height 9 inches .
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE :
Concrete is acompositeconstruction material composed ofcement
(commonlyPortland cement) and other cementitious materials such as
fly ashandslag cement,aggregate(generally a coarse aggregate made ofgravels or crushed rocks such aslimestone, orgranite, plus a fine
aggregate such assand),water, andchemicaladmixtures.
Plain cement concrete is laid down on soling which is used to tie all
stones used in soling and for providing a plain surface .Plain cement
concrete is made by cement , sand and concrete ( 1 part cement ,3 part
sand ,6coarse aggregate ).Plain cement concrete generally have strength
of M10 or M15
BRICK WORK :
Brickwork ismasonryproduced by abricklayer, usingbricksandmortar
to build up brick structures such aswalls.
Solidbrickworkis made of two or more layers of bricks with the units
running horizontally (called stretcherbricks) bound together with bricks
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runningtransverseto the wall (called "header" bricks). Each row of
bricks is known as a course. The pattern of headers and stretchers
employed gives rise to different bonds such as the common bond (with
every sixth course composed of headers), the English bond, and the
Flemish bond (with alternating stretcher and header bricks present on
every course).
Brick masonary is made on plain cement concrete according to givendesign ,shape and layout . It may be half brick or full brick wall
accroding to requirement of object being made by brick masonary .
In brick masonary as a binder we use mortar .Mortar is a mixture of
sandandPortland cement, mixed with water to a workable consistency.
It is applied with a bricklayer's trowel, and sets solid in a few hours.
There are many different mixes and admixtures used to make mortars
with different performance . Mortar is made by cement and sand in the
ratio 1 part cemet , 6 part sand which is used in thickness of 2 cm .
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PLASTER:
Plaster is a building material similar tomortarorcement. Like those
materials, plaster starts as a dry powder that is mixed with water to form
a paste which liberates heat and then hardens. Unlikemortarandcement,
plaster remains quite soft after setting, and can be easily manipulated
with metal tools or evensandpaper. These characteristics make plaster
suitable for a finishing, rather than a load-bearing material.
On the brick masonary wall plaster is made of mortor ( 1 part cement , 4
part sand )for half brick wall and of mortor (1 part cement ,6 part sand )
for 1 brick wall .
WATER PROOFING:
Water proofing is made for those landscaping objects in which water is
used like fountain etc.Water poofing is made by spray of crystallization product called
protekta base with low pressure pump followed by water curing for 2 to
3 times at interval of 2 hrs
CURING :
Curing should be done after massonary construction and after plaster for
atleast 7 days this increase the strength of structure.
TOOLS USED :
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MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF LANDSCAPING :
WATER :
Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement
paste by the process of hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate
together, fills voids within it, and allows it to flow more freely.
Less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger, more
durable concrete; more water will give an freer-flowing concrete with a
higherslump. Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems
when setting or in causing premature failure of the structure.
SAND:
Generally sand used for construction work is sand obtained by sea
or river shores . it shoud be dry and free from stones and any type of
impurities .
In plaster work sand should be used after seiving.
AGGREGATE:Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete
mixture.Sand, natural gravel andcrushed stoneare mainly used for this
purpose. Recycled aggregates (from construction, demolition and
excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial replacements of
natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates,
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including air-cooledblast furnaceslag andbottom ashare also
permitted.
Decorative stones such asquartzite, small river
stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the surface of concrete
for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish, popular among landscape
designers.
STONES:
Good quality stones from the nearby query should be used . They should
be strong and hard .
BRICKS:
Modular brick :
Face Dimension 228x115 mm Thickness 75 mm Mortar Joint 3/8"
Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of thebrick exposed on the outer face of a wall.
Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed. Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side
exposed.
Sailor: a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed. Rowlock: a brick laid on the long, narrow side with the small or
"header" side exposed.
Shiner: a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad sideexposed .
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BRICK TYPES :
There are two main types of clay bricks: pressed and
wire cut. Pressed bricks usually have a deep frog in one bedding surface
and a shallow frog in the other. Wire cut bricks usually have 3 or 4 holes
through them constituting up to 25% of the total volume of the brick.
Some perforated bricks have many smaller holes.
CEMENT :
Portland cementis the most common type of cement in
general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete,mortar, andplaster.
English masonry workerJoseph Aspdinpatented Portland cement in
1824; it was named because of its similarity in colour toPortland
limestone, quarried from the EnglishIsle of Portlandand used
extensively inLondonarchitecture. It consists of a mixture of oxides of
calcium,siliconandaluminium. Portland cement and similar materialsare made by heatinglimestone(a source of calcium) with clay, and
grinding this product (calledclinker) with a source ofsulfate(most
commonlygypsum).
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SLAB CASTING:
LOCATION AT WTP:
A1 rear side
MATERIAL:
All materials of construction like cement, aggregate, sand, water etc
and reinforcement of proper sizes.
REINFORCEMENT:
Strength deformed bars of grade Fe:415 conforming to IS code.
Sizes used here are16mm dia bars at the top of beam and 25mm dia bars
at the bottom of the beams. 8mm dia bars are used as stirrups(rings at a
distance of 125mm)
GRADE OF CONCRETE:
Grade of concrete used shall be M25 conforming to IS456.
Since the load account over this slab is negligible, therefore, we use
M25 (1:1:2) and no preliminary test is required for this.
WATER-CEMENT RATIO:
Proper water-cement ratio shall be allowed to obtain better slump
& workability.
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Actual ratio shall be decided with approval of the Engineer-in-charge.
Only measured quantity of water shall be used in the mix.
MIXING OF CONCRETEThe machine used for mixing concrete is known as mechanical concrete
mixer. For this slab construction we use drum mixer which consist of a
revolving drum with blades inside it. All the materials of the desired
proportioned mix are fed ino the hopper of the drum and then drum is
being rotated at a particular speed until we get uniform mix.
PROCEDURE:
Firstly, proper shuttering (temporary supporting structure) is
required for supporting the laying of concrete till it gets matured. We use
steel shuttering in slab work and decking consists of plywood or timber
planks. Beam formwork is fabricated on ground level first and thenhoisted and placed in position with the slab form above in order to make
the top leveled.
After shuttering, steel reinforcement is provided at the bottom to resist
the tensile forces as per designed by engineer. This slab is provided
continuous over the beams monolithically. A few bottom steel bars are
bent up to the top at the supports. Longitudinal bars are provided along
the length of the slab to take up temperature stresses at a distance of 10
mm.
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Transversal bars are provided above this at a distance of 8 mm. After
this, these bars are tied up at each joint by thin wires & hence it is two
way slab since reinforcement is provided in both the directions.
The concreting of slabs and beams is done
simultaneously after fixing the designed reinforcement in position anderecting the formwork. Before pouring concrete, the shuttering and
reinforcement should be thoroughly checked for desirable qualities and
shutters are well-watered. The slab is concreted in one operation for the
full depth and to achieve uniform thickness.
Compaction of concrete should be
started immediately after placing it in position and its purpose is to
eliminate the air bubbles and to achieve high density. This will ensure
higher strength. In this slab construction we had done hand compaction
carried out with rods. This will required high water cement ratio.
Finally, curing of concrete and removal of form work
should be carried out carefully.The top surface is kept rough to create proper bond with any type of
floor finish desired.
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VACUUM DEWATERING CONCRETE
SYSTEMThe primary purpose of vacuum process of dewatering is to lower the
original water-cement ratio in the concreteand thus, facilitate quicker
setting and high early strength.
Lowered water-cement ratio automatically leads to a noticeable
improvement in almost each of the concrete properties.
Vacuum dewatering process removes surplus water always present in the
concrete. This is done using the Vacuum Equipment comprising of
Suction Mat Top Cover, Filter pads and Vacuum Pump. The process
starts immediately after surface vibration.
Specifications for VDC:
1.Material:All materials of construction like cement, aggregate, sand,
water etc.
2.GRADE OF CONCRETE:Minimum grade of concrete used shall be M15 conforming to IS-
456. Only Design Mix Concrete shall be used. For other details
like proportioning, batching, mixing, placing, curing etc.
3.WATER-CEMENT RATIO:Water-cement ratio upto 0.65 shall be allowed to obtain better
slump & workability.
Actual ratio shall be decided with approval of the Engineer-in
charge. Only measured quantity of water shall be used in the mix.
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4.CONCRETE LAYING:Concrete laying pattern shall be decided in consultation with the
Engineer-in-Charge and with his approval. The maximum width of
a slab strip shall not generally exceed 4 meters and minimum
number of construction joints shall be used. Alternate slab stripsshall be sequentially laid. Any damage to the already finished top
surface shall be avoided. At construction joints no overflow of
mortal or slurry on the already hardened surface shall be allowed
while concreting the intermediate slab strip. Such construction
joints shall be marked with a thread in a straight line while the
concrete is still green. Continuity of reinforcement shall be
maintained while laying concrete in slab strips. Edges at expansion
joints shall be protected and proper arrangement of shear-transfer
shall be provided standard
5.DOUBLE BEAM SCREED BOARD VIBRATOR:Screed vibrator is used for the leveling as well compaction ofconcrete it consists of high quality steel bar (4.2 meter) with
spacing of 250 MM in between. Special water protective vibrator
motor is mounted in the center which produces 1830 N centrifugal
force which is most ideal for compaction of green concrete. They
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are also available in different sizes from 2 meter to 5.5 meter.
6.VACUUM PUMP:This is the core of the system. A continuous discharge vacuum
pump is complete self contained unit. The unit is mounted on a
transportation trolley, 24 sq. meter freshly laid concrete can be De-
watered in one single operation with one set mat. The pump is
powered by 7.5 H.P. 3 Phase electric motor.
7.FILTER, SUCTION AND TOP MAT:Suction mat is placed directly on the green concrete after vi bro
screed operation is over. A Special high class nylon filter is fixed
on plastic mats which acts a filter during the vacuum operation
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filter mats in different sizes are provided with the system, Top mat
is provided the junction box and is De-watering placed on top of
filter mat for the purpose of sealing special synthetic cloth is used
in the top mat it comes in standard sizes of 4x6 meter.
8.POWER FLOATER:It is surface grinding equipment powered by 3 H.P. Electric motor
through gear box with floating RPM of 130. It grinds the surface to
make it wear resistance.
9.POWER TROWEL:
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It is surface finishing equipments powered by 3H.P. electric motor
through gear box troweling RPM of 135. It polishes the surface
after floating operation and 3 to 4 passes are required for giving
fine finish to the floor.
10. CURING:However, all care shall be taken to avoid any stain any permanent
stain on the surface. Any stain or permanent marking on the top
surface shall be removed by approved means.
11. APPROACH WORKING PLATFORM & FORM WORK:The Contractor shall arrange all arrange all approaches,
scaffolding, working platforms etc. for carrying out the entire
operation safely and in a work-man-like manner. The working area
shall be nearly maintained and all the facilities required by the
Engineer-in-Charge for proper supervision of the work shall be
provided.
12.
TESTING OF FINISHED FLOOR:Contractor shall arrange for core cutting and testing of finished
concrete over and above other field tests. Cores shall be taken after
28 days of concreting and tested as per relevant IS Codes. Core test
results shall be compared with the normal cube test results taken
from the same concrete. The average compressive strength of cores
shall be minimum 40% higher than that of normal cube (15cm x
15cm x 15xm) test results. Minimum three cores for each day's
work in the initial stages and as decided later by the Engineer-in-
Charge shall be taken. The floor shall be properly rectified after
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cutting the cores with concrete of same mix using the same cement
as earlier used and finished smoothly to match with the existing
surface. The cut surface of the floor-concrete shall be coated with
proper epoxy-based bonding compound before laying concrete to
avoid shrinkage cracks or, alternatively, a non-shrink compoundshall be added with concrete. Contact us for buying the vacuum
dewatering set.
Precautions while laying VDC:
FORM WORKConstruction of floor begins with careful preparation. Before
casting MS Channel are generally used us form works. They act as
a stopper, also as support for pulling the screed board vibrator.
SCREED VIBRATION (SWISS VACUUM DE-WATERINGPROCESS START)
Needle vibration never gives a nearly level surface, but when this
type of vibration is combined with screed vibration the concrete
surface becomes level and smooth screed vibration insures over all
compaction of concrete.
VACUUM PROCESSThe surplus water is extracted out of the concrete by the vacuum
pump. Vacuum De-watering lowers the water ratio in the concrete
by 15-25% which meres as the compressive strength and wear
resistance of the concrete. Vacuum process takes only 5 minute per
inch thickness of the concrete slab. The Concrete is driven and
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compacted so tightly that a man can walk on the fresh concrete
directly after it is vacuum treated.
FLOATINGThe floating operation takes place immediately after the vacuum
De-watering & after mixing and grinding of cement takes place.The Cement particles are split apart and mixed with the sand
particles which gives a very strong and wear resistance surface.
TROWELINGIn order to further improve the wear resistance and fine finish, the
concrete surface is power troweled.
STORAGE
Storage of materials itself has important role. Various points should be
kept in mind:
Materials should be stored with utmost care.
Glass should be stored in casings. Cements should be stored in building or a godown in which the
walls, roof and floor are not completely weatherproof.
Reinforcement are arranged in a manner without rusting.
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SHUTTERING AND SCAFFOLDING:
DEFINITION
The term SHUTTERING or FORMWORK includes all forms,
moulds, sheeting, shuttering planks, walrus, poles, posts, standards,
leizers, V-Heads, struts, and structure, ties, prights, walling steel rods,
bolts, wedges, and all other temporary supports to the concrete during
the process of sheeting.
FORM WORK
Forms or moulds or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is
placed, so that it will have the desired shape or outline when hardened.Once the concrete develops adequate strength, the forms are removed.
Forms are generally made of the materials like timber, plywood, steel,
etc.
Generally camber is provided in the formwork for horizontal members
to counteract the effect of deflection caused due to the weight of
reinforcement and concrete placed over that. A proper lubrication of
shuttering plates is also done before the placement of reinforcement.
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CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORMS
All rubbish, particularly chippings, shavings and saw dust, was removed
from the interior of the forms (steel) before the concrete is placed. The
form work in contact with the concrete was cleaned and thoroughly
wetted or treated with an approved composition to prevent adhesionbetween form work and concrete. Care was taken that such approved
composition is kept out of contact with the reinforcement.
DESIGN
The form-work should be designed and constructed such that the
concrete can be properly placed and thoroughly compacted to obtain the
required shape, position, and levels subject.
ERECTION OF FORMWORK
The following applies to all formwork:
a) Care should be taken that all formwork is set to plumb and true to line
and level.
b) If formwork is held together by bolts or wires, these should be sofixed that no iron is exposed on surface against which concrete is to be
laid.
c) Formwork is so arranged as to permit removal of forms without
jarring the concrete.
Wedges, clamps, and bolts should be used where practicable instead of
nails.
d) The oil film sandwiched between concrete and formwork surface not
only helps in easy removal of shuttering but also prevents loss of
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moisture from the concrete through absorption and evaporation. The use
of oil, which darkens the surface of the concrete, is not allowed.
Oiling is done before reinforcement is placed and care taken that no oil
comes in contact with the reinforcement while it is placed in position.
The formwork is kept thoroughly wet during concreting and the wholetime that it is left in place.
VERTICALITY OF THE STUCTURE
All the outer columns of the frame were checked for plumb by plumb-
bob as the work proceeds to upper floors. Internal columns were
checked by taking
measurements from outer row of columns for their exact position. Jack
were used to lift the supporting rods called props.
Props:
Props come in a range of sizes, and they all have a course adjustment by
placing a steel pin in one of a series of holes. The fine adjustment is via
a threaded end and collar. The threads a square cut and design for loadbearing and easy cleaning.
At the bottom here is a photo of a rather rusty Acrow prop's adjustment
collar. The swivel bar is used to lift the prop when there is no load and
usually when the lifting gets harder or when stripping the formwork then
the collar usually gets belted loose with a hammer.
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STRIPPING TIME OR REMOVAL OF FORMWORK
Forms were not struck until the concrete has attained a strength at least
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of
removal of form work.
Form work was removed in such a manner as would not cause any shock
or vibration that would damage the concrete. Before removal of props,
concrete surface was exposed to ascertain that the concrete has
sufficiently hardened. Where the shape of element is such that form
work has re-entrant angles, the form work was removed as soon as
possible after the concrete has set, to avoid shrinkage cracking occurring
due to the restraint imposed. As a guideline, with temperature above 20
degree following time limits should be followed:
Structural Component Age
Footings:1 day
Sides of beams, columns, lintels, wall: 2 days
Underside of beams spanning less than 6m: 14 days
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Underside of beams spanning over 6m: 21 days
Underside of slabs spanning less than 4m: 7 days
Underside of slabs spanning more than 4m: 14 days
Flat slab bottom:21 days
BRICKWORK
Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used
to build partition walls. In our site, all the external walls were of
concrete and most of the internal walls were made of bricks. English
bond was used and a ration of 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6
were used depending upon whether the wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches.
The reinforcement shall be 2 nos. M.S. round bars or as indicated. The
diameter of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement was used at
second course and then at every fourth course of brick work. The bars
were properly anchored at their ends where the portions and or where
these walls join with other walls. The in laid steel reinforcement wascompletely embedded in mortar.
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Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment,
verticality and horizontality of construction.
Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float, to
provide good bond.
A maximum of one meter wall height should be constructed in a day. Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days
PLASTERING:
Plaster protects structure from temperature variations; external attacks of
sulphates, chlorides, etc. Plaster also provides smooth & aesthetic
surface on RCC & Brickwork surface. The proportion of mortar used at
site for ceiling coat is 1:4 and wall coat is 1:3. A plaster of 10 mm is
done at ceiling and a plaster of 12.5mm is done at wall. Various
precautions to be taken while the work of plastering is going on are:-
Preferably use cements which releases low heat of hydration.
Use optimum water at the time of mixing.
Do not use dry cement on the plaster surface.
At the junction of Brickwork & RCC, chicken mesh or fiber mesh may
be
Wet the surface before plastering and cure the surface for at least 10 to
12
FLOORING:
The purpose of a floor is to provide a horizontal sanitary surface to
support strength and stability, resistance to dampness, good appearance,
and freedom
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