WHITE BLOOD CELL ANOMALIES
I. OBJECTIVES
To relate the functions of each cells to its specialization
To differentiate the normal cell to abnormal cell
To know the clinical significance of each disorders
II. INTRODUCTION
White blood cells are the parts of blood that help the body fight infection. Also called
leukocytes, they are made up of five different subtypes, called neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
White cells defend against disease, which explains why their number increases in
the bloodstream when the body is under infectious assault. There are some diseases of
the blood and blood-forming organs themselves that can increase the white count.
Disorders of the spleen, for example, can produce white cell abnormalities, because this
organ is a major source of lymphocytes, which cells are responsible for making
protective antibodies. Diseases of the bone marrow are likely to affect neutrophil
production.
White blood cell disorders of lymphocytes and neutrophils are the most common.
Disorders that involve monocytes and eosinophils are less common and disorders
involving basophils are rare
.
III. DISCUSSION
A. NEUTROPENIA
Neutropenia (noo-troe-PEE-nee-uh) is an abnormally low count of neutrophils, The
lower your neutrophil count, the more vulnerable you are to infectious diseases. If you
have severe neutropenia — fewer than about 500 cells per microliter of blood —
bacteria normally present in your mouth and digestive tract can cause infections.
The threshold for defining neutropenia varies slightly from one medical practice to
another. Neutropenia in adults is generally defined as a count of 1,700 or fewer
neutrophils per microliter of blood. The cell count indicating neutropenia in children
varies with age.
The common causes of neutropenia are viral infections such as HIV, Hepatits B and
C and malaria; aplastic anemia, vitamin deficiency, and drugs such as antibiotics.
B. NEUTROPHILIA
Neutrophilia (aka neutrophilicleukocytosis) is a white blood cell disorder. The term
neutrophilia means that the number of neutrophils (a type of white cells) in the blood is
too high. In the adult, a normal neutrophil count (called the absolute neutrophil count,
ANC), ranges from 1500 to 8000 neutrophils per microL of blood. A neutrophil count
over 8000 neutrophils per microL of whole blood is considered elevated.
Neutrophilia generally occurs in response to other conditions. Chronic idiopathic (i.e.
appearing spontaneously and of unknown cause) neutrophilia is very rare. The most
common cause of neutrophilia is infection (mostly bacterial or fungal). Other causes of
neutrophilia include inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory
autoimmune diseases), tissue damage (as in trauma, burns, surgery, or a heart attack),
hemolysis (as in sickle cell anemia), certain medications (e.g. corticosteroids,
epinephrine, lithium), certain cancers (e.g. bone marrow disorders), acute pain, and
strenuous physical activity.
C. EOSINOPHILIA
Eosinophilia (e-o-sin-o-PHIL-e-uh) is a higher than normal level of eosinophils, one
of the five major types of disease-fighting white blood cells. Blood eosinophilia may be
detected with a blood test, usually as part of a complete blood count. A count of more
than 500 eosinophils per microliter of blood is generally considered eosinophilia in
adults. A count of more than 1,500 eosinophils per microliter of blood that lasts for
several months is called hypereosinophilic syndrome.
Eosinophilia occurs when either a large number of eosinophils are recruited to a
specific site in your body or bone marrow produces too many eosinophils. This can be
caused by a variety of conditions, diseases and factors, including:Parasitic and fungal
diseases, Allergies, including to medications or food, Adrenal conditions, Skin disorders,
Toxins, Autoimmune diseases, Endocrine disorders and Tumors.
D. BASOPHILIA
Basophilia is an uncommon cause of leukocytosis. Basophils are inflammatory
mediators of substances such as histamine. These cells, along with similar tissue-based
cells (mast cells), have receptors for IgE and participate in the degranulation of white
blood cells that occurs during allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.
E. LYMPHOCYTOSIS AND LYMPHOPENIA
Lymphocytosis (lim-foe-sie-TOE-sis), or a high lymphocyte count, is an increase in
white blood cells called lymphocytes (LIM-foe-sites). Lymphocytes are an important part
of the immune system. They help fight off diseases, so it's normal to see a temporary
rise in the number of lymphocytes after an infection.
A count significantly higher than 3,000 lymphocytes in a microliter of blood is
generally considered to be lymphocytosis in adults. In children, the threshold for
lymphocytosis varies with age, but may be as high as 7,000 to 9,000 lymphocytes per
microliter. The exact thresholds for lymphocytosis may vary slightly from one lab to
another. Common causes:Infection (bacterial, viral, other)Cancer of the blood or
lymphatic system, An autoimmune disorder causing ongoing (chronic) inflammation.
Lymphopenia is when you lack the T cells of your immune system. T cells are very
important for controlling infection. Probably the most known cause of lymphopenia is
HIV. Human immunodeficiency virus attacks and kills T cells. In most patients, T cells
are restored when you treat them with antiretroviral treatment for HIV, but in some
patients they are not.
There are also a number of other conditions that can cause lymphopenia. For
example, it can occur after bone marrow transplant and also with certain cancers. There
is also a condition called idiopathic lymphopenia where patients suffer from a lack of T
cells for an unknown reason.
F. MONOCYTOSIS
Monocytosis is a medical condition in which there is an elevation in the presence
of a type of white blood cell known as a monocyte. Monocytes are formed in the bone
marrow and play an important role in normal immune system functioning. Inflammatory
disorders, infection and certain forms of cancer are the most common causes of
monocytosis. Symptoms commonly include fatigue, weakness, fever or an overall
feeling of being ill.
Inflammatory conditions such as infection or autoimmune disturbances are primary
causes of monocytosis. Some of the common types of infection that might lead to this
condition include tuberculosis, syphilis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Autoimmune
disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis might also lead to monocytosis. Some
blood disorders might lead to a high number of monocytes as well. The use of
prescription medications — often including antibiotics or steroid medications — can
sometimes return the blood counts to normal, although the condition might become
chronic in some patients.
G. LEUKEMIA
Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone
marrow and the lymphatic system. Many types of leukemia exist. Some forms of
leukemia are more common in children. Other forms of leukemia occur mostly in adults.
Leukemia usually starts in the white blood cells. Your white blood cells are potent
infection fighters — they normally grow and divide in an orderly way, as your body
needs them. But in people with leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white
blood cells, which don't function properly.
Treatment for leukemia can be complex — depending on the type of leukemia and
other factors. But there are strategies and resources that can help to make your
treatment successful.
How leukemia is classified?
Doctors classify leukemia based on its speed of progression and the type of cells
involved.
The first type of classification is by how fast the leukemia progresses:
Acute leukemia. In acute leukemia, the abnormal blood cells are immature blood cells
(blasts). They can't carry out their normal work, and they multiply rapidly, so the disease
worsens quickly. Acute leukemia requires aggressive, timely treatment.
Chronic leukemia. This type of leukemia involves more mature blood cells. These
blood cells replicate or accumulate more slowly and can function normally for a period
of time. Some forms of chronic leukemia initially produce no symptoms and can go
unnoticed or undiagnosed for years.
The second type of classification is by type of white blood cell affected:
Lymphocytic leukemia. This type of leukemia affects the lymphoid cells (lymphocytes),
which form lymphoid or lymphatic tissue. Lymphatic tissue makes up your immune
system.
Myelogenous (MI-uh-loj-uh-nus) leukemia. This type of leukemia affects the myeloid
cells. Myeloid cells give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells and platelet-producing
cells.
Types of leukemia
The major types of leukemia are:
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This is the most common type of leukemia in
young children. ALL can also occur in adults.
Acute myelogenousleukemia (AML). AML is a common type of leukemia. It occurs in
children and adults. AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). With CLL, the most common chronic adult
leukemia, you may feel well for years without needing treatment.
Chronic myelogenousleukemia (CML). This type of leukemia mainly affects adults. A
person with CML may have few or no symptoms for months or years before entering a
phase in which the leukemia cells grow more quickly.
IV. CONCLUSION
Blood disorders affect one or more parts of the blood and prevent your blood from
doing its job. They can be acute or chronic. Many blood disorders are inherited. Other
causes include other diseases, side effects of medicines, and a lack of certain nutrients
in your diet.
V. REFERENCES
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/leukemia/DS00351/DSECTION=causes
http://www.slideshare.net/derosaMSKCC/white-blood-cell-disorders
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/eosinopenia
WBC ANOMALIES
SUBMITTED BY:
Alexandra Regilyne M. Romero
Lady Girl M. Syjongtian
Ma.Gelly Ann M. Pineda
Nica Anne D. Rayo
SUBMITTED TO:
Professor Anna Marie Bacudio, RMT