7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
1/603
-1000
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
2/603
, , 65 ,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
3/603
.. , A.M. , .. ,.. , .. , .. ,
..
-1000
539 1 (035 3)
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
4/603
539.1 (035.3) 31.46
All
All
. . ,
-2
. . , . . ,
. . , . . ,
. . , . . ,
. .
-1000.
/ . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . . - .: , 2010. - 604 . + . .
ISBN 978-5-98704-496-4
, -1000
. , , . -2006 -1200 .
- .
, , , .
539.1 (035.3) 31.46
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
5/603
......................................................................................13
..................................................................................................17
...................................................................................................... 19
I. .........29
1. .....................29
1.1. ..........................................................29
1.1.1. ..................................................................... 29
1.1.2. ....................................30
1.1.3. ..........................................................361.1.4. .... 381.1.5. ...................................................................44
1.1.6. ....................... 47
1.2. ................................................... 49
1.2.1. ............................................................. 49
1.2.2. ..........................................................531.2.3. ...........................................631.2.4. ..............................................66
.......................................................................................... 68
2. ...........................69
2.1. ................................................... 69
2.1.1. .............................................692.1.2. , ................................75
2.1.3. ..........76
2.1.4. .................................................................................. 77
2.1.5. ...........
792.2. .................................81
2.3. .................................................... 832.4. ................................................85
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
6/603
7
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
7/603
7
. -1000
............................................................................... 177
7. ............................................................. 177
7 . .......................................................................... 1777.2. .......................................................178
7.3. ............................................................ 186
8.
........200
8 .
................................................... 2008.2. .................................................................................................202
8.2.1. ......................................................2028.2.2. .................................................203
8.2.3. ......................................................2058.2.4. ........................................... 207
8.3. ..........................................................................210
8.3.1. ........................................2108.3.2. ......................................................................2118.3.3. ..............................2128.3.4. ............................219
8.4. ......................................2228.4.1. ........................................222
8.4.2. .... 2228.4.3. ....................................2268.4.4. ............................227
8.5. .............................................................................228
8.5.1.
228 8
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
8/603
8
8.6.2. ......................................................................2358.6.3. ............................237
........................................................................................239
III. .................240
9. -1000...............241
9.1. ...................241
9.2. ....................................................................... 244
9.3. ....................247
9.3.1. ...................................................................... 2479.3.2. .................................................... 249
9.3.3. ...........................................................249
9.3.4. ...........................................................252
10.
.......................................................................................... 255
10.1. ..................................................................... 25510.2. .............................................256
10.2.1. .....................257
10.2.2. ............. 262
10.3. -1000 ............ 269
10.4. -1000 .......................................... 272
10.4.1. ...................................................................27210.4.2. ...........276
10.4.3.
............................................................ 278
10.5. ................................................282
10.5.1. ...........................28210.5.2. ...............288
10.5.3. .................................291
10.6. -1000 .........291
........................................................................................298
11.
100 0 299 9
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
9/603
9
11.4.2. .......................................30911.5. ......................................................................................... 335
11.5.1. - .............................................335
11.5.2. ....................................346
12. ... 358
12.1. ..................................................................... 358
12.2. - ..................362
12.2.1. .........................................................362
12.2.2. ............................................................ 363
12.2.3. .................................................................365
12.2.4. .................................................... 367
12.3. ................................................................................. 370
12.3.1. ........................................... 370
12.3.2. ......................................... 373
12.4. .......................................................... 37512.4.1. .........................................................375
12.4.2. ............................................................ 376
12.4.3. .................................................... 377
12.4.4. ......................................................378
12.5. ....................... 379
12.5.1. ...........................................................37912.5.2. .......................................380
12.5.3. ...................................385
12.6. ..............................389
12.6.1. .........................................................389
12.6.2. ..............................................392
12.6.3. ......................................................39412.7. ................395
12.7.1. .........................................................395
12.7.2. ............................................................ 397
12.7.3. .................................................... 399
12.7.4. ..................................................... 401
12 8 10
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
10/603
13.1.2. ........................ 412
13.1.3. .................413
13.1.4. .............................418
13.1.5. .............................................422
13.2. .......................................................... 425
13.3. ................................427
13.3.1. ................................................................427
13.3.2. .... 429
13.4. .... 434
13.5. ...............................................437
13.6. . ........................................................... 444
13.7. .................446
13.7.1. ..........................446
13.7.2. .............................447
13.7.3. ..................................448
........................................................................................450
14.
................................................................................ 451
14.1. .....................................................................451
14.2. .......452
14.2.1. .............................................................. 45214.2.2. ..........................455
14.2.3. ...........460
14.3. ......469
14.3.1. ..................................................470
14.3.2. ........473
14.3.3. .......................................473
14.4. , ...................477
14.4.1. ...........................477
14.4.2. ALARA ... 479
14.5. , .........................................482
11
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
11/603
14.7. ...................48814.7.1. ................................................................488
14.7.2. ... 49114.7.3.
( )..................................................................493 ............................*..........................................................495
15. ...... 496
15.1. .....................................................................496
15.2. , ..................498
15.2.1. ... 498
15.2.2. ......................................... 499
15.2.3. ........................................................................................ 500
15.3. .... 501
15.3.1.
....................................................................................50215.3.2. ................................................503
15.3.3. ......................................................503
15.4. .................506
15.4.1. ................................................................506
15.4.2. .... 50715.4.3. .... 509
15.4.4. .......511
15.4.5. ............51315.5. ........................................514
15.5.1. ................................................................51415.5.2. ......................515
15.5.3. ............. 516
15.5.4. .........................518
15.5.5. ............. 52015.6. ......................520
15.6.1. ............................................................... 520
12
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
12/603
. -2006
..........................................................528
16. -2006........................................................528
16.1. .............................................................. 52816.2. -2006....................................... 53316.3. ..................................536
16.4.
-1200.............................................................................. 54016.4.1. ................................................................540
16.4.2. -2006.................................
54116.4.3. -1200................................................ 54716.5. -1200....................................... 55016.6. ...................55316.7. - ........................................... 556
........................................................................................558
17. -2006..........................55917.1. , -2006 ......................................................................................... 55917.2. -2006 ....................... 56017.3. ...........................................................................56117.4. ( ).........................56317.5. .........................................................565
17.6. .....................................................................................56817.7. ................................................................................. 57117.8. ..................574
17.9. -2006, -1000 ....................................................................................... 57617.10. -1200 -392 -491 ....................586
18.
-2006 -1200 ........................................... 590
18 1 590
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
13/603
-
-
-
,
- -
14
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
14/603
- ( )
- -
,
-
- -
-
-
-
-
MP3
15
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
15/603
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
16
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
16/603
-
-
-
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
17/603
( ) ,
.
, , .
2030
, , , . , , ,
. ,
. , -1000,
. ,
, , - - .
.
-1000 40- .
,
, , ,
. -320. ( , .)
-1000, ,
, . -2006
18
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
18/603
-1200
-2 -2.
-1000 -320. -1200, -2 -2 -1200. ,
.
, , , .
( ). ,
.
, , , 1 2( / 2),
( / ) ( / ). , , ,
. , . .
. , ,
, .
. . -1200
. . .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
19/603
,
- XXI . - . , -
, , . . , - .
70 , . - , - . .
-. , -, , -, . , , , .
. . , , : . , ,
20
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
20/603
, , .
,
. . : - - . - , . 16% -
, 30 40%. . , ,
. .
, , , , . 1
1.2 (235). , 235 1 (, 4 235U = 1 )!
, ,
- , , 50200 , ( 235, 238 ) 10 000 . , , , ,
. 21
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
21/603
1942 ., 1950 . - , 1970 -
. 1973 . , -, . - . -
( ) 5% 1974 . 25% 1990 [1]. 25 10% .
19701980 . , -
, . - ( Three Mile Island 1979 . 1986 .) - . , 1970 ,
- . , - ( ) .
. 1970 19%, 1980 10.5%, 1990 2.3%. ,
22
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
22/603
0.00014%. , - , - 1...2%.
, , - . - 65 . . - 340 . , ,
50 . -
. -. -
235, - 1%, 239, . - 238, .
60 , . . 3000 .
, . : 600
( 1980 .) Phoenix( 1973 .). 2007 . 800, 2014 .
.. 23
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
23/603
360 . . .1 - .
20
. .1. , %, ( World Nuclear Association [1])
-
. 2008 ., 14 30% . . .2 , , .
. . 2008 . .
, : , , . - - .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
24/603
. 25
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
25/603
. . . 2008 . ( World Nuclear Association [1])
- , -, - . 1 2300 . 45 / 360 . . , - 0,64 .
. .4 ( ) 2008 . . 1980
26
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
26/603
. .4. ( )
2008 . ( US Nuclear Energy Institute [2])
. , - , . , , -
- . -
, - , -.
.. 27
1990 10%
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
27/603
. 1990 . 10% - , - 1996 . . ( , , ) - stranded cost, .
- , .
, , -, [2].
- .
2.75 1 . - 1.5 . 2009 . , 52 , 3.76 1 .
,
. [1], 2005 . ( OECD), , 19982005 . .
1998 . ( ) .
, 2010 2015 . ( 13 ), 1
28
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
28/603
1. 2030 . 132009 . 1715- .
2. http://www.world-nuclear.org/
3. http://www.nei.org/
4. 2008 . (http://ww w.rosenergoatom.ru/m edia/files/48707FCC-1406-4B34-9192-A454BF694259/Annual_Repor_final.pdf).
I
http://www.world-nuclear.org/http://www.nei.org/http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/media/files/48707FCC-1406-4B34-9192-http://www.rosenergoatom.ru/media/files/48707FCC-1406-4B34-9192-http://www.nei.org/http://www.world-nuclear.org/7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
29/603
, . ,
. 1
, ,
.
1
1.1.
1.1.1.
.
, - .
. - q= Ze, Z
; , : = 1.6 1019 . , Z, qe=Ze
30 1.
1 1 2
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
30/603
1.1.2.
, - . -
, , - ( ) ( ). , . ; : + , , .. .
- . ZcoBnafla ( . ). N , ,
. - Z, N. - . - , N + Z = .
. . , , -: , -, ' ; (), - , 2 ( ) (), , 3 .
D(-) () . - ,
1.1. 31
-
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
31/603
. , , 235U , 238U ( . ).
, , ,.. (.baros). - , , 3 3 , 58Fe 58Ni. , -, , .
Z N . Z N - . 300 - 2000 -.
, . , - , - -. , , . . , . ,
. 1012 . , 10 000 . 99.9% . ,
32 1.
Zme, -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
32/603
Zme, =9.108 10~28 . , (.. .) - |2 .1 .. . = 1.66 1027 = 1.66 1024 . - ( ). - , , - , ,
.. . : ( ) = 1.007825 .. ., M(238U) = 238.05076 .. .
- , , : 6 = . ,
, , - :
= + .
- - ,
: , . .
, .
. , . , ,
1.1. 33
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
33/603
.1.1.
. , . : = / . (. 1.1): -
, , , . - ( ) - 8 .
. 1.1 - ,
. , , , , .. .
34 1.
-
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
34/603
. - , :
= ZMH+ ( A - Z)m - ( , Z).
( ; ; ( , Z) , ). - , , {A, Z) , Z , ; - - .
, : = AM- 2. -
, = - 2- , : 1 .. = 931.5 . ,
AM , : =931.5AM, .
,
:
= 1 + 5 ( ) ,
= 1 + 5,
( , Z ) = A + b{A, Z).
:
=Z5(H) + ( A - Z ) 8 - 8 (A, Z).
. , , -
1.1. 35
.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
35/603
, (. 1.2). . -
, .
2
0
I,
h
h
h
/.
/
. 1.2.
, , , . Eit - / , ( 0). i- , . ,
36 1.
1015... 1017 .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
36/603
. ,
. ,
, . = h ^ l ( l + 1), I
. I, , , . / :0 ,1,2, 3,..., :
1/2, 3/2, 5/2 .. I, , , . / : / /= 7, Ik, .
1.1.3.
. . .
, . , , . . : , .
1.1. 37
, .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
37/603
, , - , , - . -
N( t) =N0e~x',
, .
N0 ; N(t) , / , X ( ) , : X, .
, , ..
. , , , . . 1.3.
. ,
2 .
= 12 = 0.693
X X
38 1.
. -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
38/603
-, 1016 107 ,
, . . -
, , , 1 . - ,
= \dN/dt\=X N0 = , '=XN(t ),
.. . ( ): 1 = 1 1 (.. 1
). - ( ): 1 = 3,7 1010, : 1 = 10_3 1 = 10_6 .
1.1.4.
- . , - 4, 2 . - X
Az X ^ 42a + t t Y .
, , , : 238U > +234Th.
1.1. 39
Qa = 9 \.5[ ( )M(Y)]
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
39/603
M(Y)]. - Y: Qa = + , Qa-
, Y( ) :
=0 __M(Y)__ ^ ^ + ^ Y M{Y) + ma
Qa - 4 9 .
( ) 10 107 , Qa, . - ( - ) Qa :
ln^ =AIn Qa + ,
. , -
- . , . . - 34 .
. , , .
, -, -
40 1.
, -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
40/603
. , 4 9 2.4 8.4 . - . -, .
- . -, , -
v i). , - , . - .
^ * > p + z +1 r + v.
-
:
z X >$++ z-\Y+ v.
, ,
:e + X ^ z *Y + v.
, ,
1.1. 41
fT , -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
41/603
- , + is , -
. , .
Qp . Qp - , : 2 13 . , - , . , , -
. Qr
0.01 1015, , : , -. -
, Qp , , .
7500 - , - . , . - - , -
42 1.
-
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
42/603
, . .
, , . 5 : 20 , 2.5 , 9.5 , 2.5 .
- . - , ,
, v, , =hv. , , - , X = c /v= he/ . -
, , . , 2...4 . , . , 1 30 .
, , -, . - , -
( ). - , , - , . , - .
.
1.1. 43
. -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
43/603
, , . -
J(x) = / 0_, / 0 , a J(x) , . . - . -
: , . . , -, - . , , 5
10 . - , - , .
,
- . , . , , .
. . ,
10_ . ,
44 1.
, , ,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
44/603
, , , . ,
80 18 , 80/ , ,4.4 . , .
. , - .
1.1.5.
, , , .
, 1919 .:
14N + > 18F > + 170.
=14 + 4 = 18 = 1 + 17, (..
) Z = 7 + 2 = 9= l + 8. , :
14N (a, p)v ,
1.1. 45
. - .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
45/603
, - . , ,
( , -, .), ( - ) . , .
, - . , , , , .
. .
-, , , .. . , - ,
. , - , , -, :
Q=93l .5[ (MA+ ma) - ( m b+ MB)].
Q . Q>, . Q
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
46/603
= | | +
, -, .
, , , ,
1 3. 1/ 3. , , , v 1 2 . == nv. 1/( 2 ). ,
, / ( 2).
- , .. F=| (/)dt.
. ( , ) - 1 Np- N :
Np = cN.
( , ). . , ( 2).
1.1. 47
- .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
47/603
1.1.6. . -
, , - , , , . - , - . - .
,
, - , . , - , , , 4...9 . . -
, .
, , , : (, ),(, ),(d, ), (d, ), ( , ) . , , . 9 (,)|2 , , ,
48 1.
. , , 2D (d, nf 3 (d,)4 2.5
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
48/603
14 . - . , -
, , - . - . - , , . , (d, ) - , - .
. , 3 (, )3
1.02 , 7Li( , )7Be 1.88 . - , - 1.5...2 . = . , , -
, - .
. , (, ), (, ), . , , , - . - 3 . : - ( 2.2 ) 9 ( 1.6 ). -
1.2. 49
, - -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
49/603
. ,
- 30 850 . - 30 .
1.2.
1.2.1.
. - , ( . ), - , . , . , - , - , -
( =1.008665 .. ., = 1.007276 .. ). , , + . ,
. , , ,
+ ~ + v 11 .
.
50 1.
.. . -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
50/603
, :
2] Na(, ) Na i2 Mg.
- , - - .
- A(t)=/4(1 ~
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
51/603
-
(- 1/v). . - . 1.1, , - .
1.1
, , ,
> 0.333 14N 0.075 135 2.65 106
2 0.00052 16Q 0.00019 |97 98.65
9 0.0076 U3Cd 20600 235U 98.3
12 0.0035 ll4Cd 0.3 238XJ 2.68
: , , . . -
, , - . .
52 1.
, ,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
52/603
, - , -
-, .
, : , ~ 100 - 0.1 . ( - Z, , ) -
, - , - .
. ( , ) (, ). - , -
. - , . - , , . , ( , ) ( , ), , .
,
1.2. 53
1.2
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
53/603
( , ) ( , )
,
,
, %
3 (, )3 0.764 5333 1.3- - 4
6Li(, )3 4.786 940 7.52
10 ( , ) 7Li 2.790 3837 19.8
, (), , . Lil .
1.2.2.
. , - , , . . , .
. ( , ), . , , -
54 1.
), - -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
54/603
,
, - , - . . - - , - , .. , .
. -,
, , . , , Uf . , >Uf . 239U) , - , -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
55/603
, .
, , , " > Uf . - , , . 238U ~ 1 .
. , , .
. , -
, - , . . - - . -
- , , - , , . , 238 == 4.5 109 , Tf = 1016,
.. 2.5 . 7} . ( . ) Z > 100 7} , -
56 1.
(~ 8.4 /), - . , - , -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
56/603
,
0.9 /. - 236 , 236 0.9 212 . - .
, , - , . - - . 1.3. (215 ) - (212 ).
10 - , , - . - , ( ACT ), ( ).
1.3
,
165
5
- 8
, - 9
1.2. 57
. , , - , , -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
57/603
, , ( . ),
.
1/v. of . 1.4.
1.4
233U 235JJ 239 24lpu
529.1 582.6 748.0 1011.1
, Y 45.5 98.3 269.3 358.2 - ' / - 0.086 0.169 0.360 0.354
, - , - , 235U(, y)236U.
, :1) , -
;2) 235U,
236U, , , - .
. 1.5, , - , -.
58 1.
, - .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
58/603
, -
- , - . , , - = 0.029 , .. 12 , -
. - , , .
- , , ,
, . , 238U 1 0.5 . . (
82 ), - , ( 2 ). , -
(4...9 ). , - , , .
, , , ,
1.8 2.2 . ,
70 160 (.. 90 ), .
1.2. 59
= 90, = 140. , - -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
59/603
.
, l31I, l33I, 90Sr, 137Cs.
, , .. 143:92 = 1.55. - , , - ,
118Sn 1.36. , - , . , , -
, - , :
135CU J3 5 T J3 5 T j3 5 v 135/~______________J 35R o (
S* 5 i^ T " * 19,2s ) * 6,6 > 9 2,3 106 )'
: s , h , . ,
, ( 135Sb). , ,
. , , , .. 90. ,
60 1.
, ( - ). -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
60/603
. . , -
, , , , . - . , -
; , - . -, , .
- , . -
, 0 5 ( 23). - - , .
v ( ) , ,vf . v/ - . . 1.5. , vf- , - .
- - - ( . ).
1.2. 61
1.5
,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
61/603
vf
U-233 2.480 2.734
U-235 2.407 2.677
U-238 - 2.788
-239 2.874 3.188 -240 - 3.163
-241 2.931 3.228
0.8 , 2 .
- 1014 , .. . .
, - . .
, ( 1%) - ,
, , -. . , , 62
1.
, -, .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
62/603
- : = N3ann/Nn. . 1.6.
1.6
, %,
2
233U 0.24 0.26235U 0.65 0.60238U 1.7239 0.21 0.20
( - ), -
, - , . . 1.7.
1.7
235U
,
,
,
1 55.72 0.033 250 -87 55.6
1.2. 63
, - . - (2 )
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
63/603
(2 ), -
. - , .
, . , ,
, . .
- . -
, . . . , 8 ,
10, , 0.8 .
, ,
64 1.
, . : .
- : 0 = + 0
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
64/603
: 0 = + , 0
; .
( - i f, = ,
U + U4
0 , -
, . { = 1): = 0, .. , , - , . . , , - , - { 1) ~ 0,.. , , .
- , - , . 1 Fe56. ,
, , 0.93 , .. 7% , 0.83 0 17 1.2. 65
, - .
-
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
65/603
,
238U, 46 .
. , , , ,
. , , 1 . . ,
, -, , , , - (). . - , . - -
, . - . Ls, - , -
. Ls - . 1.8.
1.8
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
66/603
1.2. 67
, , ( , )
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
67/603
),
/, .. ' :
= '. *
1 3 [1/(3)].
: 1 = 3.3 10/. .
, , .
, . , , , , . 0.04 . , , , .
Lm, , , , (. . 1.8).
1 4 68 1.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
68/603
. 1.4.
JD= Z>grad (N) = -D V (N).
(, ) . (
) :
O(z) = , exp (+ z / 1) + , exp (z / 1).
,
.
1. . ., . . . .: , 1980.2. ., . . .: , 1979.
2
- -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
69/603
, .
,
.
2.1.
2.1.1.
, . -
. , , , r\ >1 . \ >1 ,
( ), (235U, 239) , , . , ,
; ; . , , .
70 2.
, ( ), .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
70/603
[1]. : /' + 1 / :
K* = NM/ N r (2.1)
, , . , / , 104 .
: < 1,
, , ;
= 1, ,
;
>1, , , .
:
= ~*> (22)
2.1. 71
, , . , , -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
71/603
235U , ..N5 N g,Ns,iVg 235U 238U V( N:N = p V ) . , .
, 238U, ( ).
, S', ( , ), 235U , .
> 1 , , , 238U . . , ,
235U 238U , .
, Sl . , 238U, 5,
,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
72/603
. , 104, 239U* 239 , .. -, , , .
, (-, , ). -, Sx. - 0, , , . , 0 - , . ,
235U 235U + 238U, , - .
, , , Sl0. 235U, -
( ). - ( va |), , .. , 2.1. 73
= V S , = |(0 . (2 .3)
(2.3) . , -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
73/603
.
. 2.1 - , - .
-
. - . ( , - ) 7VreH= < v/ X/ >. ( ) Na =
= < > . - :
=K eJ ( N a + ) = < , ,>/{< > + ). (2.36)
,
( ), - (2.3 , ) (.. , ).
, 50 ,
. , , , 74 2.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
74/603
2.1. 75
, - . k -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
75/603
. 0 ,
, \i . -, = 1.80; = 1.03; = 0.71; 0 = 0.79; = 0.97; =
= 0.99, = 1.8 1.03 0.71 0.79 = 1.04 ; = 1.04 0.97 0.99 == 1.00.
, (2.3), .
2.1.2. v3j,
235U
: = (v5a ,V )/(aV + 8(1 5)), (2.4)
v5, v8 , 235U 238U; / 235U; , 8 235U, 238U;5 , .. 235U 235U 238U: 5=N5/ (Ns + NH).
VT ^ :
50/85)/ (2 46) 76 2.
= 5+ 8= = ( 5+ (1 - 5) 8).
680 , 2.8 . 235U ~ 2.08; ()
, 5=Ns/ N s= 0.714102, 1.34.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
76/603
, , ,
( , 1000), (2.4 ) . ,
.
2.1.3.
,
238U , ( ~ 1 238U). , , , 238U.
, 238U ,
238U 238U. 238U , . = 1.
. , 238U . Xs , , ,
2.1. 77
(2.5 ) , - |i . = 1.28.
Xs, , ,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
77/603
1000, , 238U, 238U.
1+ 0 .0 2(#8/), (2.56) NH . Ng/ NH NU/ N H.
2.1.4.
238U,
. , 238U, : 238U , , .
238U. , (. . 1). , ,
78 2.
. . ( . 1 238 / 8
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
78/603
; 1 =270 .)
() .
= (\|/), (2.7)
v= VuP.il /(^ ( ); () ;
. , .. F3aM= Vv = V =N8I^ / ( N 3aM(fr ) ;aM). / 8 238U . (
) , . : , , ,
238U , , ; , . , , 238U 2.1. 79
2.1.5.
, , 0
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
79/603
= / (Aon + + () > (2.8)
. ;
; - .
:
0 = (oa5N5+o*Ns) / ( o a5N5+ * Ns + + I,oakNk), (2.86)
* Nk : (, , ,
, . .). , , . , , , .
. 2.2, 2 , , .
, ,
80 2.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
80/603
. 2.2.
= (Ps + 8 / {(5!+ 8 .8) +(2.8)
+ . .- ;1).
3, ; V3, VT ; , , - .
:
0 = 1/{1 + 303 3/[ (55+ 88) ]} (2.8)
(2.8) d = 3/ , , , ,
, . , 1/v 2.2. ^ 81
, , , . - - .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
81/603
- . - - . - -
-, , .
(2.3)
. =|0= (0) = ^. (2.8) (2.4)
(2.8)
,= ( , , ) / { ? FtPuc" + .
(235U), 5(/) , 239 241, , .
2.2.
82 2.
N3aM/N u V3aM/V u . . 2.3 0, 0 N3aM/N u .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
82/603
, , :
< o = K J V u. (2.9)
. , N3aJ N , ' == N 3aJ N u = ( ^ / ) = ( / )> -
, . , , , ,
' 1. (N3aM/N u)onT , ( k j mdx. , N3au/N u ( ,
.).
2.3. 83
0 < 0, - > , - , .
2 1
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
83/603
. 2.1 .
2.1
(N /N)v 7 ' ( )V 00 / (V /V)v ' ' ( * - ) -
,0 2.5 0.84 1.4 2
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
84/603
135 149Sm, . .
(2.3), (2.4) (2.8)
, V5 / =^ -------^ ~ - (2.10)(1 + 08+10/)
(2.10) v5= 2.42; c^/cf = 582/683 = 0.85. , 5= 0.712% = 1.03 = 0.71, =1 ,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
85/603
. .
%2
- (L2), ( I J (Vy
02( )
-
R ; .
, [1/2]. , %2
. Bq, , .
( ) : ( ) , ..:
(2.12)
= (2.405/i?)2+ ( / )2, (2.13)
86 2.
. -
:
P = l / { \ + L2Bl). (2.15)
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
86/603
:
, (2.14) (2.156) .
, . (2.15) ( ) .
1. (
) (.. ]), , .
2. ( ) , .. ( ) / (.. %2).
,
, .
, .
,
(2.156)
2.5. 87
( = In (2 /)). -, - , , 2 = L2 + . ,, - (2.156),
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
87/603
= 1 + 2 2). (2.17)
, -, () .
R (R+ 8) ( + 5), 5 5, , - .
2.5.
,
, , .
(.. ) -
(r,z)= 0cos ( z / ) / 0(2.405 /R ), (2.18)
0 ; / 0 .
, 88 2.
, .. - , - q( q = = Nv e5Gf ) (,z). / 3= / =
= / 3
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
88/603
/ 3. Kv = q0/qcp, q0 - ; qcp . qQ (, -
, , , .). , , , . K Y -
:Kv = :.
Kv- 3.64, .. - 3.6 ! . -,
( ) (. 2.5).
q0. 1.6%
. q0. , 2.4 3.0%. , 0 < < 0 . , r0< < R 2 4% 2.5. 89
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
89/603
. 2.5.
- . , .
300...400 . , 1% .
0.6% . 1.4%, , . 2.0%, , . 90 2.
, - . , - , .
-
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
90/603
( 3.6,4.0,4.4 5.0%) . .
1. . ., . . . .: , 1989.
2. . . . .: , 1981.
3. . .
. .: , 1981.
4. . ., . . . .: , 1984.
5.Iliffe . .An Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory. Manchesteruniversity press 1984.
6. / . . , . . , . . . ,- . . . .: , 1617 2000 .
7. . ., . ., . .
-440. .: , 2000.
3
(
).
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
91/603
) .
, .. , ( ).
, .
, (, ), .
, ( ) . 8 = 5(1/ ). ,
:
= 2^ { , - 2)/ \ 2, (3.1)
2, , 1 2 2. ,
, .. = 1, :
= ( - 1 ) / . (3.16)
92 3.
- ( . . 1).
/ 104, (1 (), .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
92/603
, - , (, - 0.1... 100 . .
. 7i, () ,,
= 5 > , .
/=1
-
: dCj = CjXidt. ( ,
, , . 1$ = 1, .
3.1.
N{t) [1], . :
dN =( Jjv + y % + s . (3.2)dt | ' v '
3.1. .. 93
/ ; ., () ;(5, / ; ( - ; - , = // ; / - ; (/) ;
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
93/603
( )S(t) .
( - ) (3.2) :
, :
1) = 1( = 0), .. , (S = 0). , ( ) ;
2) < 1 ( < 0) S * 0,
. , (3.3). = 1
N = SA/p,
= SA/N.
:
(3.3)
(3.36)
(* , l ) j + S = 0. (.)
94 3.
, t= 0 = 0. , t= 0 - t> 0 ( 0 < 0< , 0< 0).
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
94/603
:
+ ]
(/)=2^(),0, (3.4)j =1
,
= + ^,/( + ,( )./
(3.4) Nj
. , Tj= 1/, ( ).
, (.. =6). ,
(3.5) , . 0< 0
. , 0 < 0< , , 0 . N( t) = N0exp(t /T0) 0, . : / = 1/(1 + .0), ( 3.1. . 95
/ 108 10~3 . 3.1.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
95/603
, .
. 3.1. /
, ,
. :
] = ( + )/ ( )/ . (3.5)
96 3.
- (0 < 0< , , , ) . 3.2.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
96/603
. 3.2. N 0 < 0 0.
, 2, 118 4.
\ 2) / \ 1) = 2( 71)/2( 2). (4.7)
- , 2, , [B2dM2/dT ]n>0. (4.1 ) , ( , ), -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
118/603
), . , 2 -
. 2 , , - .
(4.1) = const
= [1/0 (dQ/dT)\n + [1/ ( / )] |[ lMdq>/dT)\n| [B2dM2/d T ]n.
, , = /( ) (4.8).
= /( ) = /( ).
, , . , 4.2. 119
4.2.3.
( U 02 ), -
. , - 350...400 , 1500 ( )
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
119/603
( ). - -
. - , , - -
, . -
Wp - G .
p w.
1% ( 1 ) . ( )
a w= dp/dWp. (4.9)
120 4.
, . 4.3.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
120/603
. 4.3.
, (
), .
. .
, 0 < 0< ( (G=const) , . - ( -
4.2. 121
. 4.4 ( , -, ). . (
W2 7,) - 0 - W2 W, =(%/(00).
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
121/603
, - AW( 10%) 0( , 50 - ). 10%, .. , -, -
( ). - ( ) - .
122 4.
), (G=const) . , .
. . 4.4. . 4.5.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
122/603
, < aw > . , .
. 4.5. W 0<
. 4.2. 123
, . - , . - , -
. ,
,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
123/603
, - -. - .
. - -
. - , , , - .
.
, . a w , , , . a w 124 4.
, - , - .
,
, - - .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
124/603
-. - - , - . - -
. - . , , , .
. , . - 30%, - 5%. . - 5
5.1. .
, .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
125/603
,
. ,
, .. 235U 238U, Ns(t) Ng(t) ( )
dN5( t ) / d t = - c 5aN5(t)
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
126/603
- . , ,
1 1 3 , 55 , q, / 3,
q =0.32 10- ( } 5 ). (5.3)
W
- q W=qV. . , - q= const 5 , , -, -
- 5. q - const .
235U. , :
= (0)/(1 of (0)/). (5.4)
5.1. . 127
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
127/603
. 5.1. W{t), = (/)
235U Ns(t)
( ) .
, , .
, . QK= Wt, , - t, , W, ,
,, ( ):B = Q K/m m =W t/rnm . (5.5)
( ) 128 5.
, , 2 ,, - 0 , , . . (5.5) .
, ( . ) (235U):1 = 1.2 235U. , , 20%, ,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
128/603
, , .
3...5% 3...5 40...55 /, . - , , -
. -
, . ( . . 1) , - = 1...200. , .
, . -
, . 235U 250 , . :
5.1. . 129
i- ; i- ; .
, -
N) . (/) - .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
129/603
. /
: / 235U (, ) p tCf Ns ;
/ -
(/ 1) 7\ _, ~1 ;
7V,. /' Xr Nr , /' .
/ ( z >82) ' .
/ XjNr , ^ /
dNt/d t = Pi
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
130/603
pm = e ps(a/5/oe5)SJ.1 ,. (5.86)
, , / , . & - .
5.2.
, . ,
, 235U, 238U ( ( , )) 239. 239 240 241. , 232Th , 233U.
, , :
5.2. 131
, - 235U, , , 239 233U, .
-
( ), ( ), . , , .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
131/603
( ), (). - .
- ( )
, - dNm/ dt dNBMr/dt:
= ( |d N J d t |) / ( |dNBblT/d tI) =dNBJ d N Bur (5.9a)
. 5.2 Pu 235U 4500 / = 4,5 /. , - - , - .
. 5.3 235U Pu 1000. , 235U , Pu.
132 5.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
132/603
. 5.2. 235U
5.2. 133
, , - . = ( 8)/( 5+ >).
, - 238U, 239. - 239 , , -
, 240. , - 241, 242.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
133/603
, 238U ,
239"242, . ( ), - . :
= ( 8+ 40) + 41), (5.96)
8 40 238U 240 ; 41 24| 242 .
,
Nm - NBbtr :
=Nm/N BblT= ( ,/ ,)("*/ ), (5.9)
, , ,
. iVBb,r , . (235 239),
134 5.
, .
, . > 1 -
- . ( - ), - ( )
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
134/603
( , ).
, .. , , .
- . , -
, , . 5.1. 5.1
, %
, - / -239 -240 -241 -242
0.5 99 1^*** 95 5
60* 60 24 12 4
120** 35 35 20 10
* PWR-Pu - . ,
.
** 5.2. 135
- < 1 ( 0.5...0.6, - 0.7...0.8), - 238U, 239 , 3%. -
, 0.8...0.9. - 3...5% 30...40 / - Pu 0.15...0.20 /( ) = 0.4...0.55/( )
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
135/603
/( ). , 235U,
= (8/ 5)((1 )/) + 2,08(1 > 0.57. ( 1.05... 1.1) , .
- . - > 2.
- = 1.1... 1.2, = 1.4...1.6. ( > 1) . - 136 5.
. , , 5... 10 .
,
. - . -
1.2 235U 1 , 0 15 235U
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
136/603
, 0.15 235U , 236U. , -
- 6 236U /t , 235U. 236 . - ( , )
237Np.
241242243 243244245/^ : Am, Cm,Bk Cf. 1/, ( ,
.) - ( ) , .
- ,
, .
5.3. Sm 137
, - .
, 34 (!) .
, .
-
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
137/603
(
, ), - , , 1/3 2/3 . -
, ( Pu =0.2%), - .
, - . -
( 0) cos(2?.z), , , e[z] = 0[1 cos(z)]. ,
, , , .
5 3 Sm 138 5.
( ). - ( - , ). -
. - . -
(, 105Rh, 1311,140 .). -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
138/603
) ,
, - . , , 135 I49Sm.
, :
1) ( 35 , );2) ( 135
30...40 , 149Sm 8... 10 );3) -
( );
4) , |35 149Sm .
, .
5.3.2.
.
5.3. Sm 139
=Pi =0,061). , 1351 135, . , 1351, .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
139/603
. 5.4.
-135 *= 2.5 106 . . 135 , .
135 ( (1/2)= 9,2 )
136, 0,16 .
(5.7). , 135,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
140/603
). , -
() 135 - 1351.
(5.11) (5.116) , - 1351 (7V,CT), , 135 :
* = (PxeOfN5 + A., TV,01)/( + ^). (5.12)
. ,
5 1014/( 2 )), >-
^= ( + Pi)0>5 / , (5.13)
. , .. N1
5.3. Sm 141
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
141/603
. 5.5. 135
135 . , .
, , , 1351 135 . ,
235U.
, - 135 - 235U , ..
142 5.
, qXe, 135 , - 135
: =
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
142/603
qXe . -, = 1, Nv = Ns. - 5%.
, -
. -, 235U , , (5.13), NXe , -, - ( ) ^ = /( )
. , .
. 5.6 - 1000 - (1 ) (2 ) .
, - 135 , ,1 = /( ) - 5.3. Sm 143
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
143/603
. 5.6. -1000 ( /) (2)
(5.11) (5.116). - iVXe(0 - NXe(t) ~ 1 ( X,/)). .
135 - (t**) , - 95% N . - NXe(t), 7* 30 .
- t* 149Nd---->149 ------- >149Sm + ---->150Sm ( ).
2 53 .1
, 149Sm - (3 149Nd 149 ( -
/?Nd = = 0.013). 149Nd 149 , - . 149Sm , - 150Sm.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
144/603
50S .
, 149 235U, . - ( 149 149Sm), (5.7).
149 XPmNPm - 149Sm, 149Sm - .
:dN?m/ dt= of 5 XPmNPm,
(5.15)dNSm/d t= X PmNPm- ^ N Sm0 .
A,Pm= 0,357 105 1 149 . , 149Sm , ( 5.3. Sm 145
. (5.15) , - :
( ), - 149 - . 149Sm ,
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
145/603
. - .
149Sm
I49Sm ps"
, , , , .
149 149Sm (5.16). :
pSm= - ( o ! mNSm/ o 5aN5) Q ^ . (5.17)
Psm = (/ )/,0 (5.18)
146 5.
, 149 . NPm ( ), -
NPm=0,957Vp", - - ty. (5.19) , - / = 120 10 .
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
146/603
, , - .
. 5.7 NPm(t)
, -
, . - NSm , 7VS" .
. 5.7. -
, , . < 1014 ./( 2) Sm / -
/ys=2,21015/ . (5.20)
> 1014 2) (5.20) .
5.3. Sm 147
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
147/603
. 5.7. I49Pm 149Sm : 1 = 1014 2 ); 2
= 5 1013 2 ).
5.3.3. Sm
,
. , , :
( );
100% WHOM( ) ;
100% WHOU( ) 50% WHOM;
148 5.
- ^, 48 , ( t= /, / ), . 5.8.
( ) - . - - . ( ( 1/2) = 9.2 > ( 1/2), = 6.7 ),
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
148/603
( ( 1/2) 9.2 ( 1/2), 6.7 ),
( t< tx,.. 0 9... 12 ) - |35 ( - |351), 135 - (t= tx), 135 , 135 , .
5 8 |35 5.3. Sm 149
20...60 ( ), - , .. . - .
-
( , - ,35 ). - , 20...30 ( 135 , ), -
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
149/603
),
, .
- , , , - , ( ).
, . 5.8, - , -
. , 135 - , , , t . .
:
C r = x e ^ ) x e A . +(5.21)
+ ( - / 150 5.
, , - , -. , -
. , - , .. < 0.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
150/603
tBcr, .. , . - , .. , > > 0. /( ), .. . . 5.8, ta cr tBCT - :
;
, .. ; , ..
40 ( ).
( /d t t= 0) . - - 135 5.3. Sm 151
50%, 1351 135 .
,
.
7/24/2019 WWER-1000 tipi ekirdek Reaktrleri(Rusa)
151/603
. 5.9. ( /) 100%-
100 50%
100
50% 50 100%. - , - , .. .
, - , - . -
152 5.
- .