Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
2017 - iema;eïn¾2017 - iema;eïn¾
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh I
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh II
zzol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,g idfmalaIj" <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xldj wfkl=;a rgj,a wNsnjd bÈßfhka
isà' flfia jqjo" <ud Y%ufhka f;dr mßirhla ìys lsÍu
i|yd wm úiska iaÓr wêIaGdkfhka hq;=j ;j;a mshjrla
bÈßhg ;eìh hq;= jk w;r <ud Y%uh Y%S ,xldfjka ;=rka
l< hq;=h hk fuu m%;sm;a;sh wm ta lrd fufyhjkq we;'
tfiau" wm ,nd.kakd m%;sM, ;sridrj mj;ajd .ekSug o
fuu m%;sm;a;sh WmldÍ jkq we;'ZZ
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh III
wOHdmkh" fi!LHh iy wdrlaIdj we;=¿ iEu lafIa;%hla ;=<§u fhda.H mßirhla orejkag ,nd §u
i|yd" cd;shla jYfhka wms ne£ isákafkuq' Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh"
rfÜ <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka wjika lsÍu i|yd odhl jkq we;s w;r" orejka i|yd iqrlaIs;
mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍug o bjy,a fõ' fuu m%;sm;a;sh" Y%S ,xldfõ wksjd¾h wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh
iuÕ wkql+, jk w;r wOHdmkh ,nd §fuka f;drj w;yer oukq ,enQ lsis÷ orefjl= fkdue;s nj
iy;sl lsÍug WmldÍ jkq we;'
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh úiska fuu m%;sm;a;sh ilia lrk
,o kuqÿ" orejka iïnkaO .eg¿ ksrdlrKh lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu úúO wdh;k .Kkdjlg mejf¾'
fuu m%;sm;a;sh iuÕ wkq.;j th id¾:lj l%shdjg kexùu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lrk f,i uu
ish¿ md¾Yjlrejkaf.ka b,a,d isáñ' fuh id¾:lj l%shdjg kexùu cd;sl iy m<d;a uÜgfuys m%Odk
m%jdyhka u; r|d mj;skq we;'
ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,g idfmalaIj" <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xldj wfkl=;a rgj,a
wNsnjd bÈßfhka isà' flfia jqjo" <ud Y%ufhka f;dr mßirhla ìys lsÍu i|yd wm úiska iaÓr
wêIaGdkfhka hq;=j ;j;a mshjrla bÈßhg ;eìh hq;= jk w;r <ud Y%uh Y%S ,xldfjka ;=rka l<
hq;=h hk fuu m%;sm;a;sh wm ta lrd fufyhjkq we;' tfiau" wm ,nd.kakd m%;sM, ;sridrj mj;ajd
.ekSug o fuu m%;sm;a;sh WmldÍ jkq we;'
—orejka iqrlsuq˜ cd;sl jevigyfka§ Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh t<s
oelaùug ,eîu i;=gg lreKla jk w;r fuu m%;sm;a;sh iïmdokh lsÍfuys,d iïnkaO jQ ish¿u
md¾Yjhkag udf.a ia;=;sh m< lsÍug fuh wjia:djla lr .ksñ'
ffu;S%md, isßfiak
ckdêm;s
Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrch
Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha
w;s.re ckdêm;s;=udf.a m‚jqvh
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh IV
zz<ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd
ie<lsh hq;= YlH;djhla Y%S ,xldj i;= jk w;r" tu
ld¾hh i|yd l,dmh ;=< fmruqK f.k isà'ZZ
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh V
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh —Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu
ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh˜ t<soelaùu uy;a wdvïnrhg lreKls' w;s.re ckdêm;s ffu;%Smd, isßfiak
ue;s;=udf.a iy .re w.%dud;H rks,a úl%uisxy ue;s;=udf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu
wrUhd rch úiska miq.sh j¾I fol mqrd .kq ,enQ mshjr ;jÿrg;a jHdma; lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrñka <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka iïmQ¾Kfhka ;=rka lsÍu wmf.a wruqK fõ' <ud
Y%uhg tfrysj" orejka thska wdrlaId lr iqrlaIs; lsÍu fmdÿ j.lSula jk w;r ta i|yd lKavdhula
jYfhka tlaj lghq;= l< hq;= jkafkah'
rgla jYfhka" <ud Y%uh Wfoid wm úiska isÿ lrkq ,enQ ld¾hhkays m%.;sh ms<sìUq lsÍug" ud fuh
wjia:djla lr .ksñ' j¾I 2015$2016 § isÿ lrk ,o <ud l%shdldrlï iólaIKh wkqj" j¾I 2008$2009
§ isÿ lrkq ,enQ mQ¾j <ud iólaIKhg idfmalaIj Y%S ,xldj ;=< <ud Y%uh 60] lska my; jeà we;'
wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmfha miqjk orejka ie<lsh hq;= f,i wvq ù we;' <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmh
;=rka lsÍu i|yd ie<lsh hq;= YlH;djhla Y%S ,xldj i;= jk w;r" tu ld¾hh i|yd l,dmh ;=<
fmruqK f.k isà'
úúO rdcH wdh;khka iuÕ iduQysl m%h;akhlska hq;=j lghq;= lsÍu ;=<ska" <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ
iajrEmh wjika lsÍu iy tlS m%;sM, ;sridr lr.ekSu i|yd odhl;ajh ,nd §ug fuu m%;sm;a;sh iydh
jkq we;' fuu m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùug wod< iïnkaëlrKh iy iudf,dapkh lsÍu i|yd lïlre
wud;HdxYh úiska cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj Yla;su;a lrkq we;' fuu m%;sm;a;sh M,odhSj l%shdjg
kexùu Wfoid jD;a;Sh iñ;s iy fiajH ixúOdk iuÕ lghq;= lsÍug wm bÈßfha§ n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafkuq'
fuu kj m%;sm;a;sfhys j¾Okh" <ud Y%uh iïnkaO .eg¿j,g rdcH iy fm!oa.,sl wdh;khkays
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuys,d uy;a Wmldrhla jkq we;s nj uu úYajdi lrñ' fuu m%;sm;a;sh ilia lsÍu
i|yd wm%;sy; W;aidyhla oerE wud;HdxYfha f,alï we;=¿ iuia; ld¾h uKav,h iy cd;Hka;r
lïlre ixúOdkh fj; udf.a m%Yxidj mqo lrñ'
ví' ã' fÊ' fifkúr;ak
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;H
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd
inr.uqj ixj¾Ok .re wud;H
ví'ã'fÊ' fifkúr;ak ue;s;=udf.a m‚jqvh
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh VI
ZZ
zzm%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùu" wmf.a wruqK mßmQ¾K
jYfhka w;am;a lr .kakd ;=re wLKavj mj;sk
l%shdj,shla jkq we;'ZZ
zzY%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu Wfoid wmf.a lemùu
h<s h<s;a wjOdrKh lruq'ZZ
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh VII
ZZ
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh m%ldYkh lsÍfï§ ta i|yd iqNdYsxYk
m‚jqvhla ksl=;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,eîu udf.a w;suy;a i;=gg lreKls'
w;s.re ckdêm;s ffu;%Smd, isßfiak ue;s;=uka iy .re w.%dud;H rks,a úl%uisxy ue;s;=ukaf.a
kdhl;ajh hgf;a" rch <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍfï fufyjfrys fkdie,S /£ isák w;r" m%;sM, ;sridr
lr .ekSug lghq;= lrhs' wd¾Ól iy idudcSh jákdlï folskau hq;= <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï jeo.;alu wms y÷kd .kafkuq' uõjreka ish l=vd orejka w;yer /lshd i|yd
ueofmrÈ. rgj,a lrd ixl%uKh jk wjia:dj,§" mjqf,ys idudÔh jákdlu flfrys jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq ù we;' fujeks orejka mdie,a yer hdfï iy <ud Y%ufhys fh§fï wjOdkug ,laj we;' Y%S
,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh" fufia ;ukaf.a mjq,a iuÕ Ôj;a fkdjk iy
wkdrlaIs; orejka flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nhs'
m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùu" wmf.a wruqK mßmQ¾K jYfhka w;am;a lr .kakd ;=re wLKavj mj;sk
l%shdj,shla jkq we;' fuu m%;sm;a;sh uÕska wk¾:ldÍ ld¾hhkays kshef,k orejka o we;=¿j <ud
Y%ufhys ksr; jhi wjqreÿ 18 g wvq orejka 50"000 lg muK Rcqj m%;s,dN ysñ jkq we;'
fuu m%;sm;a;sh iïmdokh lsÍfuys,d lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok .re
wud;H ví' ã' fÊ' fifkúr;ak ue;s;=ud iy wud;HxY f,alï we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,h iy cd;Hka;r
lïlre ixúOdkh úiska orkq ,enQ W;aidyhg udf.a lD;{;djh m< lrkq leue;af;ñ'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu Wfoid wmf.a lemùu h<s h<s;a wjOdrKh lruq'
rùkaø iurùr
lïlre yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d rdcH wud;H
lïlre yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d .re rdcH wud;H
rùkaø iurùr ue;s;=udf.a m‚jqvh
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh VIII
zzfï iïnkaOfhka orK ,o W;aidyh orejkayg
wOHdmkhg m%fõY ùug mj;sk ndOl bj;a lsÍu
i|yd iydh jk w;r rfgys ixj¾Okh i|yd jk
jákd wdfhdackhls' i;H jYfhkau" <ud whs;sjdislï
iqrlaIs; lsÍu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd" <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka l%shdldÍ m%;sm;a;shla mej;Su jeo.;a fõ'ZZ
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh IX
jev f,dalh ;=< <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍfï hym;a mßphka orejkag jvd fyd| mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu
i|yd odhl fõ' úúO md¾Yjlrejka yryd u;= jQ yf~ys m%;sM,hla jYfhka <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu
ms<sn| l;sldj j¾;udkfha§ wLKavj wjOdkhg fhduq flf¾' fï iïnkaOfhka orK ,o W;aidyh
orejkayg wOHdmkhg m%fõY ùug mj;sk ndOl bj;a lsÍu i|yd iydh jk w;r rfgys ixj¾Okh
i|yd jk jákd wdfhdackhls' i;H jYfhkau" <ud whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs; lsÍu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd"
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu iïnkaOfhka l%shdldÍ m%;sm;a;shla mej;Su jeo.;a fõ' fï wkqj lïlre"
jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh <ud Y%uh uq,skqmqgd oeóu i|yd jQ l%shdldÍ
iy ksjdrK mshjr úêu;a lsÍu Wfoid Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
iïmdokh lr we;'
fuu cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh j.lsjhq;= rdcH wdh;k" fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdk iy <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl
fufyhqï lñgqfõ ish¿u idudðlhka iïnkaO fjñka" ff;%hsmd¾Yùh WmfoaYk l%shdj,shla u`.ska
iïmdokh lrkq ,en we;' fuu m%;sm;a;sfhys id¾:l;ajh Wfoid" m%Odk md¾Yjlrejka w;r mj;sk
Yla;su;a iïnkaëlrKh b;d jeo.;a jk w;r tys m%;sM, idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd" cd;sl fufyhqï
lñgqfõ idudðlhskaf.a WmfoaYl;ajh iys;j M,odhSj l%shdjg kexùfï hdka;%Khla ia:dms; flfrkq
we;'
fuu m%;sm;a;sh iïmdokh lsÍfï iuia: l%shdj,sh mqrd kdhl;ajh ,nd foñka uÕ fmkajQ lïlre"
jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok .re wud;H ví,sõ' ã' fÊ' fifkúr;ak ue;s;=ud iy
lïlre yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d .re rdcH wud;H rùkaø iurùr ue;s;=ud fj; udf.a lD;{;djh
m< lsÍug leue;af;ñ'
<ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqfõ idudðlhka úiska ,nd ÿka odhl;ajh ms<sn|j ud lD;{mQ¾jl
jk w;r" cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh ^ILO& iy tlai;a ckmo lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j ^USDOL&
úiska wm fj; ,nd ÿka ;dlaI‚l iy uQ,H iydh iïnkaOfhka udf.a úfYaI ia;+;sh msßkeóug
leue;af;ñ'
wud;HdxYfha fcHIaG kS;s WmfoaYl wd¾' mS' úu,fiak uy;d iy fuu l¾;jHh i|yd iïnkaOj
lghq;= l< wud;HdxYfha iy lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ish¿u ks,OdÍka fj; o lD;{;dj m<
lsÍug ud fuh wjia:djla lr .ksñ'
tia' ta' ksu,a irK;siai
f,alï
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh
fmrjok iy ia;+;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh X
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh XI
mgqk
msgq wxl
idrdxYh 01
1' m%;sm;a;sh i|yd miqìu 05
2' <ud Y%u ;;a;ajh 06
3' ffk;sl yd m%;sm;a;s ld¾hrduqj 07
3'1 ffk;sl ld¾hrduqj 07
3'2 m%;sm;a;s miqìu 09
4' m%;sm;a;s mrud¾: 10
5' m%;sm;a;sfhys úIh m:h 10
6' m%;sm;a;sfhka m%;s,dN ,nkakka 11
7' l%shd;aul lsÍu 11
7'1 wdh;ksl jHqyhka iy hdka;%K 11
7'2 m<d;aj, iy Èia;%slalj, iïnkaëlrKh 12
7'3 fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdk iuÕ yjq,aldr;ajh 13
7'4 fm!oa.,sl wxYh iuÕ yjq,aldr;ajh 13
8' m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsßfuys,d m%Odk Wmdh ud¾. 14
8'1 mq¿,a jQ m%;sm;a;shla yd l%shdldÍ ikao¾Nhla ;=< kj m%fõYhla f.dvkeÕSu 14
8'2 fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd jQ wju jhi jeälsÍug m%h;ak oeÍu 14
8'3 wk¾:ldÍ /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis M,odhs f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu m%j¾Okh lsÍu 14
8'4 fiajd kshqla;s fldkafoais n,d;aul lsÍu 15
8'4'1 ;reK mqoa.,hska mqyqKq lsÍu 15
8'4'2 wka;¾ yd wNHka;r ksfhdað;dh;k wdY%s; iyfhda.s;d hdka;%K 15
8'5 n,d;aul moaO;sh Yla;su;a lsÍu 15
8'5'1 mqyqKqj 15
8'5'2 jhi ;yjqre lsÍu 15
8'5'3 lïlre mÍlaIKh i|yd taldnoaO m%fõYh 15
8'5'4 kvq mejÍu ld¾hlaIu lsÍu yd o~qjï meñKùu 16
8'6 meñ‚,s l%shdmámdàka mj;ajd .ekSu 16
9' ikaksfõokh - <Õdùu yd miqúmru 16
10' iïm;a 16
11' iudf,dapkh iy we.hsu 17
12' wjodkï iy wNsfhda. 17
13' m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha ndOd 18
14' ld, iSudj 18
weuqKqu - 1 19
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh XII
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 1
idrdxYh
<ud Y%uh je<elaùug iy ;=rka lsÍug ;=vq fok l%shdud¾. we;=¿" <uhska yd ;reK mqoa.,hka
iïnkaOfhka jQ Y%S ,xldfõ wdxYsl ne¢hdjla iys; mQ¾K il%Sh njlska hqla;j l%shd;aul lsÍfuys,d
wkq.ukh lsÍu ms‚i ld¾hrduqjla imhkq ,nkakd jQ myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yels iy
m%dfhda.sl m%;sm;a;shla wjYH fõ'
<ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka ms<sn| Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,eiau-2016 ̂ Road map - 2016& ̂ <ud Y%uh Y=kH
lsÍu i|yd tla tla ld¾hNdrh kshu flfrk jevigyk&" <uhska i|yd jQ cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau
^2010-2014&" <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jQ cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau-2004
^flgqïm;&" Y%S ,xldfõ Y%uh iQrdlEu i|yd <uhska kS;s úfrdaë f,i fhoùug tfrys ùu ms‚i
jQ cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau-2001 iy fjk;a fiiq ie,iqï we;=¿ <uhska ms<sn| úúOjQ;a wfkHdkH
jYfhka iïnkaOjQ;a" cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,iqï Y%S ,xldj i;= fõ' <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka
;=rka lsÍfuys,d jQ cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,iau-2004 flgqïmf;ys uQ,sldx.hka" <uhska i|yd jQ cd;sl
l%shdldÍ ie,eiafuys ^2004-2008 iy 2010-2014& talrdYS lr we;'
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla uÕska myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yels" iyfhda.S
iy j.lsj hq;= l%shdud¾. fukau tlS l%shdud¾.j,g uÕ fmkaùu i|yd jQ uQ,O¾u iy mD:q, oelaula
iy j.lSula i,id § ;sfí' ta ksid úfYaIfhka" wúêu;a wxYh i|yd mokula jYfhka o rch yd
fm!oa.,sl wxYh úiska j.lsj hq;= jD;a;Sh lghq;=j, kshe,Sfï mokula jYfhka o fuu m%;sm;a;sh
l%shdlrkq we;' ie,iqï.; m%;sm;a;shla uÕska" <ud Y%uh je<elaùu yd ;=rka lsÍu ms‚i jQ jevigyka
fjkqfjka iïm;a fjka lsÍu" m%Odk j.lSï mj;sk wjia:dfõ§ tajd úia;r lsÍu iy l%shdud¾. .ekSu
ms‚i mrdñ;sl ksYaÑ; jYfhka oelaùu i|yd m%{df.dapr mokula i,id,kq ,nk w;r" m%.;sh
we.hSu yd j.ùu ms<sn| ;lafiare lsÍu ms‚i mokula i,ikq ,nhs'
Y%S ,xld rch" 1973 wxl 138 orK fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd jQ wju jhi ms<sn| iïuq;sh iy 1999
wxl 182 orK <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka ms<sn| iïuq;sh hk cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdk
iïuq;s ms<sf.k ;sfí' 2010 j¾Ifha §" fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdk iuÕ idlÉPd lr ilia lrk ,o
wk;=reodhl /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis md¾,sfïka;=j úiska wkqu; lrk ,§' th 1956 wxl 47 orK
ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ms<sn| mk; hgf;a m%isoaêhg m;a lrk ,o
w;r" tuÕska <ud Y%ufha ydkslr iajrEmhka 51 la y÷kd .kakd ,§' we;eï wxYj, fiajd kshqla;sh
i|yd jQ wju jhi jeä ù ;sfnk w;r" kj wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh uÕska wksjd¾h wOHdmk jhi wjqreÿ
16 olajd jeä lr we;' fuu fjkia lsÍu i|yd lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok
wud;HdxYfha iydh ,nd fok ,§'
ol=Kq wdishdfõ wfkl=;a rgj,a iuÕ ii|k úg Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿j W.% fkdjQjo"
rfÜ fõ.j;a yd ixj¾Ok kHdh m;% uÕska <ud Y%uhg <uhska f.dÿreùfï m%jK;dj jeäùug
odhl;ajhla iemfhk nj y÷kd .ekSu ksid <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmh wjika lsÍfï yÈis
wjYH;dj by< f.dia ;sfí'
wOHdmkh yd fi!LHh jeks m%Odk rdcH fiajdjkays .=Kd;aulNdjh" wod<;dj yd ;sridr;ajh imqrd
.ekSu ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï jeo.;alu rch y÷kd f.k we;' ldka;d Y%u n,ldfha iyNd.S;aj
wkqmd;h fukau ;reK /lshd kshqla;sh by< kexùu o wNsfhda.hls' l=vd <uhska isák uõjreka
/lshd i|yd ueofmrÈ. n,d ixl%uKh jk úg" mjq, i|yd jk iudc msßjefhys by< hdula we;s
jk nj y÷kdf.k we;' tu ;;a;ajh <uhska mdie,aj,ska neyer ù <ud Y%ufhys ksr;ùfï f.dÿre
njg m;aùug tla fya;=jls' ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka lsis÷ ;ks wdh;khlg ;ksju <ud Y%uh ;=rka l<
fkdyels njh'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 2
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sfha mrud¾:h jkafka" m%Odk md¾Yjlrejka iuÕ cd;sl yd
m<d;a uÜgïj, § iyfhda.fhka l%shd;aul lsÍu" kS;sh iM,odhS f,i n,d;aul lsÍu" m%Odk ixj¾Ok
m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ;=<g <ud Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿ we;=,;a lsÍu iy Y%S ,xldfõ fh!jkhka i|yd
;sridr Ôjk m%fõYhla m%j¾Okh lr ta i|yd myiqlï iemhSu ;=<ska <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhg
m%uqL;djh ,nd foñka Y%S ,xldfjka <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu yd tys m%;sM, ;sridrj mj;ajd f.k hduhs'
lïlre wud;HdxYfha úIh m:h ie,l+ úg" fuu m%;sm;a;sh id¾:lj l%shdjg kexùfï Wmdh ud¾.h
úh hq;af;a cd;sl iy m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾. ;=<g <ud Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿j we;=,;a
lsÍuhs' fuys§ rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYfhau iyNd.s;ajh w;HjYH fõ'
<uqka úlsŒu ^ish¿ iajrEmfhka& iy cdjdrï i|yd fhdod .ekSu" n,y;aldrfhka fyda wksjd¾h n|jd
.ekSu" wh:d l%shdldrlï we;=¿ n,y;aldrfhka fyda wksjd¾fhka Y%uh ,nd .ekSu" .‚ld jD;a;sh"
wiNH ksIamdok fyda wiNH rÕ oelaùï i|yd <uqka fhdod .ekSu" ,nd .ekSu fyda ,nd§u" u;aøjH
ksIamdokh iy úlsŒfï wh:d l%shdldrlï i|yd <ufhl= fhdod .ekSu" ,nd .ekSu fyda ,nd§u" ish¿
iajrEmfha kS;s úfrdaë fjf<|dï lghq;=j, ksr;j isák <uhska fukau wk;=reodhl ld¾hhkays
ksr;j isákq we;ehs lshkq ,nk <uhska we;=¿ <ud Y%uh ms<sn| iólaIKh uÕska weia;fïka;= lr
we;s wjqreÿ 18 g wvq 100"000 la muK jQ <uhska fuu m%;sm;a;sfhys iDcq m%;s,dNSka jYfhka i,lkq
,efí'
jl% m%;s,dN jYfhka ;rÕldÍ yd olaI;d iys; Y%u n,ldhlska iukaú; jHdmdr mej;Su" <ud Y%ufhka
f;dr ;sridr jQ md,k moaO;shla ìysùu oelaúh yelsh'
l%shd;aul lsÍu
wdh;ksl jHqyh" hdka;%Kh yd iïnkaëlrKh ( <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï" wëlaIKh lsÍfï yd jd¾;d lsÍfï
uQ,sl j.lSu lïlre wud;HdxYh yd lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j i;= fõ' m%;sm;a;sh id¾:l jkq ms‚i
th foaYSh ikao¾Nh ;=< M,odhs f,i l%shdjg kexùfuys,d ;=vq Èh yels mq¿,a mrdihl jQ yjq,alrejka
yd md¾Yjlrejka úiska Tjqkaf.a jevigyka ;=< wka;¾.; l< hq;=h' ta i|yd cd;sl" m<d;a" Èia;%sla"
m%dfoaYSh yd .%du ks,Odß uÜgñka wdh;k w;r ;sriaj yd isriaj iïnkaëlrKh iy;sl flfrkq we;'
lïlre wud;HdxYh <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqfõ l%shdldÍ;ajh Yla;su;a lrkq we;s w;r
tu lñgqj m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd jQ ˜f,alï ld¾hd,h˜ jYfhka l%shdlrkq we;' ;jo" th
m<d;a yd Èia;%sla jHqyhka iuÕ fukau fjk;a iyfhda.S yjq,alrejka iuÕ iómj lghq;= lrhs' tfiau
Èia;%slal 25 ys <ud Y%uh ms<sn| ;;a;ajhka wëlaIKh lsÍu i|yd fukau tlS ;;a;ajh ;lafiare lsÍu
i|yd o j.lshkq we;'
m<d;a uÜgfï§" <ud Y%uh iïnkaO jeo.;a lreKq iy m%;spdr iajlSh ie,iqïj,g taldnoaO lrñka"
<ud Y%uhg tfrysj iïnkaëlrK l%shdud¾. iy;sl lsÍu m<d;a f,alï ld¾hd,h úiska isÿ lrkq we;'
Èia;%slal uÜgfï§" <uhskag wod< l%shdud¾. i|yd jQ iïnkaëlrK ld¾hNdrh" Èia;%sla <ud ixj¾Ok
lñgqj úiska bgq lrhs' <ud Y%uhg tfrys iïnkaëlrK l%shdud¾.j,g iydh oelaùu i|yd Èia;%sla <ud
ixj¾Ok lñgqj,g yelshdjla we;' Èia;%sla f,alïjrhd úiska iNdm;s;ajh Wiq,kq ,nk Èia;%sla <ud
ixj¾Ok lñgqj úiska <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu" Èia;%sla ixj¾Ok ie,iqïj, m%Odk m%jdyhg tl;=lsÍu iy
Èia;%slal uÜgïj, b,lal i|yd m%fõYùug m%udKj;a m%;sm;a;suh myiqlï iemhSu iy;sl lrkq ,efí'
tla tla Èia;%slalh <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍfï ;;a;ajhkag <Õd jQ úg" tlS ;;a;ajh ;lafiare lrkq ,nk
w;r l%ufõohka ;yjqre lsÍu fuu tallh uÕska isÿ lrkq ,efí' wk;=rej" fuu tallh úiska tla
tla Èia;%slalh —<ud Y%ufhka f;dr njg˜ iy;sl lrkq we;'
m<d;a yd Èia;%slal uÜgïj,§ l%shdldÍ uOHia:dk msysgqúh hq;=h' <ud Y%uh ms<sn| tjeks uOHia:dk
ks,OdÍka iajlSh m<d;a iy Èia;%slalj," m<d;a iy Èia;%sla mßmd,khka úiska m;a flfrkq we;'
jevigyka yryd .eg¿ m%Odk m%jdyhg tl;= lsÍu iy .kq ,nk l%shdud¾. l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd jQ
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 3
wdh;ksl iïnkaëlrKhg" <ud ixj¾Ok lñgq iuÕ Tjqka iyfhda.Sj lghq;= lr;s'
tla tla m<d; yd Èia;%slalh" lïlre wud;HdxYh iuÕ idlÉPd lsÍfuka miqj" tlS Èia;%slal úiskau
tu m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍug iydh olajk jvd;a YlH;djfhka hqla;" M,odhs yd fhda.H;u ia:dkh
jYfhka ilia lrkq we;'
fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdk iu`. yjq,aldr;ajh (<ud Y%uh wjika lsßfï§ yd je<elaùfï§ fukau kS;Hdkql+, jev lsÍfï jhfia ;reK lïlrejkaf.a
wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsßfï§ fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdkj,g cd;sl uÜgfï isg ìï uÜgu olajd jQ Tjqkaf.a
cd, yryd bgq l< hq;= jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla yd j.lSula mj;S' tys§ <ud Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿j m%Odk
m%;sm;a;s m%jdyhg we;=,;a lsßfï § fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdkj, ld¾hNdrh ;SrKd;aul idOlhla
fõ' fï iïnkaOfhka mqyqKqj yd b,lal we;=,;a jQ úfYaIs; l%shdud¾." lïlre wud;HdxYh yd <ud
Y%uh ms<sn`o cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqfõ fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdkj, ksfhdað;hka úiska y÷kd.kq
,nk w;r" m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd myiqlï o imhkq ,nhs'
fm!oa.,sl wxYh iuÕ yjq,aldr;ajh ( úêu;a yd wúêu;a iemhqï oduh ;=< nd,jhialrejka fkdue;sj W.;a yd iqÿiqlï,;a Y%u n,ldhla
f.dvkexùu i|yd odhl;ajh imhk fm!oa.,sl wxYhg" ta ta lafIa;%hkays" m%;sm;a;s yd mshjr l%shdjg
kexùfï§ tajd cd;sl kS;s Í;s yd wdpdr O¾u ix.%y fyda iïuq;sj,g wkql+, njg iy;sl lsÍu i|yd
j.lSula mj;S' ta ;=<ska" Y%S ,xldjg ;rÕldÍ;ajhla we;s lr .; yelsh'
lïlre wud;HdxYh úiska <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqfjys fiajH yd fiajl ksfhdað;hka
iuÕ idlÉPd lr" mqyqKqj we;=¿ fhdað; mshjrhka yd ta iïnkaOfhka jk b,lal y÷kdf.k tajd
l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd myiqlï imhkq ,efí'
iïm;a (lïlre wud;HdxYh yd <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk jevigyka
hgf;a wruqo,a imhd .ekSfï l%shdud¾. iy wod< ksfhdað;dh;khkays whjeh fukau <ud Y%uh
;=rka lsÍu yd tlS <uhska yd mjq,a È.=ld,Skj mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍu i|yd w;sf¾l whjeh fjkalsÍu
fjkqfjka l%shd lrkq we;' lïlre" lDIsl¾u" jeú,s" wOHdmk" ixpdrl yd ëjr lghq;= hk wud;HdxY"
cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj úiska ;SrKh lrk ,o yd b,a,d isákq ,nk m%;smdok tu wud;HdxYhkays
whjeh ;=<ska fjka lsÍï isÿ lrkq we;'
m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfuys,d m%Odk Wmdhud¾. mq¿,a jQ m%;sm;a;sfhys m%Odk m%jdyh yd l%shdud¾. ikao¾Nh
wfmalaId lrk m%;sM, imqrd .ekSfï Wmdh ud¾.h jkafka uqLH Odrd Wmdh ud¾.hhs' tuÕska <ud Y%uh
ms<sn| ixisoaêfhys fndfyda .eg¿ i|yd taldnoaO yd iïmQ¾K m%;spdr olajkq ,eîu ms‚i <uhskaf.a
yd ;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a wjYH;d yd wfmalaIdjka" cd;sl ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s" Tjqkaf.a ta ta jevigyka
yd whjeh ie,iqï lsÍfï§ iy l%shdjg kexùfï § fhdod .kq ,efí'
fï iïnkaOfhka we;s jeo.;alu" cd;sl udkj iïm;a yd fiajd kshqla;s m%;sm;a;sh-2012" ;reK fiajd
kshqla;sh ms<sn| cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau-2006" zziuDoaêhZZ jeks iudc iqNidOk jHdmD;s" wOHhkh
yd jD;a;Sh wkq.; ùu i|yd fhda.H yd m%udKj;a myiqlï ie,iSu" fiajfha kshqla; lrk mqoa.,hka
we;=¿ <uhskaf.a yd ;reK mqoa.,kaf.a wdrlaIdj yd iqNidOkh iy Tjqkaf.a ixj¾Okh m%j¾Okh
lsÍu ms‚i fhda.H yd m%udKj;a myiqlï ie,iSu hkdÈh uÕska o ;yjqre lrkq ,nhs'
m%;sm;a;sh l%shdjg kexùfuys,d jQ m%Odk Wmdhud¾.j,g wka;¾.; ld¾hhka(
² wOHdmkh iïmQ¾K ùu i|yd jQ jhi yd fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd jQ wju jhi w;r wkql+,;dj
idlaId;a lr .ekSu'
² wk¾:ldÍ /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis l%shd;aul lsÍu" Yla;su;a lsÍu iy ta ms<sn| oekqj;aNdjh
yd kvq mejÍfï l%shdmámdáh Yla;su;a lsÍu'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 4
² fiajd kshqla;s fldkafoais n,d;aul lsÍu iy Ndú;h" m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾. yd uQ,Huh lemùu
;=<ska wúêu;a fiajd ia:dkj,g o m%fõY úh yels mßÈ lïlre mÍlaIK l%shdj,sh yd tys n,mEu
mq¿,a lsÍu'
² <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍfï ld¾hh ms‚i ;reK mqoa.,hka mqyqKq lsÍu'
² 1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ms<sn| mkf;a
fõ;k yd m%;s,dN i|yd jQ úêúOdk l%shd;aul lsÍu j¾Okh'
² ksfhdað;dh;k ;=< iy ta w;r iyfhda.s;d hdka;%Kh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
² 1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka iy <uhska fiajfha fhoùfï mk; iy
wk¾:ldÍ /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis yd fjk;a wod< jHjia:dms; kS;sÍ;s M,odhs f,i fhdod
.ekSu ;=<ska úfYaIfhkau fjk;a mshjr w;r mqyqKqj" jhi ;yjqre lsÍu" lïlre mÍlaIK
i|yd jQ taldnoaO m%fõYh" M,odhs f,i kvq mejÍï yd ov iy meñ‚,s l%shdmámdáhla
mj;ajdf.k hdu ;=<ska n,d;aul lsÍfï moaO;sh Yla;su;a lsÍu'
² ikaksfõok cd,h ixj¾Okh lsÍu'
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh uÕska .eyekq <uhskaf.a" fh!jkhkaf.a" ixl%u‚lhkaf.a
fyda kS;súfrdaë lghq;=j,g fhdod .efkk iy iajlSh mjq,a iuÕ Ôj;a fkdjkakd jQ <uhska yd
wkdrlaIs; <uhskaf.a ;;a;ajh ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq flfrhs'
ikaksfõokh - m%fõY ùu yd m%;spdr (
<ud Y%uh ms<sn| M,odhs ikaksfõokhla we;slr l%shd;aul lrkq we;' mj;sk l%shdud¾. yd m%;sm;a;s
wod< yd M,odhs jk njg iy;sl ùu ms‚i miqúmrï lsÍu i|yd úfYaI wjOdkhla fhdokq we;'
iudf,dapkh yd we.hSu (
l%shdud¾. yd m%;sM, iudf,dapkh lsÍu i|yd m<d;a yd Èia;%slalj," m<d;a f,alïjreka yd Èia;%sla
<ud ixj¾Ok lñgqj,ska iukaú; ikaksfõok cd, yryd m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfuys,d jQ wNHka;r
iudf,dapkh jd¾Isl mokula u; lïlre wud;HdxYh uÕska isÿlrkq we;' ta uÕska m%;sm;a;sfhys
.uka uÕ i|yd jQ hï fjkila we;=¿ fidhd .kq ,nk lreKq yd ks¾foaY wju uÜgulska cd;sl
fufyhqï lñgqj fj; bÈßm;a flfrkq we;'
<ud Y%u ;;a;ajh ms<sn| weia;fïka;= yd f;dr;=re imhk <ud l%shdldrlï iólaIKj,ska yd fjk;a
iólaIKj,ska fidhd .kq ,nk lreKq ;=<ska wNHka;r iudf,dapkh m%;s,dN ,nkq we;'
wjodkï yd wNsfhda. (
m%;sm;a;sfhys id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;skafka wjodkï yd wNsfhda. wjfndaO lr .ekSu yd l<ukdlrKh
lr .ekSu u;h' úfYaIfhkau" we;eï lKavdhï yd wdh;k m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï uQ,sl
wÈhrj,§ wjodkï yd wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK fohs' óg we;=,;a jk lKavdhï yd wdh;k kï" f¾Çh
fomd¾;fïka;= yd ksfhdað; wdh;k" fiajdfhdaclhka" mjq,a" mdie,a" .=rejreka yd mßmd,lhka" fiajd
ia:dk" m%cdjka" l=i,;d mqyqKq imhkakka" m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka" fiajd imhkakka wdÈhhs'
ld, iSudj (
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu" tys wruqKq iïmQ¾Kfhkau idlaId;a
lr .kakd f;la isÿ lrf.k hñka mj;skakd jQ l%shdj,shla jkq we;' tlS l%shdj,sh cd;sl fufyhqï
lñgqj úiska wjYH hehs ie,flk mßÈ yd rch uÕska wkqu; flfrk mßÈ ixfYdaOkh" kùlrKh
yd hdj;ald,Sk lrkq we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 5
m%;sm;a;sh i`oyd miqìu
ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha wfkl=;a rgj, w;aú| we;s wdldrhg" Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%u .eg¿j mq¿,a f,i
me;sÍ fkdue;' flfia jqjo mj;sk iudc" foaYmd,k jd;djrKh yd rfÜ ixj¾Ok b,lal idlaId;a
lr.; yels jkafka <ud Y%uh" tys jvd;au wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka ^1 fldgqj&" ish¿ j.lSï orkakka yd
md¾Yjlrejka úiska m%;sm;a;sh il%Sh lsÍfuka yd ;sridr l%shdud¾. .ekSfuka iduQyslj úi£fukau
mu‚'
1 fldgqj( wxl 182 orK cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;shg wkqj <ud Y%ufha jvd;a wk¾:ldß iajrEm
Y%S ,xldj úiska ms<s.kq ,enQ" 1999 wxl 182 orK <ud Y%ufha jvd;a wk¾:ldß iajrEmhka ms<sn|
cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;sfhys 3 jeks jHjia:dfjys jvd;a wk¾:ldß iajrEm j¾. lr
we;af;a fufiah'
^w& ikakoaO wr.,j,§ fhdod .ekSu ms‚i <uhska n,y;aldrfhka fyda wksjd¾h n|jd .ekSu
we;=¿ ^ish¿ wdldrfha& jy,aNdjhka fyda <uhska úlsŒu fyda kS;s úfrdaë lghq;=j,g fhdod
.ekSu" Kh ys,jq ms‚i <uhska odiNdjhg .ekSu iy n,y;aldrfhka jev .ekSu fyda wksjd¾h
Y%uh jeks jy,aNdjhg iudk mßphka¦
^wd& .‚ld jD;a;sh" wiNH ksIamdok fyda wiNH rx.k i|yd <ufhl= fhdod .ekSu" uqo,g .ekSu
fyda ,nd§u¦
^we& ;ykï l%shdldrlï úfYaIfhkau" u;aøjH ksIamdokh yd kS;súfrdaë f,i ñ,g .ekSu fyda
úlsŒu i|yd <ufhl= fhdod .ekSu" uqo,g .ekSu fyda ,nd§u¦
^wE& jefvys iajNdjh fyda th isÿ lrf.k hkq ,nk ;;a;ajhka wkqj <uhskaf.a fi!LHhg"
iqrlaIs;Ndjhg fyda iodpdrhg ydksúh yels jev'
1978 Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjys 27 ^13& j.ka;sh rdcH m%;sm;a;sh fufyhùfï uQ,O¾u uÕska
<uhskaf.a mQ¾K YdÍßl" udkisl" iodpdrd;aul" wd.ñl yd idudÔh ixj¾Okh muKla fkdj Y%uh
iQrdlEfuka fyda fjkia lr ie,lSfuka Tjqka wdrlaId lsÍu iy;sl jk mßÈ <uhskaf.a yd ;reKhkaf.a
hym; ms<sn|j úfYaI wjOdkhla iys;j m%j¾Okh lsÍu ms‚i rcfha j.lSu y÷kd.kq ,nhs'
1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ms<sn| mk; uÕska
<uhskaf.a yd ;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a jev" jevlrk meh .Kk yd wod< fldkafoais kshdukh lrkq
,nk w;r" 2010 j¾Ifha wk¾:ldÍ /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis uÕska wk;=reodhl jD;a;Skays fhoùu
;ykï lrkq ,nhs' 1942 wxl 45 orK l¾udka;Yd,d wd{d mk;" 1941 wxl 27 orK mämd,l iNd
wd{d mk;" 1954 wxl 19 orK idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl mk;" 1923 wxl 01 orK bkaÈhdkq ixl%u‚l
lïlre wd{d mk; jeks fjk;a mk;a uÕska o" jhi wjqreÿ 14 g wvq <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ;ykï
lrkq ,nhs' óg wu;rj" fjk;a kS;s .Kkdjla uÕska rfÜ <ud Y%u ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j iDcqj fyda jl%j
wdjrKh lrkq ,nhs'
2 fldgqj( 1956 wxl 47 orK mk; wkqj" <uhska yd ;reK mqoa.,hka ms<sn| ks¾jpkh
1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ms<sn| mk; uÕska
<ufhl= hkq jhi wjqreÿ 14 g wvq ;eke;af;l= jYfhka o" ;reK mqoa.,fhl= hkq jhi wjqreÿ 14 g
t<ö we;s tfy;a wjqreÿ 18 g wvq ;eke;af;l= jYfhka o ks¾jpkh lrkq ,nhs'
<ud Y%uh ms<sn| l%shdud¾. .ekSug yels mßirhla we;s lsÍfuys,d kS;s uÕska odhl;ajh imhkq ,nk
w;r tajd l%shdfjys fhoùu wiSre fukau úfYaIfhka" kvq mejÍu" ms<s.; yels idlaIs wrlaId lsÍu"
idlaIslrejkaf.a wdrlaIdj iy ld¾hlaIu yd <ud ys;ldó jk whqßka nd,dmrdO wêlrK l%shdud¾.
iy;sl lsÍu iïnkaOfhka wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK§ug isÿ fõ'
01
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 6
<ud Y%u ;;a;ajh
<ud l%shdldrlï iólaIK (CAS) jd¾;dj" kS;Hdkql+, yd ;ykï l< hk foj¾.fhysu <uqkaf.a
jev ^/lshd& ms<sn| weia;fïka;= imhhs' j¾;udk jd¾;dfjka fukau tla ld, mßÉfþohl isg ;j;a
ld, mßÉfþohlg mj;sk keUqre;djhkaf.ka ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re" N+f.da,Sh m%foaYj,g m%uqL;dj
§ug iy läkï m%;spdrd;aul ueÈy;aùï wjYH jk .eg¿ iajrEmhkag iydh ùu ms‚i Ndú;d lrkq
we;' WodyrKhla jYfhka wk¾:ldÍ <ud Y%u .eg¿j,g ms<shï fh§ug iy /lshd kshqla;sh i|yd jQ
kS;Hdkql+, jhfiys ;reK mqoa.,hka wdrlaId lsÍu;a h'4
<ud l%shdldrlï iólaIK i|yd o;a; /ialr.kq ,nkafka wk¾:ldÍ <ud Y%u >Kh wdY%s;jh' fjk;a
>Khkays mj;sk <ud Y%ufha ish¿ iajrEmhka .%yKh lr .ekSu i|yd m%h;akhka oeÍu wjYH fõ'
tuÕska ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re" ie,iqï lsÍu iy l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd tla/ia lr .kshs'
we;eï wd¾Ól wxY úiska <ud Y%uh úYd, jYfhka fmd<Ujdf.k fhdod .kq ,nhs' fïjd w;r Y%S
,xldfõ ëjr" ixpdrl" l=vd yd fm!oa.,sl j;= iy .Dyia: Y%uh olakg we;' uiqka we,a,Su fyda ëjr
lghq;=" lDIsld¾ñl wxYhg we;=<;a fõ' 2010 <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhkays ,ehsia;=j uÕska"
uiqka we,a,Su$ëjr lghq;=j, <uhska fhoùu <uqka wjOdkug ,la lrkq ,nk l%shdldrlï f,i
y÷kd f.k we;s neúka th ;ykï lr we;' ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=< úfYaIfhkau ;reK msßñ <uhska
,sx.slj iQrd lEug ,laùu m%Yakhls' ixpdrl lafIa;%h iS>%fhka jeäÈhqKq ùu iy tu lafIa;%h ;j
ÿrg;a mq¿,a lsÍug mshjr f.k ;sîu ksid n,j;a ie,ls,a,la fhduq lsÍu w;sYhskau jeo.;a fõ' m%Odk
02
1 <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj le|jkq ,eîu yd tys iNdm;s Oqrh oeÍu" lïlre wud;HdxYfha f,alï úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r" th m%Odk f¾Çh
fomd¾;fïka;=" fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdkj, iy isú,a iudcfha ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; fõ'2 <ud Y%ufhka f;dr jQ l,dm we;s lsÍfuka <ud Y%ufha jvd;a wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jQ Èia;%sla m%Odk m%jdyfha l%fudamdhka ;=<ska r;akmqr
<ud Y%u ksoyia l,dm jeks Èia;%sla wdo¾Y mÍlaId lsÍu ms‚i jQ l%shdud¾.j,g uq,msß‚'3 <ud Y%uh ms<sn| 2010 f;jeks f.da,Sh iïfï,kh ^fya.a& iy 2013 isõjeks f.da,Sh iïfï,kh ^n%iS,h& i|yd Y%S ,xldj iyNd.s úh'4 <ud l%shdldrlï ms<sn| iólaIKh" ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" ̂ 2008$2009& jd¾;djg wkqj ixLHdf,aLk yd f;dr;=re u.ska <ud Y%uh iïnkaOfhka
úfYaIfhkau ^jvd;a wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmj,ska tlla jk& 64"000 la muK jk wk¾:ldÍ <ud Y%ufhys ksr; <uqka" 100"000 muK jQ <ud Y%ufhys ksr; <uqka
yd jhi wjqreÿ 5-17 olajd jQ ;reK mqoa.,hka we;=<;aj úi÷ï fiùu i|yd yÈis mshjrj, wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lrkq ,nhs' ^tkï ñ,shk 4'3 la blau jQ
uq¿ m%udKfhka 2'5] la jk& ^iólaIKfha ld¾hrduqj uÕska fiajd kshqla;sfha jk <uqka ms<sn| kS;Hdkql+, ks¾jpkh blaujd ;sfí' tu ksid weia;fïka;=.;
ixLHdjka ;rul fjkia jQ ;;a;ajhla mj;S'&
<ud Y%ufhys ish¿ iajrEmhka ;=rka lsÍu yd je<elaùu Wfoid l%shdlrk w;ru" 2010 j¾Ifha§ rch"
<ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj1 Y%S ,xldfõ fiajdfhdacl ixúOdk yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s yd m%Odk
md¾Yjlrejka iuÕ tlaj jvd;a wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka fkdmudj wjika lsÍug Tjqkaf.a lemùu
fmrg jvd Yla;su;aj fhoùh'2 mrud¾: imqrd .ekSug iydh jkq ms‚i l%shdldÍ jevigyka iy
iuia; Wmdhud¾. y÷kd.ekSu we;=¿j 2010 j¾Ifha fr.=,dis yd Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqï ^Road map& ixj¾Okfhys m%;sM,hla f,i m%;sm;a;s ikao¾Nh n, .kajd m%Odk m%jdyhg tlaflß‚' f;dard.;a
cd;sl yd wdxYsl m%;sm;a;s iy <ud Y%uh flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh flreKq
jevigyka m%Odk m%jdyhg tlalsÍfï uQ,sl m%h;akhka i|yd ks¾foaY uÕska uÕ fmkaú‚' tmuKla
fkdj" mshjr l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wdh;ksl jHqyhla o ieliS ;snq‚'
cd;Hka;r iïuq;Ska ms<s.ekSu yd tajdfhys wvx.= lreKq l%shdfjys fhoùu" Wmdhud¾." W.;a mdvï
yd hym;a mßphka ms<sn| f.da,Sh f;aud.; jevigyka iy idlÉPd we;=¿j rg ;=< <ud Y%uh ;=rka
lsÍu i|yd ork m%h;akhg Y%S ,xldj odhl fjhs'3 2010 j¾Ifha§ Y%S ,xldj" <ud Y%uh ms<sn| jvd;a
wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka ;=rka lsÍug iajlSh iydh ,nd§u ms‚i m%;s{d §u Wfoid f.da,Sh m%cdj
iuÕ iïnkaO úh' tys cd;sl m%h;akhka" f.da,Sh oekqu yd rg ;=< jQ <ud Y%ufhys jvd;a wk¾:ldÍ
iajrEmhka m%uqL lr .ksñka <ud Y%uh wjika lsÍfuys m%.;sh i|yd odhl ù ;sfí' yjq,aldr;ajh"
iyfhda.S ie,iqï yd l%shdud¾. iy wkHkH j.lSï ;=,ska Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd jQ
cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh ^NPECL& yd tys l%shd;aulNdjh kj cjhlska l%shd;aul jkq we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 7
ksfhdað;dh;k yd md¾Yjhka iuÕ jQ iïnkaO;d <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsrSu ms<sn`o cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh uÕska
iy;sl lrkq we;' tuÕska" <uhska i|yd iudfhdað; m%;spdrj,g uÕ fmkajkq we;'
m%dfoaYSh jeú,s iud.ï úiska <ud Y%uh Y=kH lsÍu i|yd jQ m%;sm;a;shla (Zero tolerance policy) wkq.ukh lr we;s w;r tuÕska fiajd kshqla;sfha wju jhi wjqreÿ 16 fyda 18 olajd jeä lr we;'
kuq;a l=vd iy fm!oa.,sl j;=j, <ud Y%uh m%Yakhls' l=vd iy fm!oa.,sl j;=j, mj;sk .eg¿ i|yd
úi÷ï fiùu ms‚i f;dr;=re yd iïm;a tlsfklg iïnkaO lr,Sfuys,d iyfhda.S;d yjq,aldr;ajhla
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn`o cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfuka f.dvkef.kq we;' fulS .eg¿ w;r
by< oßø;d wkqmd;h" jeäysá lïlrejka w;r mj;sk u;aøjHj,g weíneysùu yd .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh
hk lreKq lemS fmfka' fuu idOl" mdie,a yerhdfï wkqmd;slh by< kexùu" <uhska kS;s úfrdaë
lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu yd m%Odk jYfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj, <uqka .Dy fufyldr fiajfha fh§u"
udmshka fofokdu /lshd i|yd msg;aj hdu fya;=fjka ifydaor ifydaoßhka /ln,d .ekSu hkdÈhg
odhl fõ5' <ud l%shdldrlï ms<sn| iólaIKh uÕska mdie,a fkdmeñŒfï uQ,sl fya;= idOl jYfhka
wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka we;s ÿ¾j, ld¾h idOkh" uQ,H ÿIalr;d" wdndê;nj yd <uqka wd¾Ól
lghq;=j, ksr;ùu oelaúh yelsh' wxY jYfhka .;a l< ixLHd;aul jYfhka" wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d ksid
mdie,a yer hk <uhska ixLHdj jeú,s wxYfha <uhska w;r by<u w.hla .kakd nj fidhdf.k we;s
w;r" .%dóh wxYfha <uhska w;r" wd¾Ól lghq;=j, ksr;ùu by<u w.h .kS'6 iuia:hla jYfhka .;a
l< mdie,a fkdmeñŒu jeä;u w.h we;af;a jeú,s wxYfha <uhska w;rh'7 fm!oa.,sl j;=j, mj;sk
fuu ;;a;ajhg odhl jk idOlj, úi÷ï fiùfï§ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sfhys
olajd we;s mßÈ taldnoaO iy uekúka b,lal.; l< m%;sm;a;s iy ueÈy;aùï wjYH fõ'
ffk;sl yd m%;sm;a;s ld¾hrduqj
Y%S ,xld rcfha cd;sl ixj¾Ok ie,iqï" kS;s" m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka" fm!oa.,sl wdh;k" isú,a iudc
ixúOdk iy iudc jHqyh uÕska <uhskag mdie,a hEug yelsjk" <ud Y%ufhka ksoyiaj Ôj;aùug yd
iudc wdrlaIK mshjr uÕska Tjqkag yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,g m%;s,dN ,nd .; yels miqìula ks¾udKh
lr we;' tfia jqjo" m%;s,dN" ndOl yd wNsfhda. legqj tk j;auka f.da,ShlrKh jQ wd¾Ólh ;=<ska
<uhskaj <ud Y%uh iy tys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka we;=¿ m%pKav;ajhg yd Y%uh iQrdlEug f.dÿreùu
jeäùfï wjodkulg m;aj ;sfí'
3'1 ffk;sl ld¾hrduqj
1978 Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrc jHjia:dj 12 ^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a iajlSh ck;djg
iudkd;au;djg yd fjkia f,i fkdie,lSug we;s whs;sh ms<sn|j iy;slhla ,nd fohs' th YdÍßl"
udkisl" iodpdrd;aul" wd.ñl yd iudc ixj¾Okh iy;sl lsÍu ms‚i <uqkaf.a yd ;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a
hym; m%j¾Okh lsÍug iy Y%uh iQrdlEfuka yd fjkia f,i ie,lSfuka wdrlaId lsÍu o rdcH
m%;sm;a;sfha uQ,O¾uhka 27 ^13& jHjia:dj hgf;a rcfha j.lSu o tf,iu y÷kd .kshs'
1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùfï mk; uÕska <uhskaf.a yd
;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a jev" jev lrk ld,h yd fldkafoais kshdukh lrkq ,nhs' mk; uÕska <ufhl=
hkq jhi wjqreÿ 14 g wvq mqoa.,fhl= jYfhka o" ;reK mqoa.,fhl= hkq jhi wjqreÿ 14 g t<UqKq yd
wjqreÿ 18 g wvq mqoa.,fhl= jYfhka o ks¾jpkh lrkq ,efí'8 2001 j¾Ifha ud¾;= ui ms<s.kq ,enQ wxl
182 jk cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdk iïuq;sfhys 3^wE& jHjia:dj hgf;a jQ rcfha ne£u imqrd,Sfuys,d
03
5 úfYaIfhkau l=re÷" lcq yd ;,a jeks l=vd f;a j;= ysñlrejka fkdjk j;= we;=¿ fm!oa.,sl j;=j, Y%uh yd <ud Y%uh iïnkaO fldkafoais ms<sn| o;a; úr,h' 6 ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2008$2009 ^Y%S ,xldj& ^msgq 21-24& 7 mQ¾j ck yd ixLHd f,aLk iólaIKh 2008$2009 ^msgq 22&8 2000 ckjdß 20 jeks osk wxl 1116$5 ork w;s úfYaI .eiÜ m;%h
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 8
fiajfha kshqla;ùfï wju jhig jeä <uhska wdrlaId lsÍu ms‚i <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka
ms<sn| ,ehsia;=jla 2011 j¾Ifha ud¾;= ui wxl 1695$32 .eiÜ ksfõokhg wkqj ldka;djka" ;reK
mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ms<sn| 2010 fr.=,dis uÕska ks¾Kh lr ;sfí' fjk;a kS;s
.Kkdjla rfgys <ud Y%u ;;a;ajh iïnkaOfhka iDcqj fyda jl%j n,mEïlr ;sfí'
wk¾:ldÍ <ud Y%uh fyda" —tys iajNdjhka fyda th isÿlrf.k hkq ,nk ;;a;ajhka ;=< <uhskaf.a
fi!LHhg" wdrlaIdj fyda iodpdrhg ydkslr úh yels jev˜9" 1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK
mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ms<sn| mk; yryd iDcqj <ud Y%u .eg¿jg úi÷ï fiùu ms‚i"
lïlre wud;HdxYh iajlSh n,;, fhdod .kS'
1942 wxl 45 orK l¾udka;Yd,d wd{d mkf;ys yd 1954 wxl 19 orK idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl
mkf;ys o <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ms<sn|j m%;smdok mkjd ;sfí' 1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK
mqoa.,hska yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùu ms<sn| mk;g wkqrEm;djlska hqla;j miqj olajd we;s mkf;a
fiajfha kshqla; ùfï wju jhi i|yka jk w;r" l,ska olajd we;s mk; uÕska fiajfha kshqla; ùfï
wju jhig jeä <ud lïlrejka i|yd f.ùu" w;sld, yd ksjdvq kshdukh lrkq ,nhs'
wúêu;a lafIa;%h ;=< <ud Y%uh Ndú;h ms<sn|j i,ld n,k úg <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka wdjrKh
lrkq ,nk oKav kS;s ix.%yh10 l%shdlrkakdla fuka lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾hhkag iydh fjñka
wúêu;a lafIa;%h11 ;=< <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhkays iy <ud Y%ufhys úIh iSudfõ isoaê kS;sh yuqjg
f.k tau ms‚i 1941 wxl 24 orK orejka yod jvd .ekSu ms<sn| wd{d mk;" 2005 wxl 34 orK .Dyia:
m%pKav;ajh je<elaùfï mk;" 1939 wxl 28 orK ;reK jrolrejka ̂ mqyqKq mdi,& ms<sn| wd{d mk; iy 1998
wxl 50 orK cd;sl <ud wdrlaIl wêldßh ms<sn| mk; i;=j m%udKj;a ;rï mq¿,a úIh m:hla ;sfí'
<ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka yd <ud Y%ufha fjk;a iajrEm b,lal lsÍu wkqj lïlre wud;HdxYh"
1999 wxl 182 orK <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEm ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkfha iïuq;sfhys
úfYaIfhka i|yka lr we;s <ud Y%ufhys >Khka i|yd úfYaIs; mejrE ld¾hNdrhka iys; wud;HdxY
iuÕ <ud Y%uh je<elaùu yd ;=rka lsÍu i|yd j.lSu orhs'
<uhska úlsŒu yd kS;s úfrdaë lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu" Kh i|yd odilug iy m%fõ‚odilug
.ekSu jeks ^ish¿ iajrEmfha& jy,a fiajh fyda jy,a fiajhg iudk l%shdldrlï Y%S ,xldfõ
m%dfhda.slj w;aú¢h fkdyels w;r" ikakoaO wr.,j,§ fhdod.ekSu ms‚i <uhska n,y;aldrfhka
fyda wksjd¾hfhka n|jd .ekSu we;=¿ n,y;aldr fyda wksjd¾h Y%uh o" zz.‚ld jD;a;sh" wiNH
ksIamdok fyda wiNH yeisÍï i|yd <ufhl= fhdod .ekSu" ñ,g .ekSu fyda ,nd§u" úfYaIfhkau
u;aøjH ksIamdokh lsÍu iy kS;súfrdaë f,i úlsŒu jeks kS;s úfrdaë lghq;= i|yd <ufhl= fhdod
.ekSu" ñ,g .ekSu fyda ,nd§uZZ Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfhda.slj w;aú¢h fkdyelsh' flfiafj;;a <ud
Y%ufhys tjeks wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmfha .eg¿ we;sùu je<elaùu i|yd Y%S ,xldj i;=j kj m%fõYhla
;sîu wjYH fõ'
<ud Y%uh ms<sn| ;;a;ajh uq,skqmqgd oeóu u; isÿjk iDcq fyda jl% n,mEu mÍlaId lsÍu ms‚i wjYH
jk wfkl=;a kS;sÍ;s my; mßÈ fõ'
1841 wxl 4 orK whdf,a hkakka ms<sn| wd{d mk;" 1889 wxl 19 orK kv;a;= wd{d mk;" 1939 wxl
48 orK <uhska yd ;reK mqoa.,hka ms<sn| wd{d mk; (CYPO)" 1954 wxl 19 orK idmamq yd ld¾hd,
fiajl ̂ fiajd kshqla;s fr.=,dis yd mßY%ñl& mk;" 1956 wxl 48 orK <uhskaf.a yd ;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a
^ydkslr m%ldYk& mk; fukau m;,a yd L‚c ms<sn| mk;" mqmqrk øjH ms<sn| mk;" 1935 wxl 14
orK jD;a;Sh iñ;s wd{d mk;" .‚ld ksjdi wd{d mk; iy wiNH m%ldYk wd{d mk; o óg wh;ah'
oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 360^w&" 360^wd& iy 288^w& j.ka;s ̂ ixfYdaê; mßÈ& uÕska .‚ld jD;a;sh i|yd jhi
wjqreÿ 18 g wvq nd, jhialrejka fhdod .ekSu" ñ,§ .ekSu fyda uqo,g ,nd§u ;ykï lsÍu we;=¿
9 1999 ^wxl 182& <ud Y%ufha jvd;a wkd¾:ldÍ iajrEm ms<sn`o cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkfha iïuq;sh'10 1995 wmrdO kvq úOdk ix.%yh ^ixfYdaOkh& 358 iy 360^b& j.ka;s'11 cd;sl <ud wdrlaIl wêldÍ mkf;a 33jeks j.ka;sh hgf;a" fmd,sia jfrka;=jla fkdue;sh jqjo" tfy;a ks<Odßfhl=g fyda wêldßhlg fokq ,nk ,sÅ;
Wmfoia wkqj m%fõY ùug iy mÍlaId lsÍug n,h wêldßhg mjrd ;sfí' fuu wêldßhg <ud wmfhdack wdjrKh lsÍug fyda fjk;a hï kS;Hdkql+,
wruqKla i`oyd <uqka wdjrKh lsÍug n,h mjrd oS we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 9
.‚ld fiajh wdY%s; mq¿,a mrdihl l%shdldrlï ;ykïlr ;sfí'
1995 wxl 22 orK mk; yd 1998 wxl 29 orK mk; uÕska ixfYdaê; mßÈ oKav kS;s ix.%yh" 1979
wxl 15 orK wmrdO kS;s ix.%yh iy 1995 wxl 20 orK iy 1998 wxl 28 yd 29 orK ixfYdaê; mk;a
uÕskao <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka iys; jQ <ud Y%uh i|yd ;=vq fok ;;a;ajhka yd l%shdud¾.
we;=,;aj <ud wdrlaIdj ms<sn| .eg¿ i|yd úi÷ï fidhkq ,nhs'
1998 wxl 01 orK wksjd¾h wOHdmkh ms<sn| mk; ^185 mßÉfþoh& uÕska rfÜ wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh
meyeÈ,s f,i uekúka i|yka lr we;s w;r th Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh my< uÜgul mej;Sug odhl
ù ;sfí' tlS mk; uÕska 1945 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk ksoyia wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh iún,
.kajkq ,nhs' Y%S ,xldfõ idlaIr;d wkqmd;h 92]la jYfhka jd¾;d ù ;sfí' Y%S ,xld rch wksjd¾h
mdie,a meñŒfï jhi wjqreÿ 14 isg wjqreÿ 16 olajd jeä lrñka wOHdmk wd{d mkf;ys 37 jk
j.ka;sh hgf;a ^185 mßÉfþoh& 2015 wxl 01 orK <uhska wksjd¾hfhka mdi,g meñŒfï fr.=,dis
2016$04$20 Èk wxl 1963$30 orK .eiÜ m;%h uÕska m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah'
ta wkqj" fiajd kshqla;shg wod< kS;sho jhi wjqreÿ 14 isg wjqreÿ 16 olajd by< kexùu wjYH fõ' fuu
iudc m%;s,dN mj;ajd .eksu ms‚i t;l=ÿ jqj;a" <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ úúO iajrEmhka i|yd úi÷ï
fiùu iïnkaOfhka j.lsj hq;= wud;HdxY yd fomd¾;fïka;= w;r jQ n,mEfuys meyeÈ,s talrdYS ùula
iys;j wfkHdkH jYfhka iómj lghq;= lsÍu wjYH fõ'
3'2 m%;sm;a;s miqìu
<ud Y%ufha ;;a;ajfhys iy <uhskaf.a Ôú;j, fjkila we;slrkakd jQ m%Odk m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka
rdYshla ;sfí' fïjd úfYaIfhka <uhska yd <ud Y%uh b,lal lr.;a m%;sm;a;s ̂ <ud wdrlaIdj" wOHdmkh"
<ud Y%uh& jk w;ru úfYaIs; wd¾Ól wxY ^wfkl=;a oE w;r ëjr l¾udka;h$ëjr lghq;" jeú,s$j;="
ixpdrl" bÈlsÍï ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s jeks& b,lal lr.;a fyda ck.ykfha úfYaIs; Wm l=,l ^iudc
iqNidOkh yd ;reK mqoa., fiajd kshqla;sh jeks m%;sm;a;s& b,lal lr.;a iy idudkH ck.ykh
^cd;sl ixj¾Okh" fiajd kshqla;sh yd fi!LH& b,lal lr.;a úúO m%;sm;a;s o fõ'
ksÍlaIKh lr we;s mßÈ" taldnoaO m%;spdrhkays fjk;a ;SrKd;aul idOl .Kkdjla lïlre
wud;HdxYfha j.lSï hg;g fkdjefgk kuq;a th iEu wjia:djl§u wjYH iydh" iajlSh wkq.%yh
iy iyfhda.h olajkq ,nhs' tfia lsÍu ms‚i" wud;HdxYh m%Odk m%;sm;a;sj, yd jevigykaj,
<ud Y%u .eg¿ yd Bg iïnkaO jeo.;a f;dr;=re kj m%fõYhlg fhduq lsÍfï l%fudamdh u; uQ,slj
úYajdih ;nk w;r" ta ;=,ska" taldnoaO m%;spdr yd ;sridr n,mEula i|yd cd;sl" m<d;a yd Èia;%slal
uÜgïj,§ Tjqkaf.a iïnkaëlrKhg wjYH myiqlï i,id fohs'
weuqKqu 1 ys j.=j uÕska oelafjk wod< wKmk;a n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd ta ta wud;HdxY$ fomd¾;fïka;=j,g
mejÍ we;s ld¾hNdrhka iïnkaOj o< úYaf,aIKhla bÈßm;a lrhs' tfiau th Y%S ,xldj úiska ms<sf.k
we;s" <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka ms<sn| wxl 182 ork iïuq;sfhys ksYaÑ;j olajd we;s <ud Y%u
>Khkays wk¾:ldÍ iajrEm y;r" m%Odk wKmk;a iuÕ iyiïnkaO lsÍug m%h;ak orhs'
2010 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xld rch <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqfõ idudðlhka úiska uÕfmkajkq
,enQ woyia úuiSfï l%shdj,shl fmruqK f.k 2016 j¾Ih jk úg <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka
wjika lsÍu i|yd jQ f.da,Sh <ud Y%uh ms<sn| iïfï,kfha § m%;s{d ÿka w;r" Bg iu.dój b;d
blaukska ish¿ wdldrfha <ud Y%u iajrEmhka ;=rka lsÍu yd je<elaùu Wfoid lghq;= lf<ah' b,lal
;ju;a iïmQ¾Kfhkau imqrdf.k fkdue;s w;r" b,lal iïmQ¾K jYfhka idlaId;a lr.; fkdyels
jQ wjia:djl ta i|yd .; hq;= l%shdud¾. oelafjk jevigyka iy tajd yryd <ud Y%uh ms<sn|
.eg¿j,g ms<shï fhdok wdldrh ms<sn|j jQ úúO m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka iudf,dapkh lsÍu we;=¿j
Wmdh ud¾. ie,eiaula (Road map) iïmdokh lrk ,§' wk;=rej tys ks¾foaY u; mokïj Èia;%slal
yryd m%Odk m%jdyhg fhduq.; ùfï l%ufõohlg wj;S¾Kùu isÿ jQ w;r" b,lal imqrd .ekSfuys,d
md,khka mj;ajd .ekSug bjy,ajk whqßka <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn`o cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla we;slr
.ekSu ms‚i Yla;su;a mokula ie,iq‚'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 10
m%;sm;a;s mrud¾:
iM,odhs n,d;aul lsÍu" m%Odk ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s yd jevigykaj,§ <ud Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿ m%Odk
m%jdyhg we;=,;a lsÍu" cd;sl yd m<d;a uÜgïj,§ m%Odk md¾Yjlrejka iuÕ iyfhda.Sj lghq;=
lsÍu" úfYaIfhkau Y%S ,dxlsl ;reKhkag WÑ; jev i|yd ;sridr m%fõYhla we;s lr Bg myiqlï
ie,iSu ;=<ska <ud Y%ufhys wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka ms<sn|j m%uqL;ajh foñka <ud Y%uh wjika lsÍu yd
je<elaùu ms‚i <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh odhl;ajh ,nd fohs'
m%;sm;a;sfhys úIh m:h
<ud Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿j" nyq-wdxYsl .eg¿j,ska iukaú;h' tneúka nyq-wdxYsl wdh;kj, odhl;ajh
iys; nyq-wdxYsl úi÷ï wjYH nj fy<s ù we;' .Dyia: oßø;dj" iudc wdrlaIK mshjr fkdue;slu"
<uhska ;=< we;sjk lïmk" mdie,a i|yd m%fõYhla fkdue;sùu ksid <uhska fiajd ia:dkj,g ;,a¨
ùu" m%Odk jYfhka .%dóh m%foaYj, mj;sk wkdrlaIs; m%fõY ia:dk yd kd.ßl wd¾Ólhka uÕska
fuu wkdrlaIs; <uhska ,dNodhs" wvq l=i,;d iys; iy kQ.;a lïlrejka jYfhka wka;¾.%yKh lr
.ekSu" m%udKj;a fkdjQ lïlre mßmd,kh iy mÍlaIK l%ufõohka hkdÈh <uqkag ;ykï lrk ,o
yd wk;=reodhl ld¾hhkays kshqla; ùug fm<Uùula we;s lrhs'
fjk;a rgj, fukau Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿j cd;sl uÜgfï úúO wud;HdxY iy tlS
wud;HdxYhkays m<d;a yd Èia;%slal uÜgïj, mj;sk ta ta fomd¾;fïka;= yd ld¾hd,j,g mejÍ
;sfnk ld¾hNdrh hg;g we;=<;a fõ' úfYaIfhkau" 2011 ud¾;= ui wxl 1695$32 orK wk¾:ldÍ
/lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis ^mkf;a 20^w& j.ka;shg wod,j& we;=¿j 1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK
mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùu kshdukh lsÍu i|yd jQ mk; l%shd;aul lsÍug wod< jk mßÈ
fuu m%;sm;a;sh lïlre wud;HdxYfha iDcqj ueÈy;aùu hgf;a l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs'
<ud Y%uh iïnkaOfhka n,mEula we;s lrkakd jQ fjk;a kS;s" fmdÿ m%;sm;a;s yd jevigykaj,g wod<
yjq,aldr;ajhka yryd o <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs' fïjd
w;r l¾udka;Yd,d wd{d mk;" idmamq yd ld¾hd, fiajl mk;" mä md,l iNd wd{d mk;" cd;sl
<ud wdrlaIl wêldß mk;" oKav kS;s ix.%yh" wksjd¾fhka mdi,g meñKSfï fr.=,dis iy ;D;Sh iy
jD;a;Sh wOHdmk fldñIka iNd mk; fõ' wêlrK" iudc iqNidOk" fmd,sia" mßjdi yd <udrlaIK"
<ud ixj¾Ok" wOHdmkh" fiajd kshqla;sh" fi!LH yd ;reK lghq;= hk úIh lafIa;%hka ms<sn| n,h
mjrkq ,enQ wud;HdxY yd tajdfha wdh;k we;=<;a jQ kuq;a tajdg iSud fkdjk mßÈ fjk;a wdh;k
iuÕ o iyfhda.Sj lghq;= lsÍu wjYH fõ'
04
05
2009 j¾Ifha § .egqï wjika ùu ksid foaYmd,k jd;djrKh" iduh yd ia:djrNdjh rg ;=< we;s ù ;sfí'
;dlaI‚l iydh we;=¿ wjYH iydh ie,fikafka kï" Y%S ,xldj ;=< <ud Y%ufha wk¾:ldÍ iajrEmhka
uq,skqmqgd oeóu imqrd,Su l< yelsh' ;sridr l%shdud¾. yd m%;sm;a;s ;=<ska <ud Y%uh iïnkaOfhka
iduQyslj úi÷ï fidhkafka kï rfÜ iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok b,lal imqrd.; yels nj y÷kd .kshs'
<uhska ms<sn| Y%S ,xldfõ wfmalaIdjka iy rfÜ ixj¾Ok wNs,dIhka fukau <uhska ms<sn| foaYSh yd
cd;Hka;r ne£u u; mokï jk hdj;ald,Sk jQ kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iy tajdfha l%shd;aulNdjh <ud Y%uh
ms<sn| .eg¿j flfrys wduka;%Kh lsÍfï§ w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 11
m%;sm;a;sfhka m%;s,dN ,nkakka
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu ms‚i" lïlre wud;HdxYh;a wfkl=;a
md¾Yjlrejkq;a úiska .kq ,nk mshjrj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka 100"000 muK blaujQ <uhska msßila
fuuÕska iDcqj m%;s,dN ,nk njg weia;fïka;= lr ;sfí' tfiau" <uqka úYd, m%udKhla <ud Y%uhg
m%fõYùfuka j<lajd,kq we;'12
² m<uqj yd uQ,sl jYfhka wk¾:ldÍ /lshdj, ksr;j we;ehs lshkq ,nk" wdikak jYfhka
64"000 la jQ <uqka wk¾:ldÍ /lshdj,ska uqojd,kq ,nk w;r fhda.H wOHdmkhlg" mqyqKqjlg"
mqkre;a:dmkhlg iy iudc.; lsÍfï fiajdj,g iïnkaO lrkq we;'
² kS;s úfrdaë lghq;= i|yd fhdod.ekSfuys f.dÿre njg m;aù isák fyda <uqka úlsŒu fyda kS;s
úfrdaë lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu iy n,y;aldrfhka jev .ekSu fyda wksjd¾hfhka Y%uh
,nd .ekSu jeks wjodkïj,g uqyqK § isák <uqka"
² .‚ld jD;a;sfhys fyda wiNH ksIamdok fyda wiNH l%shdjkays f.dÿre njg m;aù isák <uqka"
iy
² úfYaIfhka u;aøjH" uOHidr yd fjk;a kS;súfrdaë øjH ksIamdokh iy kS;súfrdaë f,i
úlsŒu we;=¿ l%shdldrlïj, fh§ isák weia;fïka;= fkdl< <uqka'
;reK mqoa.,hska iy <ud Y%ufhka f;drùu hkak idlaId;a lr .ekSfï§" thska we;sjk n,mEï
;sridrj iy;sl flfrk M,odhs md,k moaO;s fukau W.;a" l=i,;d imsß iy olaI Y%u n,ldhla iys;
jHdmdr fuys wkshï m%;s,dNSka fõ' jl% m%;s,dN jYfhka ;rÕldÍ yd olaI;d iys; Y%u n,ldhlska
iukaú; jHdmdr mej;Su" <ud Y%ufhka f;dr ;sridr jQ md,k moaO;shla ìysùu oelaúh yelsh'
06
07l%shd;aul lsrSu
7'1 wdh;ksl jHqyhka iy hdka;%K
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï" wëlaIKh lsÍfï yd ta ms<sn| jd¾;d
lsÍfï uQ,sl j.lSu lïlre wud;HdxYh i;=j mj;S'
cd;sl uÜgfï§" lïlre wud;HdxYfha f,alïjrhd iNdm;s;ajh ork <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï
lñgqj (NSC)" <ud Y%u .eg¿j ms<sn| iïnkaëlrK yd <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
l%shdjg kexùu i|yd WmfoaYl wdh;kh jYfhka o lghq;= lrkq we;' cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj
rcfha" fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdkhkaf.a iy rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhkaf.a ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú;
m%;sm;a;sj,g wod< yjq,aldr;ajhka iy fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdkj, lghq;=" wdxYsl rdcH yd rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdkhka iy ksfhdað;dh;khkays lghq;= yryd o <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl
m%;sm;a;sh tf,iu l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs'
12 wk¾:ldÍ /lshdj, ksr; <uhska ms<sn`o weia;fïka;= 2008$2009 <ud ls%hdldrlï ms<sn`o iólaIKh u; iliafldg ;sfí' l%shd;aul lsÍfï ld,h ;=<oS mj;S
kï m%;sm;a;sfhys m%;s,dNSka .e,msh yelsh'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 12
fõ' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a$cd;Hka;r ksfhdað;dh;k" tkï cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh iy hqksfi*a
(UNICEF) iy tjeks fjk;a wdh;k fyda ksfhdað;dh;k cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj úiska ;SrKh lrkq
,nk mßÈ WmfoaYl ;;ajfhka lghq;= lrkq we;s w;r tjeks fjk;a ljr fyda ksfhdað;dh;khla
cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk mßÈ l%shdlrkq we;' cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqfõ
idudðl;ajh" m%;sm;a;sfhys wjYH;dj ie,ls,a,g .ksñka kej; w¨;a lsÍug o ish¿ wod< ixúOdk
iy ksfhdað;dh;k ksfhdackh jk njg iy;sl lsÍug tlS iudðl;ajh kej; we;s lsÍug o lghq;=
lrkq we;'
lïlre wud;HdxYh hgf;a jQ lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ldka;d yd <ud lghq;= ms<sn| wxYh úiska
wëlaIKh lrkq ,nkakd jQ <ud Y%uh ms<sn| úfYaI tallhla wud;HdxYh ;=< kïlrkq we;' th
m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï f,alï ld¾hd,h jYfhka l%shdlrhs' ;jo" th m<d;a yd Èia;%sla jHqyhka
iuÕ fukau wfkl=;a md¾Yjlrejka iuÕ iómj lghq;= lrkq we;s w;r Èia;%slal 25 ys <ud Y%u
;;a;ajhka wëlaIKh i|yd iy ;;a;ajh we.hSu i|yd j.lsj hq;= jkq we;'
fuu tallhg tys ld¾hhka isÿlrf.k hdug yelsjk mßÈ wud;HdxYh" m<d;a iy Èia;%slal úiska
tallh iuÕ iïnkaO;d" iïnkaëlrK" jd¾;d lsÍu ms<sn| hdka;%Khla ia:dms; lrkq we;' <ud Y%uh
;=rka lsÍfï ;;a;ajhg tla tla Èia;%slalh t<fUk ksid tlS ;;a;ajh we.hSug ,la flfrkq we;s w;r
l%ufõo ;yjqre lsÍu fuu tallh uÕska isÿflfrkq we;' bkamiqj" tallh úiska tla tla Èia;%slalh
<ud Y%ufhka f;dr njg iy;sl lr tlS ;;a;ajh iïmQ¾Kfhkau iqrlaIs; jk ;=re ta ms<sn| jd¾;d
lsÍu wLKavj isÿlrf.k hkq we;' ta wkqj" cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj" fldÜGdYh fyda Èia;%slalh <ud
Y%ufhka f;dr fldÜGdYhla fyda Èia;%slalhla jYfhka WÑ; mßÈ ;SrKh lrkq we;'
m<d;a uÜgfï §" <ud Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿ m<d;a ixj¾Ok ie,iqïj,g we;=,;a lrñka <ud Y%uhg
tfrys taldnoaO jQ jev ms<sfj<la l%shd;aul lsÍu iy;sl lrkq we;'
Èia;%slal uÜgfï§" Èia;%sla <ud ixj¾Ok lñgqj úiska <uhska yd iïnkaO l%shdldrlï ms<sn|
iïnkaëlrK ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrkq we;'
Èia;%sla <ud ixj¾Ok lñgqfõ iNdm;s f,i" Èia;%sla f,alïjrhdg Èia;%sla ixj¾Ok ie,iqïj,g <ud
Y%uh ms<sn| .eg¿ yd ta yd iïnkaO jeo.;a lreKq M,odhS f,i tlalr we;s njg iy Èia;%slal uÜgfï
b,lalj,g <Õd ùug m%udKj;a uQ,H m%;smdok fjkalr we;s njg iy;sl úh yelsh'
tla tla m<d; yd Èia;%slalh lïlre wud;HdxYh iuÕ idlÉPd lr tlS m<d; yd Èia;%slalh m%;sm;a;sh
l%shd;aul lsÍfuys,d iydh oelaùu ms‚i jQ jvd;au idOkSh" M,odhs iy iqÿiq;u ia:dkh njg m;a
lr .kq ,nhs'
7'2 m<d;aj, iy Èia;%slalj, iïnkaëlrKh
m%;sm;a;sh id¾:l ùug kï" th foaYSh ikao¾Nh ;=< M,odhS f,i l%shd;aul lsÍug uÕ fmkaúh
yels mq¿,a mrdihl jQ yjq,alrejka yd md¾Yjlrejka uÕska wka;¾cd;sl ;,hg f.k wd hq;=h'
ta i|yd cd;sl" m<d;a" Èia;%sla" m%dfoaYSh yd .%du ks,Odß uÜgñka wdh;k w;r ;sriaj yd isriaj
iïnkaëlrKh iy;sl flfrkq we;' lïlre wud;HdxYh ta i|yd wod< m<d;a yd Èia;%sla n,OdÍka
iuÕ iïnkaëlrKh yd iyfhda.S;dj i|yd jQ hdka;%Kh Yla;su;a flfrkq we;'
fuu m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ lïlre wud;HdxYh úiska lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl <ud
wdrlaIl wêldßh" ldka;d yd <ud lghq;= wud;HdxYh" mßjdi yd <udrlaIl fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j"
fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j" wêlrK wud;HdxYh" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" ixpdrl wud;HdxYh" ëjr
wud;HdxYh" lDIsl¾u wud;HdxYh" ;reK lghq;= yd l=i,;d ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh" kS;sm;s
fomd¾;fïka;=j" fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdk" jeú,s udkj ixj¾Ok Ndrh" .=rejreka yd Tjqkaf.a
ixúOdk" fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd Tjqkaf.a ix.ï" mqyqKq úÿy,a yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKq fiajd imhkakka iy
udOH hkd§ md¾Yjlrejkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh yd odhl;ajh ,nd .kq we;'
m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha§" ish¨ wod< m%;sm;a;sj,g kj m%jK;djla we;s lsÍfï§ yd m%;sm;a;s .e<mSfï§
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 13
cd;sl wdh;k m%uqL ld¾hNd¾hla bgqlrk w;r" m%;sm;a;s n,d;aul lsÍfï§ yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï§
Èia;%sla" m%dfoaYSh yd .%du ks,Odß uÜgfuka m%uqL ld¾hNd¾hla bgq lrhs'
cd;sl uÜgfï wdh;k m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh iïnkaOfhka uQ,sl;ajh .kq ,nk w;r tajd l%shd;aul
lsÍfï§ Èia;%sla" m%dfoaYSh yd .%du ks,Odß uÜgñka m%uqL ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrkq we;'
tla tla m<d;a yd Èia;%slal uÜgñka m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ m<d;a yd Èia;%sla n,OdÍka úiska
mj;sk fyda kj lKavdhï ixúOdkh lrkq ,nk w;r tu lKavdhïj,g m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka uQ,sl;ajh mjrkq we;' fuu ld¾hfha§ ta ta n,OdÍka wjYH mßÈ lïlre wud;HdxYh
iuÕ iïnkaëlrKhka mj;ajkq we;'
fïjd" mj;sk <ud ixj¾Ok lñgq fyda tajdfha Wm lKavdhï úh yelsh' tfukau tajd
nyq-wdxYsl úh hq;= w;r" <ud yd ldka;d ixj¾Ok" lïlre" fi!LHh yd iudc wdrlaIK
ks,OdÍkaf.ka fukau fmd,sia WmfoaYljreka iy fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdkj, iy isú,a iudc
ixúOdkj, ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; úh hq;=h'
<ud Y%uh ms<sn`o l%shdldÍ uOHia:dk ks,OdÍka Tjqkaf.a m<d;aj, yd Èia;%slalj, isák m<d;a Èia;%sla
mßmd,lhka úiska m;a lrkq ,efí' Tjqyq jevigyka yryd .eg¿ úi£u iy tu úi÷ï l%shdud¾.
l%shdjg kexùu i|yd wdh;ksl iïnkaëlrKhg myiqlï iemhSu ms‚i <ud ixj¾Ok lñgq$lKavdhï
iuÕ tlaj iyfhda.Sj lghq;= lr;s'
7'3 fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdk iuÕ yjq,aldr;ajh
<ud Y%uh wjika lsÍu yd je<elaùu iy fiajfha fhoùfï kS;Hdkql+, jhfiys miqjk ;reK
lïlrejka wdrlaId lsÍu yd iy;sl lsÍu iïnkaOfhka j.lSula o ta i|yd lghq;= lsÍfuys,d jeo.;a
ld¾hNdrhla o fiajH yd fiajl ixúOdk i;= fjhs'
m%;sm;a;sfhys <ud Y%u .eg¿j,g yd Bg iïnkaO jeo.;a lreKqj,g úi÷ï fiùu" fiajH yd fiajl
ixúOdkhkag mejÍ we;s ;SrKd;aul ld¾hNdrhls' lïlre wud;HdxYh iy <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl
fufyhqï lñgqfjys fiajH yd fiajl ksfhdað;hka úiska mqyqKqj yd fï iïnkaOfhka jQ b,lal yd
th l%shd;aul lsÍfuys,d myiqlï ie,iSu we;=¿j úfYaIs; l%shdud¾. y÷kd .kq ,nhs'
mjq,aj, wd¾Ólh iún, .ekaùu" iudc wdrlaIK mshjr yd kS;s" jev lsÍfï kS;Hdkql+, jhfia§
jeäuy¨ <uqka Y%u n,ldhg tlajk neúka Tjqkayg bv m%ia:djka yd iqÿiqlï i|yd ;=vqfok
wOHdmkhlg$mqyqKqjlg yd fjk;a ixj¾Ok fiajdjkag ks¾NdÈ;j mßj¾;kh lsÍu uÕska M,odhs
n,d;aul lsÍu yd <ud Y%uh je<elaùu yd <uqka thska uqod .ekSug fya;= jkq we;'
7'4 fm!oa.,sl wxYh iuÕ yjq,aldr;ajh
rdcH wxYfha wdh;khka úiska orkq ,nk j.lSug w;sf¾l jYfhka fm!oa.,sl wxYhg o iajlSh
o¾Ykh ;=< <ud Y%u .eg¿j iuÕ lghq;= lsÍu i|yd Tjqkaf.a ta ta wxY we;=<; m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh
lsÍfï iy wjYH mshjr .ekSfï j.lSula ;sfí' ;jo" cd;sl kS;s iuÕ wkql+,;ajh iy;sl lsÍula o Y%S
,xldfõ ;rÕldÍ;ajh jeä lrñka úêu;a yd wúêu;a iemhqï odufha wvq jhia <uqka fkdue;sj W.;a
yd iqÿiqlï,;a Y%u n,ldhkag odhl;ajh iemhSula o jkq we;' fï iïnkaOfhka m%Odk wxY f,i
ixpdrl" ëjr yd jeú,s l¾udka;h oelaúh yelsh' lïlre wud;HdxYh iy <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl
fufyhqï lñgqfõ fiajH yd fiajl ksfhdað;hka úiska fï iïnkaOfhka mqyqKqj yd b,lal we;=¿
úfYaIs; l%shdud¾. y÷kd .kq ,nk w;r" tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu ms‚i myiqlï imhkq ,nhs'
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 14
m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsrSfuys,d m%Odk Wmdh ud¾.
8'1 mq¿,a jQ m%;sm;a;shla yd l%shdldÍ ikao¾Nhla ;=< kj m%fõYhla f.dvkeÕSu
<uqkaf.a yd ;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a wjYH;d iy wfmalaIdj,g kj m%fõYhla we;s lsÍug by< m%uqL;djhla
,nd §u i|yd cd;sl ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ie,iqï lsÍfï§ ta ta whjeh ;=,ska uQ,H
m%;smdok fjka lsÍu iy ta wkqj l%shd;aul lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾'
<ud Y%uh hkq yqfol,d ixisoaêhla fkdjk w;r ta ksid mjq,a úiska wd¾Ól j.lSu ksis l,g fmr
iajlSh orejka fj; mejÍula fkdjk mßÈ È<s÷lu msgqoelsu iy mjq,aj, Ôjk ;;a;ajhka yd wdodhï
kxjd,k fuu m%;sm;a;sj,g yd jevigykaj,g úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h'
fï iïnkaOfhka" úfYaIfhka jeo.;a jkafka"
² cd;sl udkj iïm;a yd fiajd kshqla;s m%;sm;a;sh-2012 iy fh!jkhskaf.a fiajd kshqla;sh
ms<sn| cd;sl l%shdldÍ ie,eiau-2006 hk fïjdhska kshu lr we;s mßÈ jeäysáhka i|yd WÑ;
jev'
² mjq,aj, wjYH;d i|yd wdOdr iemhSu ms‚i —iuDoaê˜ jeks iudc iqNidOk mshjr jHdma;
ùu" <ud Ôúldj iy;sl lsÍu b,lal lr .;a <uqkaf.a §ukd we;=¿ iudc wdrlaIK yd mjq,a
iqNidOk mshjr'
² <uqkaf.a yd ;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a wjYH;d i|yd fhda.H wOHdmkh" jD;a;Sh yev.eiaùu yd
mqyqKqj i|yd m%udKj;a myiqlï iemhSu'
² <uqkaf.a yd ;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a wdrlaIdj yd iqNidOkh" ;reK mqoa.,hka /lshd.; lsÍu
iy Tjqka ixj¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid fhda.H yd m%udKj;a myiqlï'
mjq,a fkdue;s fyda Tjqkaf.au mjq,a iuÕ Ôj;a fkdjk wkdrlaIs; <uqka" Nø fh!jkhka" ixl%u‚l
fyda kS;s úfrdaë lghq;=j, fhÿKq <uqka iy <ud Y%ufhys fhdojkq ,eîfuys wjodkï iys; <uqka
flfrys <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
8'2 fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd jQ wju jhi jeälsÍug m%h;ak oeÍu'
1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hska yd <uqka fiajfha fhoùfï mk;g wkql+,j" <uqka yd
jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq ;reK mqoa.,hka i|yd <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh wod< fõ'
fuu mk;g wkqj —<uhl= hkq jhi wjqreÿ 14g wvq ;eke;af;l= jYfhka o ;reK mqoa.,hl= hkq jhi
wjqreÿ 14g t<U we;s kuq;a wjqreÿ 18g wvq hï ;eke;af;la fõ˜' wk¾:ldÍ /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis
wod< jkafka <uqka yd jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq ;reK mqoa.,hka i|yd fõ'
fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd jQ wju jhi" wksjd¾h mdie,a hdu iïmQ¾K jk jhig jvd" tkï wjqreÿ 16g
wvq fkdúh hq;=h' wksjd¾h wOHdmk jhi wjqreÿ 16 olajd by< kexùu;a iuÕ" lïlre wud;HdxYh"
wksjd¾h mdie,a hdu iïmQ¾K jk jhig wkql+,j fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd jQ wju jhi ieliSu ms‚i
l%shdud¾. .kq we;'
8'3 wk¾:ldÍ /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis M,odhs f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu m%j¾Okh lsÍu'
lïlre wud;HdxYh" wjYH wjia:dj,§" úfYaIfhkau rfÜ Èfkka Èk bÈßhg hk úoHd;aul yd
;dlaI‚l m%.;sh yd fõ.j;a ixj¾Okh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka wk¾:ldÍ /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis
ld,dkqrEmSj kej; kej;;a mßlaId lr ixfYdaOkh lrkq we;'
08
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 15
mjq,a yd m%cdjka b,lal lr.;a fmdÿ jevigyka yryd wk¾:ldÍ /lshd ms<sn| fr.=,dis iïnkaOfhka
oekqj;aNdjh we;s lsÍu fiajd ia:dk yd wdxYslj l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk hdka;%Kh uÕska isÿ lrkq ,efí'
8'4 fiajd kshqla;s fldkafoais n,d;aul lsÍu
1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uqka fiajfha fhoùfï mkf;ys úêúOdk i,id
we;s mßÈ" wud;HdxYh uÕska /lshd fldkafoais m%j¾Okh lsÍu yd n,d;aul lsÍu isÿ lrkq we;' tfiau"
wúêu;a fiajd ia:dkj,g o m%fõYùug yelsjk mßÈ lïlre mÍlaIK i|yd ;sfnk wmyiq;d u`.yrjd
.ekSu ms‚i Ndú;h" m%;sm;a;s yd uQ,H m%;smdok ie,iSu ;=<ska tlS fldkafoais ;jÿrg;a n,d;aul jkq
we;'
8'4'1 ;reK mqoa.,hska mqyqKq lsÍu
;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a wdrlaIdj yd ixj¾Okh i|yd ̂ jD;a;Sh iqrlaIs;;dj yd fi!LHh we;=<;aj& jD;a;Sh
fyda ;dlaI‚l wOHdmkh" mqyqKq wdh;k yd mdie,a ;=<ska fhduq lsÍu yd tys m%ñ;sh wud;HdxYh
iy;sl lrhs' jevlsÍfuys kS;Hdkql+, jhfiys miqjk ;reK mqoa.,hka i|yd jQ fldkafoais iómj yd
l%ñlj wëlaIKh l< hq;= w;r <uqka yd ;reK mqoa.,hka we;=¿ wod< ish¿ fokdg fhda.H Wmfoia
iemhsh hq;=h'
8'4'2 wka;¾ yd wNHka;r ksfhdað;dh;k wdY%s; iyfhda.s;d hdka;%K
fiajd ia:dkhkays isák ;reK mqoa.,hka tlS jhfiys jQ wfkl=;a ;reK mqoa.,hka fuka <ud wdrlaIKh
yd iq/lSfï fiajdj,ska m%;s,dN ,nk njg ;yjqre lr .ekSfï úfYaIs; jeo.;alu <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu
ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh úiska y÷kd.kq ,nhs' fuuÕska <uhskaf.a yd ;reK mqoa.,hkaf.a wOHdmkh"
mqyqKqj" iqNidOkh" uÕfmkaùu yd wdrlaIdj i|yd j.lsj hq;= lïlre mßmd,kh yd fomd¾;fïka;=
iy ksfhdað;dh;k w;r ióm iyfhda.S;djhl wjYH;dj Woa.; fõ' fuu wruqKq imqrd .ekSu i|yd
wka;¾ ksfhdað;dh;k iyfhda.S;dj ms‚i meyeÈ<s yd ir, hdka;%K we;s l< hq;=h'
8'5 n,d;aul moaO;sh Yla;su;a lsÍu'
1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùfï mk; iy wk¾:ldÍ
/lshd fr.=,dis yd fiiq wod, jHjia:dms; wKmk;a$kS;s" M,odhS f,i fhdod .ekSu" wëlaIKh lsÍu
iy tys m%;sM, iy;sl flfrk mshjr ia:dms; lsÍu ms‚i by< m%uqL;ajhla ,nd §ug <ud Y%uh ;=rka
lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh woyia lrkq ,nhs'
8'5'1 mqyqKqj
1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha fhoùfï mk; uÕska wjir
fokq ,en we;s yd <uhska yd ;reK mqoa.,hka i|yd kS;s wdOdr imhk lKavdhï we;=¿ <ud Y%uh
iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrk úúO mqoa.,hka yd lKavdhï i|yd mqyqKq yd m%;s-mqyqKq jevigyka
meje;aùu" iïm;a yd WmlrK iemhSu hkdÈh ;=<ska lïlre mÍlaIK iy ta yd iïnkaO fiajdjka
Yla;su;a lrkq we;'
8'5'2 jhi ;yjqre lsÍu
fiajdfhdacl f,aLk uÕska jhi ;yjqre lr .ekSug mj;sk l%u m%dfhda.sl fkdjk wjia:dj,§"
wod< ksfhdað;dh;k iuÕ iyfhda.Sj lghq;= lsÍfuka úYajdiodhl f,i jhi ;yjqre lr .ekSfï
l%ufõohla ilia lsÍug lïlre wud;HdxYh lghq;= lrkq we;' fuys§ wúêu;a wd¾Ól lghq;=j,
ksr; jk <uqkaf.a yd ;reKhkaf.a jhi yd /lshdj i|yd fhda.H;dj ;yjqre lr .ekSug rch uÕska
cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a yd fjk;a wod, f,aLk ksl=;a lsÍug lghq;= lrkq we;'
8'5'3 lïlre mÍlaIK i|yd taldnoaO m%fõYh
lïlre mßmd,kh" <uhska yd iïnkaO fjk;a mÍlaIK isÿlrk wdh;k iy fiajd imhkakka
úfYaIfhkau ;reK mqoa.,hka i|yd wOHdmkh" mqyqKqj" iqNidOkh yd fiajd iemhSu iïnkaOfhka
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 16
ikaksfõokh - <`.dùu yd miqúmru
lïlre wud;HdxYh yd <ud Y%uh ms,sn`o cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj Tjqkaf.a wod< wkq.%dylhka yryd
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn| oekqj;aNdjh m%j¾Okh lr th l%shd;aul lrhs'
cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj jeäÿrg;a f;dr;=re fyda woyia jHdma; lsßfï yd m%;spdr oelaùfï hdka;%Khla
ia:dms; lrkq we;'
iïm;a
lïlre wud;HdxYh iy <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqfï idudðlhka iïm;a fhoùu ms‚i
ie,iqula ilia lrkq we;' tuÕska <ud Y%u .eg¿j wduka;%Kh lsÍug wod, mj;sk jevigyka
uQ,HlrKh lsÍug;a wjYH mßÈ w;sf¾l m%;smdok fjka lsÍug;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
<ud Y%uh yd iïnkaO úúO m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka tajd iuÕ iïnkaO;djhla we;s ;sridr ixj¾Ok
b,lal iy fjk;a m%;sm;a;s rduq iuÕ iïnkaOfldg úYaf,aIKh lsÍu ;=<ska cd;sl iy ndysr
jYfhka iïm;a ixp,kh lsÍug we;s yelshdj Yla;su;a lrkq we;'
j.lsjhq;= mqoa.,hka yd wdh;k iuÕ ióm iyfhda.S;djhlska lghq;= lrkq we;' iSudiys; jQ
iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSug iy úIh m:h yd wdjrKh lrkq ,nk m%udKh mq¿,a lsÍu
ms‚i m%cd kshduk moaO;s iuÕ iïnkaO;djhka we;s lsÍu ;=<ska o Tjqkag m%;s,dN ie,fikq we;'
8'5'4 kvq mejÍu ld¾hlaIu lsÍu yd o~qjï meñKùu
kS;s úfrdaëj <uhska fiajfha fhoùu iïnkaOfhka ld,Skj kvq mejÍu" ovqjï kshu lsÍu" tu
<uhska ms<s.;a wOHdmk Odrdjlg fhduq lrùu yd Bg wod< ish¿ lghq;= bgqlsÍfï j.lSu lïlre
wud;HdxYh yd tys yjq,alrejka jk fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j" wêlrK wud;HdxYh jeks wdh;kj,
j.lSu fõ'
8'6 meñ‚,s l%shdmámdàka mj;ajd .ekSu
ta ta kS;sj,g wkqj" meñ‚,s l%shdmámdá mj;ajd .kq ,eìh hq;= jkafkah' kS;sfha úêúOdk lvlsÍïj,g
,lajk mqoa.,hkago fjkia fldg ie,lSfuka iy m<s.ekSfuka wdrlaId lsÍu ms‚i úêúOdk ie,fikq
we;' fjk;a ksfhdað;dh;k iuÕ iyfhda.Sj Wmldrl fiajd ia:dms; lsÍug kshñ;h' kS;sh lv
lrkakkag tfrysj lghq;= lsÍfuys,d Tïnqâiaukajrhd f,i cd;sl <udrlaIl wêldßh (NCPA) lïlre wud;HdxYfha ld¾hhka mQrKh lrhs'
Y%uh iqrdlEfï /lshdj,ska <uqka uqod.ekSug lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j yryd wmrdO kvq úOdk ix.%yh
iy cd;sl <udrlaIl wêldß mk; hgf;a n,h mjrd we;s fmd,sish iy cd;sl <udrlaIl wêldßh
iuÕ lïlre wud;HdxYh iómj lghq;= lrhs'
09
10
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 17
iudf,dapkh iy we.hSu
m%;sM, iudf,dapkh" m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu iy w;aoelSï u; mokïj wjYH .e,mSï isÿlsÍu ms‚i
lïlre wud;HdxYh úiska jd¾Isl mokula u; wdh;ksl wNHka;r iudf,dapkh isÿ lsÍug kshñ;h'
wjodkï iy wNsfhda.
Èia;%slal iy m%cdjg" n,mEug ,lajQ <uhskag yd mjq,aj,g fiajd iemhSug yelsjk mßÈ lïlre
wud;HdxYfha f,alïf.a m%Odk;ajfhka hq;a <ud Y%uh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqï lñgqj úiska ld¾hlaIu
lïlre mÍlaIK l%shdj,shla iy M,odhS" Wmdhud¾.sl m%j¾Okhla yryd iyfhda.h ,ndfokq we;'
úfYaIfhkau m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï uQ,sl wÈhrj,§ we;eï lKavdhï yd wdh;k úiska uqyqK
fokq ,nk wjodkï yd wNsfhda. we;=<;aj ish¨ wjodkï iy wNsfhda. wjfndaO lr .ekSu yd
l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu u; m%;sm;a;sfhys id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;S'
m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfuys,d ;sìh hq;= yelshdj" iïm;a fkdue;s f¾Çh fomd¾;fïka;= yd
ksfhdað;dh;k" <uhska jevl fhdojkq ,nk iy <ud lïlrejkaf.a ixÑ;hla ;jÿrg;a mj;ajdf.k
hdug fkdyels fiajdfhdaclhka" <uhskaf.a bmehSï u; úYajdih ;nd isák yd úl,am lsisjla fkdue;s
mjq,a" w;sf¾l <uqka úYd, m%udKhlg bv myiqlï fkdue;s mdie,a" jevlrk mßirhla ;=< isiqka
taldnoaO lsÍug iy Tjqkag iydh ùug ksmqK;djhla fkdue;s .=rejreka yd mßmd,lhka" m%cdj
mokï lr.;a <ud Y%uh wëlaIKh lsÍfï moaO;s we;=¿ <ud wdrlaIK moaO;s i|yd iydh §u
ms‚i yelshdjka yd hdka;%Kh fkdue;s m%cdjka" iajlSh mqyqKq ks¾kdhl iïmQ¾Kfhka idlaId;a
lr fkd.;a ;reK mqyqKq,dNSkaf.a wjYH;d ms<sn| .eg¿j,g úi÷ï fiùug W;aiql jk l=i,;d
mqyqKqj imhkakka" fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd kS;sfhka wjir we;s jhfiys miqjk ;reK lïlrejka
i|yd jev lsÍfï ;;a;ajhka jeäÈhqKq lsÍug Wjukd fiajd ia:dk" taldnoaO m%;spdrhla ,nd.ekSug
yelsjk mßÈ m%;sm;a;s wkql+,;djhla iy;sl lsÍfï Wjukdjla olajk m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska" iajlSh
ie,iqïlrKfha§" l%shd;aul lsÍfï§" wëlaIKh lsÍfï§ yd jd¾;d lsÍfï§ talrdYSùfï iy m%udKj;a
fkdjQ fuj,ï yd o;a; fkdue;sj mekkef.k <ud Y%uh ms<sn| ;;a;ajhka fuhg we;=<;a jk kuq;a
tajdg muKla iSud fkdfõ'
11
12
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 18
m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha ndOd
fuu m%;sm;a;s f,aLkfhys fhdod.kq ,enQ o;a;" ck yd ixLHd f,aLK fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska
mj;ajkq ,enQ zz<ud l%shdldrlï iólaIh 2008$2009ZZ wdY%fhks' iólaIKfhys § we;s wfmalaIs;
weia;fïka;=j,ska i;H weia;fïka;= fjkia úh yelsh'
iólaIKhg Ndckh jQ ck.ykh jhi wjqreÿ 5-17 w;r jhia ldKavfha <uhska jQ w;r" ta wkqj
iólaIKhg Ndckh jQ ck.ykfhka 2'5] la jYfhka weia;fïka;= lrk ,o <ud Y%u odhl;ajfhys
ksr; uq¿ ixLHdj wfmalaId l, mßÈ 4"338"709 úh' zz<ud Y%uhZZ jYfhka y÷kd .kq ,enQ wjqreÿ 5-17
w;r" jhia ldKavh mokï lr.ksñka t<UqKq fuu ixLHdj <ufhl= hkq ˜jhi 14 g wvq mqoa.,fhl=˜
jYfhka ks¾jpkh lrkq ,en we;s 1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka" ;reK mqoa.,hka yd <uhska fiajfha
fhoùu ms<sn| mkf;ys i|yka ks¾jpkhg wkql+, fkdjk nj wOHydrfhka wjfndaO fõ' j,x.=
fkdjk ixLHdjla ms<sìUq l< iólaIKh u; mokï jQ fuu uQ,sl fodaIh ;lafiare lrkq ,nk w;r"
wkd.; iólaIKj,§ <ud Y%uh ms<sn| i;H ixLHdjla ne,Su ms‚i tlS fodaIh ksjerÈ lsÍu wjYH
fõ'
ld, iSudj
<ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu" mrud¾: iïmQ¾Kfhkau imqrd .kakd
f;la wLKavj isÿjk l%shdj,shla úh hq;=h' tlS m%;sm;a;sh rcfha wkque;sh iys;j cd;sl fufyhqï
lñgqj úiska wjYH mßÈ fhda.H f,i hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu" ixfYdaOkh lsÍu yd fhda.H f,i ixialrKh
lsÍu isÿ l< hq;=h'
13
14
Y%S ,xldfõ <ud Y%uh ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh 19
weuqKqu - 1
m%Odk cd;sl kS;s iïmdokh ms<sn| o< úYaf,aIKh" kS;s meKùu n,d;aul lsÍu
i|yd jQ mejreï n,h iys; m%Odk wud;HdxY$fomd¾;fïka;=
cd;sl kS;s iïmdokh
mk; l%shd;aul lsÍu i`oyd jQ
mejreï n,h iys;
wud;HdxY$fomd¾;fïka;=
<ud Y%uh ms<sn`o wk¾:ldrS
iajrEmhkays m%fNaohg jQ
iïnkaO;dj
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;reK wh yd <uqka fiajfha
fhoùu ms<sn| mk;
² wjodkï /lshd ms<sn|
fr.=,dis 2011 ud¾;= ui
wxl 1695$32 orK .eiÜ
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lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s
in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Okh
wud;HdxYh
tys iajNdjfhka fyda th
l%shdjg k.kq ,nk ;;a;ajhka
uÕska <uqkaf.a fi!LHhg"
iqrlaIs;;dj fyda iodpdrhg
ydks úh yels jev
² 2006 wxl 16 orK
wmrdO kvq úOdk ix.%y
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cd;sl <ud wdrlaIl wêldßh"
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kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j
<uqka úlsŒu ^ish¿
iajrEmfhka& iy cdjdrï i|yd
fhdod .ekSu'
n,y;aldrfhka fyda wksjd¾h
n|jd .ekSu" wh:d l%shdldrlï
we;=¿ n,y;aldrfhka fyda
wksjd¾fhka Y%uh ,nd .ekSu'
² 2006 wxl 16 orK
wmrdO kvq úOdk ix.%y
^ixfYdaOk& mk; 358-360"
360^wd&" 360^we&" 360^wE&"
360^b&" iy 288^w&
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fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j"
kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j
.‚ld jD;a;sh" wiNH
ksIamdok fyda wiNH rÕ
oelaùï i|yd <uqka fhdod
.ekSu" ,nd .ekSu fyda ,nd§u'
² 2006 wxl 16 orK wmrdO
kvq úOdk ix.%yh
^ixfYdaOkh& 360^wE& fþoh
kS;sh hgf;a jrola jk
ljr fyda l%shdjla f;la"
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² wmrdO kvq úOdk ix.%yh
cd;sl <ud wdrlaIl wêldßh"
fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j"
kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j
úfYaIfhkau u;aøjH
ksIamdokh iy úlsKSfï wh:d
l%shdldrlï i|yd <ufhl=
fhdod .ekSu " ,nd .ekSu fyda
,nd§u'
² <uqka ^orelug& yod jvd
.ekSfï w{d mk;
ldka;d yd <ud lghq;=
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fomd¾;fïka;=j
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hgf;a wksjd¾h mdie,a heùu
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wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ish¿ iajrEmhka wod, fõ¦
je<elaùu iy wOHdmkh
² <uqka iy ;reK mqoa.,hka
ms<sn`o w{d mk;
ldka;d yd <ud lghq;=
wud;HdxYh
ish¿ iajrEmhka wdjrKh fõ¦
/ln,d .ekSu iy wdrlaIdjg
wod<j
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh;e'fm'1519" lïlre uy f,alï ld¾hd,h
kdrdfyakamsg" fld<U 05" Y%S ,xldj'ÿrl:k - 011 2368609*elaia - 011 2368609www.labourmin.gov.lk
lïlre" jD;a;Sh iñ;s in|;d yd inr.uqj ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh;e'fm'1519" lïlre uy f,alï ld¾hd,h
kdrdfyakamsg" fld<U 05" Y%S ,xldj'ÿrl:k - 011 2368609*elaia - 011 2368609www.labourmin.gov.lk