ZINGIBERACEAEZINGIBERACEAEININ
SOUTHEASTSOUTHEASTSOUTHEAST VIETNAM
SOUTHEAST VIETNAMVIETNAMVIETNAM
Trần Hữu Đăng - University of Science, Hồ Chí Minh City, VIETNAMJana Leong-Škorničková - Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, SINGAPOREMark Ne man R l B t i G d Edi b h SCOTLAND
Trần Hữu Đăng - University of Science, Hồ Chí Minh City, VIETNAMJana Leong-Škorničková - Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, SINGAPOREMark Ne man R l B t i G d Edi b h SCOTLANDMark Newman - Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, SCOTLANDMark Newman - Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, SCOTLAND
Oral Presentation in the 5th International Symposium of Zingiberaceae, China 2009
ZINGIBERACEAEZINGIBERACEAEPerennial herbs, 10 cm – 8 m, evergreen or partly dormant
More than 50 genera and 1500 spp.
O 3700 li t d l tOver 3700 names complicated nomenclature
Greatest diversity in Asia
Indochina is one of the biodiversity hotspots, but greatly under explored
50/1200 spp.
4/150 spp.1/200 spp.
IMPORTANCE OF GINGERSIMPORTANCE OF GINGERSIN VIETNAMIN VIETNAM
SPICES (ginger, turmeric, cardamom, galanga)
SOURCE of STARCH (C pierreana)
IN VIETNAMIN VIETNAMSOURCE of STARCH (C. pierreana)
VEGETABLES (Z. zerumbet leaves, A. galanga– cooked with dog meat)
MEDICINAL PLANTS (C. longa, K. galanga, K. rotunda, H. coronarium, Z. zerumbet)
ORNAMENTALS (E elatior A purpurata HORNAMENTALS (E. elatior, A. purpurata, H. coronarium etc.)
COSMETICS industry (C. longa - creams)
PACKING MATERIAL (Elettariopsis sp. –wraping cakes)
CULTURAL IMPORTANCE (myths, folk talesCULTURAL IMPORTANCE (myths, folk tales & black magic)
INDOCHINAINDOCHINA
LOUREIRO (1790)13 spp in CochinchinaVIETNAM 13 spp. in Cochinchina0 in SE Vietnam
GAGNEPAIN (1908)
VIETNAM
LAOS GAGNEPAIN (1908)103 spp. Indochina17 in SE Vietnam
LAOS
PHẠM HOÀNG HỘ (2003)98 spp. in Vietnam, 37 in SE Vietnam
CAMBODIA
VNM Herbarium (2008)29 specimens from Indochina 1 from SE Vietnam
SE
1 from SE Vietnam
MATERIALS & METHODSMATERIALS & METHODSMajority of Zingiberaceae flower during the rainy season all but one field trip were conducted from June to September 2008
MATERIALS & METHODSMATERIALS & METHODSHerbarium specimens & spirit samples (E, P, RUPP, SING, VNM & Nat. Uni. Laos)
D il d d i i & fl di i i fi ldDetailed descriptions & flower dissections in field
IUCN – following latest guidelines (2001)
RESULTSRESULTSACCOUNT
46 collections10 genera & 33 species
22 species in wild22 species in wild11 species cultivated or naturalized27 taxa identified up to specific level, 5 taxa provisional names(unclear taxonomy or nomenclature)dormant genera greater diversity consistent with climate of SEVietnam with pronounced dry season
IUCNIUCN25 species were ranked as Least Concern (LC)3 species were ranked as Near Threatened (NT)5 species were ranked as Data Deficient (DD)p ( )
MAIN HABITATSSemi-deciduous forestsGrassland in dipterocarp forestsOpen spacesHumid rocky places
Curcuma – 7 spp.S b Hit h i iSubgen. Hitcheniopsis
C. gracillima – rare, in bamboo forest
C. alismatifolia – rare, dipterocarp grasslands, horticultural potential
IUCN: Least concern (LC)
Curcuma gracillima Curcuma alismatifolia
Subgen. CurcumaSubgen. Curcuma
C. pierreana – widespread; recorded by Phạm as wild and cultivated, no cultivation
i SE Vi tseen in SE Vietnam
IUCN: Least concern (LC)
C ti l t
Curcuma pierreana Curcuma cf. petiolata
C. petiolata – rare, found only once
IUCN: Data deficient (DD)
Curcuma – 7 spp.Subgen. Curcuma
C longa source of turmeric widelyC. longa – source of turmeric, widely cultivated as a spice
IUCN: Least concern (LC)
C. aff. euchroma – naturalized and lti t d di i l l t
Curcuma longa
cultivated as medicinal plant
C. aff. viridiflora – naturalized and cultivated as medicinal plant
IUCN: Least concern (LC)
Both species commonly misidentified for C. longa
Curcuma aff. viridifloraCurcuma aff. euchroma
Amomum – 4 spp.
A. biflorum – widespread in various habitatshabitats
A. tomrey
A l h tAmomum biflorum Amomum tomrey
A. elephantorum
A. uliginosum – ligule very variable in length intraspecific variability or different g p yvarieties?
Amomum elephantorum Amomum uliginosum
IUCN: Least concern (LC)
Globba – 4 spp.T f th i hTaxonomy of the genus is hazy extensive changes in synonymy
Globba pendula – widespread reported by all three studies
Globba albiflora var. aureaGlobba pendula
Globba albiflora var. aurea – new record for Vietnam
Globba marantina – reported byGlobba marantina reported by Phạm as G. barthei
IUCN: Least concern (LC)
Globba geoffrayi – also new record for Vietnam, previously recorded from
Globba geoffrayiGlobba marantina
Cambodia
IUCN: Data deficient (DD)
Kaempferia – 4 spp.Kaempferia aff. marginata – so far not recorded from Vietnam
Kaempferia rotunda – reported by Phạm as Boesenbergia rotunda
IUCN L t C (LC)
Kaempferia aff. marginata Kaempferia rotunda
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)
Kaempferia angustifolia – rare
Kaempferia galanga – cultivated & naturalized
IUCN: Data Deficient (DD)
Kaempferia galangaKaempferia angustifolia
Zingiber – 4 spp.Z. officinale – commercially cultivated in SE Vietnam
Z. zerumbet – cultivated on local scaleZ. zerumbet cultivated on local scale & naturalized
Z. collinsii – high ornamental potential
Zingiber zerumbetZingiber officinale
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)
Z. pellitum – re-collected from TYPE locality; facing habitat loss
IUCN: Near Threatened (NT)IUCN: Near Threatened (NT)
Zingiber collinsii Zingiber pellitum
Alpinia – 3 spp.
Alpinia conchigera Alpinia galanga
A. conchigera – widespread in various habitats
A l lti t d iA. galanga - cultivated as spice
A. purpurata – cultivated as an ornamental
Alpinia purpurataIUCN: Least Concern (LC)
Boesenbergia – 3 spp.
IUCN: Near Threatened (NT)
Boesenbergia xiphostachya Boesenbergia aff. longifloraBoesenbergia sp.
IUCN: Data Deficient (DD)
Found only in the altitude range 90-150 m in Tân Phú Forest and Cát Tiên NP near streams or waterfalls
( ) ( )
All 3 spp. not previously recorded
Etlingera – 2 spp.
Etlingera elatior Etlingera megalocheilos
E. elatior - cultivated as an ornamentale at o cu a ed as a o a e a
E. megalocheilos - recorded by Phạm as E. littoralis
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)IUCN: Least Concern (LC)
Elettariopsis & Hedychium - 1 sp.
E. triloba - flowering in the dry season
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)
Elettariopsis triloba
H. coronarium - cultivated as medicinalH. coronarium cultivated as medicinal and ornamental plant
IUCN: Least Concern (LC)
Hedychium coronarium
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION10 genera & 33 speciesout of 17 species reported by Gagnepain – 5 this study
t f 37 i t d b Ph 18 thi t dout of 37 species reported by Phạm - 18 this studyElettaria, Gagnepainia, and Stahlianthus - not recorded
16 species newly recorded for SE Vietnam in this study16 species newly recorded for SE Vietnam in this study
Destruction of habitats & loss of speciesMisidentifications and name changes for nomenclatural reasons
Sites mainly explored during rainy season, while Gagnepainia,Stahlianthus and some Curcuma often flower just before rainyseason, or Elettariopsis in dry season
More sites need to be explored
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
More fieldwork in unexplored areas andMore fieldwork in unexplored areas and different periods of the year are needed to fully understand the biodiversity of gingersfully understand the biodiversity of gingers
in SE Vietnam.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT
SEP project for fundingp j g
Vietnam National University and Singapore Botanic Gardens for facilities
Relevant Vietnam authorities in Vietnam for granting pemissions to collect
Organisers of China symposium for financial support toOrganisers of China symposium for financial support to attend the symposium
Prof. Lê Công Kiệt and Dr. Trần Triết from Vietnam National University who encourage us to study Zingiberaceae familyUniversity, who encourage us to study Zingiberaceae family in Vietnam