日本人論 2.0

日本人論 2.0

日本経済論 NIHONKEIZAIRON “Theories on the japanese economy“

歴史のｐｐｔｘ

クリスチャン・ラヴィチ

Major external impacts on Japan included the following: •Rice cultivation - introduced from the Eurasian Continent around the third century BC (recent evidence shows that rice cultivation may have been brought to Japan earlier). •Buddhism - brought from China via Korea in the sixth century AD. Chinese culture and political system imported vigorously from the seventh to the early tenth century AD. •First direct contact with Europeans - guns and Christianity arrived in the 16th century AD. •Modernization - the second contact with the industrialized West in the 19th century. Source: The Economic Development of Japan - The Path Traveled by Japan as a Developing Country, Kenichi Ohno

日本人論 - texts that focus on issues of Japanese national and cultural identity. - fields as sociology, psychology, anthropology, history, linguistics, philosophy, biology, chemistry and physics. - 698 books on nihonjinron were published in Japan between 1946 and 1978 Survey conducted by Nomura Research Institute (野村総合研究所)

財閥 • literally financial cliques - were the

diversified family enterprises that rose to prominence in the Meiji Era.

• Some of the most important zaibatsu and their origins were: Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda, Sumitomo, Okura, Furukawa, Kuhara, Suzuki, Fujita, Asano.

• ZAIBATSU were strong supporters of the militaristic government,

• during WWII nationalized by military – due to production capability – damaged by the destruction of the war,

• NEW DEAL act (1933-39) – F.D.R. (anti-monopol = anti-democracy) targeted to dissolve in 1947,

• 16 ZAIBATSU complete dissolution, and 26 more for reorganization after dissolution.

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/zaibatsu.htm

系列 • set of companies with interlocking business

relationships and shareholdings. • effort to reindustrialize Japan as a bulwark

against Communism in Asia • maintained dominance over the Japanese

economy for the last half of the 20th century. • "big six" keiretsu - at centerpoint is a bank and a

trading company (sogo shosha) - minimize the presence of hostile takeovers,

• 2 types of keiretsu, horizontal and vertical, can be further categorized as: - Kigyō shūdan (企業集団 "horizontally diversified business groups") - Seisan keiretsu (生産系列 "vertical manufacturing networks") - Ryūtsū keiretsu (流通系列 "vertical distribution networks")

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiretsu

系列 • horizontal keiretsu - financial keiretsu, around

a Japanese bank.

• Fuyo, Sanwa, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi, Mitsui, and Dai-Ichi Kangyo bank groups. (Big 6)

• Horizontal keiretsu may also have vertical relationships, called branches.

• Industries:banking, insurance, steel, trading,

manufacturing, electric, gas and chemicals are all part of the horizontal keiretsu web.

• The member companies follow the "One-Set

Policy” - whereby the groups avoid direct competition between member firms!


系列


系列 • The linkage of these corporate groups

through ownership of long-term equity and production activities, leads to emergence of vertical keiretsu.

• also known as industrial keiretsu are used to

link suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors of one industry.

• one or more sub-companies are created to benefit the parent company (for example,

Toyota or Honda). • divided into levels called tiers. The second tier

constitutes major suppliers-smaller manufacturers (third and fourth tiers)


JAPANESE ECONOMY HISTORY OVERVIEW

apre WWII

• readiness to emulate the West, • Fukoku Kyohei - wealthy country/strong

military (infrastructure-industralization) • government reforms in education, finance

and transportation, • best-practice agriculture – traditional

&modern combined, • Tokaido belt – concentration of industrial

production (Osaka/Kobe – Tokyo/Yokohama), • Organizational economies of scale —

zaibatsu (Electrification - electrical machinery production during the 1920s had a revolutionary impact on manufacturing,

• military expansion

JAPANESE ECONOMY HISTORY OVERVIEW

POST WWII

• economic and institutional restructuring, • internal labor markets, just-in-time inventory

and quality control circles (Theory Z), • Japan's labor force –availability, literacy and

reasonable wage demands. (Population growth slowed and the nation became increasingly industrialized in the mid-1960s, wages rose significantly)

• keiretsu—large, modern industrial enterprise groupings—emerged.

• “Miracle Growth” between 1953 and the early 1970s (mainly electronics, car industry)

• 1989 Economic Bubble • deflation from the 1990s to present • intersectional innovation - FORESIGHT (since

1970s)

ECONOMICS -HISTORY OVERVIEW POST WWII

• Theory Z-William Ouchi, 1981. workers are involved in the work process on the factory floor. Schedules, division of labor, work assignments, and other aspects of the labor process are given over to workers to do as they see best. Investment policies, wages, fringe benefits and kind of product are not given over to workers to decide; only how best to do that decided by top management. Characteristics of the Theory Z - Long-term employment and job security - Collective responsibility - Implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized measures - Collective decision-making - Slow evaluation and promotion - Moderately specialized careers - Concern for a total person, including their family

ECONOMICS -HISTORY OVERVIEW POST WWII

• Supreme Command of the Allied Powers (SCAP)-dissolved ZAIBATSU

• Japanese postwar economy - strong influence of industrial planning by the state – Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) • industrial production increased by 36,8 percent in

1951 alone

• in the period of 1950 to 1973, the Japanese economy expanded by almost 10 % a year. In the 1970s, it still grew by an average 5 percent a year and in the 1980s by 4 percent a year.

JAPANESE FORESIGHT

AS INTERSECTIONAL

INNOVATION FRAMEWORK

JAPANESE FORESIGHT socio-economic examples



CONCLUSIONS ON JAPANESE ECONOMIC

BOOM

A key factor of growth was the export orientation of Japan's industry, which at the same time was protected by selective liberalization, allowing the free importation of inputs and intermediate goods, but closing the market for consumer goods of foreign countries. The low entry rate of the yen into the international monetary system, which until 1973 was a system of fixed exchange rates (Bretton Woods) helped Japan to accumulate large trade surpluses. International economic integration into the GATT (1963), IMF and OECD (1964), where Japan soon became a major player, aided the internationalization of Japan's economy. And, of course JAPAN‘s cultural and historical legacy!

JAPANESE FORESIGHT

(SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS) examples of intersectional innovation

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WHAT THE ANCIENTS KNEW-JAPAN link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3at1K-SzCk&list=PLqFgUhY61PHLS5pdukBuymPCr1OdB_cGT

Economy & Finance

日本人論 2.0